1. HarvestPlus has made progress in breeding staple crops like rice, wheat and beans with higher iron and zinc levels through genetic variation.
2. They have established genetic variation, baseline levels, and target levels for increasing micronutrients in crops.
3. Further research is still needed to evaluate the retention of micronutrients during processing, bioavailability to the human body, and efficacy trials to measure impact on nutrition and health.
This document discusses the activities and responsible parties required for scaling up biofortification programs. It outlines that population nutritional assessments, breeding targets, cultivar development, efficacy testing, yield and consumer assessments are led by academia. Advocacy, resource mobilization, seed production, social mobilization, training and monitoring involve public, private and civil society sectors. Close coordination is needed across technical disciplines and sectors to ensure the complex operations of biofortification interventions are successfully implemented and evaluated.
Biofortification using Underutilized Crops by Binu Cherian, HarvestPlusapaari
Biofortification using Underutilized Crops by Binu Cherian, HarvestPlus - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Application of biotechnologies in improving the quality of rice and wheatExternalEvents
Application of biotechnologies in improving the quality of rice and wheat presentation by Melissa Fitzgerald, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
Breeding for biofortification in cereals.Ashwani Kumar
Breeding cereals for biofortification can help address widespread micronutrient deficiencies. Variability exists among crop varieties for iron and zinc content. Pearl millet varieties with 10-30% higher iron and zinc have been developed through breeding. For rice, high zinc varieties with 35-40 μg/g zinc in polished grains have been identified. Golden rice has been developed through genetic engineering to produce beta-carotene and address vitamin A deficiency. Wheat breeding draws on wild relatives and landraces to introgress genes for higher iron and zinc into elite varieties. Ongoing biofortification research and new varieties developed through conventional and molecular breeding aim to make staple crops more nutritious.
This document discusses biofortification as a process to improve the nutritional value of crops. It defines biofortification and explains the need for it due to widespread micronutrient deficiencies globally. Various strategies are described to biofortify crops through conventional breeding, genetic engineering and other methods. Successful examples of biofortified crops developed for traits like iron, zinc and vitamin A are provided. The document also outlines organizations working on biofortification and future challenges in the field.
the third world countries are having the issue of hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiency. harvest plus is a CGIAR initiative with a mission of eradication of hidden hunger by 2020. the biofortification programmes are gaining their pace due to this organization.
1. HarvestPlus has made progress in breeding staple crops like rice, wheat and beans with higher iron and zinc levels through genetic variation.
2. They have established genetic variation, baseline levels, and target levels for increasing micronutrients in crops.
3. Further research is still needed to evaluate the retention of micronutrients during processing, bioavailability to the human body, and efficacy trials to measure impact on nutrition and health.
This document discusses the activities and responsible parties required for scaling up biofortification programs. It outlines that population nutritional assessments, breeding targets, cultivar development, efficacy testing, yield and consumer assessments are led by academia. Advocacy, resource mobilization, seed production, social mobilization, training and monitoring involve public, private and civil society sectors. Close coordination is needed across technical disciplines and sectors to ensure the complex operations of biofortification interventions are successfully implemented and evaluated.
Biofortification using Underutilized Crops by Binu Cherian, HarvestPlusapaari
Biofortification using Underutilized Crops by Binu Cherian, HarvestPlus - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
Application of biotechnologies in improving the quality of rice and wheatExternalEvents
Application of biotechnologies in improving the quality of rice and wheat presentation by Melissa Fitzgerald, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
Breeding for biofortification in cereals.Ashwani Kumar
Breeding cereals for biofortification can help address widespread micronutrient deficiencies. Variability exists among crop varieties for iron and zinc content. Pearl millet varieties with 10-30% higher iron and zinc have been developed through breeding. For rice, high zinc varieties with 35-40 μg/g zinc in polished grains have been identified. Golden rice has been developed through genetic engineering to produce beta-carotene and address vitamin A deficiency. Wheat breeding draws on wild relatives and landraces to introgress genes for higher iron and zinc into elite varieties. Ongoing biofortification research and new varieties developed through conventional and molecular breeding aim to make staple crops more nutritious.
This document discusses biofortification as a process to improve the nutritional value of crops. It defines biofortification and explains the need for it due to widespread micronutrient deficiencies globally. Various strategies are described to biofortify crops through conventional breeding, genetic engineering and other methods. Successful examples of biofortified crops developed for traits like iron, zinc and vitamin A are provided. The document also outlines organizations working on biofortification and future challenges in the field.
the third world countries are having the issue of hidden hunger or micronutrient deficiency. harvest plus is a CGIAR initiative with a mission of eradication of hidden hunger by 2020. the biofortification programmes are gaining their pace due to this organization.
This document discusses using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) fast screening technology to support iron and zinc biofortification of potatoes. Calibrations for iron and zinc concentration in potato tubers using XRF were established, showing strong correlations. Training courses in Bangladesh and Rwanda built capacity for nutritional quality evaluation of potatoes, including sampling, sample preparation to avoid contamination, and basics of mineral analysis by XRF. XRF allows high-throughput, low-cost screening of minerals in potatoes to support biofortification programs addressing widespread micronutrient deficiencies.
Biofortification Provitamin A Maize in ZambiaWorldFish
Biofortified orange-fleshed sweet potato was disseminated in Mozambique and Uganda from 2006 to 2009 through the HarvestPlus Reaching End Users project. The project successfully promoted adoption of orange-fleshed sweet potato, with 77% of households in Mozambique and 65% in Uganda adopting the crop. The intervention led to significant increases in vitamin A intake among children and women, due to increased consumption of the biofortified sweet potato.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on biofortification in wheat. It defines biofortification as breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. It discusses the global problem of micronutrient deficiencies. It then focuses on biofortification efforts in wheat, describing the genetic background and breeding strategies used, such as using wild relatives of wheat with higher zinc and iron levels. The document outlines the inheritance of zinc, iron, and protein in wheat and provides details on the location of these nutrients in wheat grains. It concludes that conventional breeding is a more sustainable approach to reduce micronutrient deficiencies through biofortified wheat.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on biofortification. It discusses how over 3 billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Biofortification is introduced as a method of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value by increasing mineral and vitamin concentrations. Examples of biofortified crops are given, such as golden rice which has been genetically modified to produce vitamin A. The document also summarizes conventional breeding methods used to develop quality protein maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content. It concludes with information on recent biofortification efforts in India.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major staple food in the world (especially in South and South East Asian countries).
Important staple foods for more than half of the world’s population (IRRI, 2006)
Source of livelihoods and economies of several billion people.
On a global basis, rice varieties provide 21% and 15% per capita of dietary energy and protein, respectively.
About 50% world’s populations depends on rice as their main source of nutrition.
However, rice is a poor source of micronutrients.
Micronutrients deficiency is a global problem contributing to world’s malnutrition and a major public health problem in many countries, especially in regions where people rely on monotonous diets of cereal-based food, as the Zn level or content in the grains of staple crops, such as cereals and legumes, is generally low.
Increasing the Zn content in the grains of these crops is considered a sustainable way to alleviate human Zn deficiency.
Zn deficiency being an important nutrient constraint, any approach to improve Zn uptake and its transport to grains has significant practical relevance.
The concentration and bioavailability of Zn in rice is very low and its consumption alone cannot meet the recommended daily allowance.
To address this problem, a agronomic and genetic approach called Biofortification which aims at enrichment of foodstuffs with vital micronutrients have been evolved and pursed as a potent strategy, internationally.
“Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat”, presented by Arun Kumar Joshi, CIMMYT at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
BIOFORTIFICATION OF STAPLE CROPS: PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA AS A CASE STUDYCosmos Onyiba
Biofortification refers to micronutrient enrichment of staple crops through plant breeding, to address the negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. It is the process of increasing the bioavailable micronutrient density of staple crops through conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to achieve a measurable and positive impact on human health.. Currently, agronomic, conventional, and transgenic biofortification are three common approaches. Progress has been made in breeding orange sweetpotato, provitamin A maize, provitamin A cassava, high zinc rice and high zinc wheat, and high iron beans and high iron pearl millet via conventional breeding. Transgenic biofortification is used when genetic variability for vitamin and mineral targets is too low to meet the desired target levels, or for crops that are very difficult to breed, such as banana. The biofortification of cassava with Provitamin A (beta-carotene) was achieved through pure line and hybrid seed technology as well as genetic engineering. The provitamin A carotenoid in biofortified cassava is primarily β-carotene. In white cassava, there may be trace amounts of β-carotene, which may be present in concentrations as low as 1 mg/g fresh weigh or 3 mg/g dry weigh. Due to the instability of beta-carotene, cooking and processing methods can affect the retention of β-carotene in cassava leading to decrease bioavailability and bioefficacy.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
This document summarizes Prof. M S Swaminathan's keynote address at the 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification. It discusses how biofortification can help achieve the UN's Zero Hunger Challenge goal by 2025. It outlines the challenges of malnutrition in South Asia and Africa. It highlights the role of biofortified crops and varieties in addressing malnutrition. It discusses examples like high-iron pearl millet, zinc-rich rice, and genetically modified Golden Rice. The document emphasizes partnerships between public-private sectors, nutrition literacy, and measurable indicators to ensure the success of biofortification efforts.
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations..
The document summarizes a seminar on the role of genetic engineering in crop biofortification. It discusses methods of biofortification including genetic and agronomic approaches. A key example provided is the development of "Golden Rice" through genetic engineering by introducing genes that complete the biosynthesis pathway for beta-carotene, a precursor for vitamin A production. The document also discusses enhancing vitamin E in maize through overexpressing a gene involved in tocotrienol biosynthesis, resulting in large increases in vitamin E content.
This document discusses biofortification of rice through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. It provides a brief history of rice hybridization research and development. It then discusses various methods used to biofortify rice with micronutrients like vitamin A, folate, iron, zinc, and lysine. Case studies on developing golden rice enriched with beta-carotene and rice enriched with soy glycinin protein are described. Advantages of biofortified rice in reducing micronutrient deficiencies and disadvantages related to costs and access are noted.
This presentation discusses biofortification as a strategy to address malnutrition. Biofortification involves breeding staple food crops to increase their micronutrient levels, targeting iron, zinc, and vitamin A. The goal is to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in low-income populations by improving the micronutrient density of staple crops they produce and consume. Selective breeding and fertilizer application can increase crop micronutrient levels. Organizations like HarvestPlus are developing biofortified varieties of crops like cassava, maize, and rice to combat malnutrition in subsistence farming communities. The benefits of biofortification include potentially reaching rural populations with limited access to supplements through a low-cost, sustainable intervention.
Quality protein maize biofortification for nutritional securitynirupma_2008
Maize is a versatile crop, used as human food, livestock feed and raw material in industries. Being robust and extremely adaptable in various agro-climatic conditions, it is a favourite crop of farmers throughout the world. For majority of the population, especially rural poor maize constitutes the main bulk of the daily diet. But, the concern lies in the insufficient protein quality and quantity in maize grain leading to malnutrition. Its nutritional value is limited by the low levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan. In maize endosperm, zein constitutes 50 to 70% of storage protein which is abundant in glutamine, leucine and proline but devoid of the essential amino acids viz., lysine and tryptophan (Prasanna 2001 ; Gibbon and Larkins, 2005; Wu et al., 2010). The discovery of a natural mutation called opaque2 (o2) in 1960’s, caused reduction of zein and increase in non-zein proteins in maize grain doubling the level of lysine (Mertz et al., 1964; Krivanek et al., 2007; Wu et al.,2010). However, the o2 mutation had negative pleiotropic effects that resulted in soft, chalky and dull endosperm, (Babu et al., 2005) leading to decrease in grain den¬sity, increase in susceptibility to attacks by pests and diseases and decrease in productivity. These defects were ameoliarated by the efforts of plant breeders by selecting o2 lines with hard, translucent (vitreous) kernels that retained high lysine content. These modified opaque lines had loci called “modifiers” and such genotypes were called “Quality Protein Maize” (--1,--3,--6, Ortega and Bates, 1983; Villegas et al., 1992; Toro, 2001).
Bio fortification through Genetic EngineeringBalaji Rathod
Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
Biofortification is a process of increasing micronutrient levels in crops through plant breeding and agronomic practices. It can help address micronutrient deficiencies that lead to health issues like anemia and stunting. There are two main approaches - genetic biofortification uses conventional breeding to develop nutrient-dense varieties by introducing genes from wild crop relatives; agronomic biofortification enhances soil nutrients to increase micronutrient uptake in crops. Success depends on retaining nutrients during processing and cooking, and sufficient consumption by target populations. Biofortification is a promising strategy to combat hidden hunger in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
This document discusses biofortification as a solution to micronutrient deficiencies affecting nearly half the world's population. It describes how scientists are breeding staple crop varieties such as cassava, sweet potatoes, rice and beans that are richer in nutrients like vitamin A, iron and zinc. Through conventional breeding or genetic engineering, these biofortified crops have the potential to significantly improve nutrition and reduce disease burden in developing nations in a sustainable and cost-effective way.
This document discusses various approaches to biofortification through transgenic techniques. It begins by defining a transgene and biofortification. It then discusses how biofortification can be achieved through conventional breeding or transgenic approaches when nutrients do not naturally exist in crops or cannot be bred in through conventional means. Examples of transgenic biofortification projects are provided, including cassava with increased iron and provitamin A, bananas with provitamin A and iron, vitamin E maize, and golden rice with provitamin A. The document also discusses iron deficiency globally and biofortified iron rice. It concludes by discussing a "Dream-RICE" project with the goal of developing rice fortified with multiple micronutrients through
Pulses are a major source of protein in the human diet but are often deficient in essential amino acids like methionine. Several strategies have been used to improve the protein quantity and quality in pulses, including mutagenesis, interspecific breeding, transgenic approaches, marker-assisted selection, and molecular cloning. For example, black gram, which has higher methionine content, has been bred with mungbean to improve its protein quality. The Rchit gene has also been transferred via Agrobacterium to increase protein content in pigeonpea. These approaches show promise for enhancing the nutritional value of pulses.
This document discusses using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) fast screening technology to support iron and zinc biofortification of potatoes. Calibrations for iron and zinc concentration in potato tubers using XRF were established, showing strong correlations. Training courses in Bangladesh and Rwanda built capacity for nutritional quality evaluation of potatoes, including sampling, sample preparation to avoid contamination, and basics of mineral analysis by XRF. XRF allows high-throughput, low-cost screening of minerals in potatoes to support biofortification programs addressing widespread micronutrient deficiencies.
Biofortification Provitamin A Maize in ZambiaWorldFish
Biofortified orange-fleshed sweet potato was disseminated in Mozambique and Uganda from 2006 to 2009 through the HarvestPlus Reaching End Users project. The project successfully promoted adoption of orange-fleshed sweet potato, with 77% of households in Mozambique and 65% in Uganda adopting the crop. The intervention led to significant increases in vitamin A intake among children and women, due to increased consumption of the biofortified sweet potato.
This document provides an overview of a seminar on biofortification in wheat. It defines biofortification as breeding crops to increase their nutritional value. It discusses the global problem of micronutrient deficiencies. It then focuses on biofortification efforts in wheat, describing the genetic background and breeding strategies used, such as using wild relatives of wheat with higher zinc and iron levels. The document outlines the inheritance of zinc, iron, and protein in wheat and provides details on the location of these nutrients in wheat grains. It concludes that conventional breeding is a more sustainable approach to reduce micronutrient deficiencies through biofortified wheat.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on biofortification. It discusses how over 3 billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Biofortification is introduced as a method of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value by increasing mineral and vitamin concentrations. Examples of biofortified crops are given, such as golden rice which has been genetically modified to produce vitamin A. The document also summarizes conventional breeding methods used to develop quality protein maize with higher lysine and tryptophan content. It concludes with information on recent biofortification efforts in India.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major staple food in the world (especially in South and South East Asian countries).
Important staple foods for more than half of the world’s population (IRRI, 2006)
Source of livelihoods and economies of several billion people.
On a global basis, rice varieties provide 21% and 15% per capita of dietary energy and protein, respectively.
About 50% world’s populations depends on rice as their main source of nutrition.
However, rice is a poor source of micronutrients.
Micronutrients deficiency is a global problem contributing to world’s malnutrition and a major public health problem in many countries, especially in regions where people rely on monotonous diets of cereal-based food, as the Zn level or content in the grains of staple crops, such as cereals and legumes, is generally low.
Increasing the Zn content in the grains of these crops is considered a sustainable way to alleviate human Zn deficiency.
Zn deficiency being an important nutrient constraint, any approach to improve Zn uptake and its transport to grains has significant practical relevance.
The concentration and bioavailability of Zn in rice is very low and its consumption alone cannot meet the recommended daily allowance.
To address this problem, a agronomic and genetic approach called Biofortification which aims at enrichment of foodstuffs with vital micronutrients have been evolved and pursed as a potent strategy, internationally.
“Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat”, presented by Arun Kumar Joshi, CIMMYT at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
BIOFORTIFICATION OF STAPLE CROPS: PROVITAMIN A CASSAVA AS A CASE STUDYCosmos Onyiba
Biofortification refers to micronutrient enrichment of staple crops through plant breeding, to address the negative economic and health consequences of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. It is the process of increasing the bioavailable micronutrient density of staple crops through conventional plant breeding and modern biotechnology to achieve a measurable and positive impact on human health.. Currently, agronomic, conventional, and transgenic biofortification are three common approaches. Progress has been made in breeding orange sweetpotato, provitamin A maize, provitamin A cassava, high zinc rice and high zinc wheat, and high iron beans and high iron pearl millet via conventional breeding. Transgenic biofortification is used when genetic variability for vitamin and mineral targets is too low to meet the desired target levels, or for crops that are very difficult to breed, such as banana. The biofortification of cassava with Provitamin A (beta-carotene) was achieved through pure line and hybrid seed technology as well as genetic engineering. The provitamin A carotenoid in biofortified cassava is primarily β-carotene. In white cassava, there may be trace amounts of β-carotene, which may be present in concentrations as low as 1 mg/g fresh weigh or 3 mg/g dry weigh. Due to the instability of beta-carotene, cooking and processing methods can affect the retention of β-carotene in cassava leading to decrease bioavailability and bioefficacy.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
This document summarizes Prof. M S Swaminathan's keynote address at the 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification. It discusses how biofortification can help achieve the UN's Zero Hunger Challenge goal by 2025. It outlines the challenges of malnutrition in South Asia and Africa. It highlights the role of biofortified crops and varieties in addressing malnutrition. It discusses examples like high-iron pearl millet, zinc-rich rice, and genetically modified Golden Rice. The document emphasizes partnerships between public-private sectors, nutrition literacy, and measurable indicators to ensure the success of biofortification efforts.
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations..
The document summarizes a seminar on the role of genetic engineering in crop biofortification. It discusses methods of biofortification including genetic and agronomic approaches. A key example provided is the development of "Golden Rice" through genetic engineering by introducing genes that complete the biosynthesis pathway for beta-carotene, a precursor for vitamin A production. The document also discusses enhancing vitamin E in maize through overexpressing a gene involved in tocotrienol biosynthesis, resulting in large increases in vitamin E content.
This document discusses biofortification of rice through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. It provides a brief history of rice hybridization research and development. It then discusses various methods used to biofortify rice with micronutrients like vitamin A, folate, iron, zinc, and lysine. Case studies on developing golden rice enriched with beta-carotene and rice enriched with soy glycinin protein are described. Advantages of biofortified rice in reducing micronutrient deficiencies and disadvantages related to costs and access are noted.
This presentation discusses biofortification as a strategy to address malnutrition. Biofortification involves breeding staple food crops to increase their micronutrient levels, targeting iron, zinc, and vitamin A. The goal is to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in low-income populations by improving the micronutrient density of staple crops they produce and consume. Selective breeding and fertilizer application can increase crop micronutrient levels. Organizations like HarvestPlus are developing biofortified varieties of crops like cassava, maize, and rice to combat malnutrition in subsistence farming communities. The benefits of biofortification include potentially reaching rural populations with limited access to supplements through a low-cost, sustainable intervention.
Quality protein maize biofortification for nutritional securitynirupma_2008
Maize is a versatile crop, used as human food, livestock feed and raw material in industries. Being robust and extremely adaptable in various agro-climatic conditions, it is a favourite crop of farmers throughout the world. For majority of the population, especially rural poor maize constitutes the main bulk of the daily diet. But, the concern lies in the insufficient protein quality and quantity in maize grain leading to malnutrition. Its nutritional value is limited by the low levels of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan. In maize endosperm, zein constitutes 50 to 70% of storage protein which is abundant in glutamine, leucine and proline but devoid of the essential amino acids viz., lysine and tryptophan (Prasanna 2001 ; Gibbon and Larkins, 2005; Wu et al., 2010). The discovery of a natural mutation called opaque2 (o2) in 1960’s, caused reduction of zein and increase in non-zein proteins in maize grain doubling the level of lysine (Mertz et al., 1964; Krivanek et al., 2007; Wu et al.,2010). However, the o2 mutation had negative pleiotropic effects that resulted in soft, chalky and dull endosperm, (Babu et al., 2005) leading to decrease in grain den¬sity, increase in susceptibility to attacks by pests and diseases and decrease in productivity. These defects were ameoliarated by the efforts of plant breeders by selecting o2 lines with hard, translucent (vitreous) kernels that retained high lysine content. These modified opaque lines had loci called “modifiers” and such genotypes were called “Quality Protein Maize” (--1,--3,--6, Ortega and Bates, 1983; Villegas et al., 1992; Toro, 2001).
Bio fortification through Genetic EngineeringBalaji Rathod
Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
Biofortification is a process of increasing micronutrient levels in crops through plant breeding and agronomic practices. It can help address micronutrient deficiencies that lead to health issues like anemia and stunting. There are two main approaches - genetic biofortification uses conventional breeding to develop nutrient-dense varieties by introducing genes from wild crop relatives; agronomic biofortification enhances soil nutrients to increase micronutrient uptake in crops. Success depends on retaining nutrients during processing and cooking, and sufficient consumption by target populations. Biofortification is a promising strategy to combat hidden hunger in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
This document discusses biofortification as a solution to micronutrient deficiencies affecting nearly half the world's population. It describes how scientists are breeding staple crop varieties such as cassava, sweet potatoes, rice and beans that are richer in nutrients like vitamin A, iron and zinc. Through conventional breeding or genetic engineering, these biofortified crops have the potential to significantly improve nutrition and reduce disease burden in developing nations in a sustainable and cost-effective way.
This document discusses various approaches to biofortification through transgenic techniques. It begins by defining a transgene and biofortification. It then discusses how biofortification can be achieved through conventional breeding or transgenic approaches when nutrients do not naturally exist in crops or cannot be bred in through conventional means. Examples of transgenic biofortification projects are provided, including cassava with increased iron and provitamin A, bananas with provitamin A and iron, vitamin E maize, and golden rice with provitamin A. The document also discusses iron deficiency globally and biofortified iron rice. It concludes by discussing a "Dream-RICE" project with the goal of developing rice fortified with multiple micronutrients through
Pulses are a major source of protein in the human diet but are often deficient in essential amino acids like methionine. Several strategies have been used to improve the protein quantity and quality in pulses, including mutagenesis, interspecific breeding, transgenic approaches, marker-assisted selection, and molecular cloning. For example, black gram, which has higher methionine content, has been bred with mungbean to improve its protein quality. The Rchit gene has also been transferred via Agrobacterium to increase protein content in pigeonpea. These approaches show promise for enhancing the nutritional value of pulses.
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Biofortification is a process of enhancing the nutritional value of crops through plant breeding, agronomic practices, or genetic engineering. It works to address vitamin and mineral deficiencies in humans. Common deficiencies include iron, zinc, vitamin A, and calcium. Biofortification methods include conventional breeding to develop nutrient-dense varieties, agronomic practices like fertilizer application, molecular breeding using markers, and genetic engineering by introducing genes to improve nutrient absorption. Successful biofortified crops include orange-fleshed sweet potatoes with higher vitamin A, biofortified cassava varieties with more zinc and iron, and beans bred to contain more iron. While not a solution for all malnutrition, biofortified crops can significantly improve nutrition and health for
Golden rice is a variety of rice (Oryza sativa) produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the edible parts of rice.It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a shortage of dietary vitamin A, a deficiency which each year is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 and cause an additional 500,000 cases of irreversible childhood blindness. Rice is a staple food crop for over half of the world's population, providing 30–72% of the energy intake for people in Asian countries, and becoming an effective crop for targeting vitamin deficiencies.
Transgenic plant with improved nutritional qualityDr. Kirti Mehta
This document summarizes the development of Golden Rice, a genetically engineered rice variety that produces beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. It was developed to address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries where rice is a staple crop. The document describes how researchers introduced genes from daffodil and bacteria to complete the beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm. Early research demonstrated beta-carotene production in transgenic rice. Further work improved beta-carotene levels and introduced the trait into indica rice varieties commonly consumed in Asia where vitamin A deficiency is widespread. The goal of Golden Rice is to provide a sustainable solution to prevent blindness and other health issues caused by vitamin A deficiency.
This document summarizes a presentation on biofortified vegetables as an option for mitigating hidden hunger. It outlines the nutritional situation globally and importance of micronutrients like vitamin A, zinc, and iron. It defines biofortification as improving crop nutritional quality through breeding or agronomic practices. It discusses advantages of biofortification over fortification and global impact. Target countries and crops released through biofortification programs are outlined. Conventional breeding and genetic engineering methods of biofortification are compared. Examples of biofortified crops like cassava, sweet potato, lentils and beans with increased iron and zinc levels are provided.
This document outlines a research proposal to investigate the genetic control of nutrient transport and distribution in rice grains. The study aims to (1) phenotype rice accessions and landraces to establish a nutrient profile database, (2) perform RNA-seq analysis to study differential gene expression between high- and low-nutrient varieties, and (3) conduct genome-wide association mapping to identify genetic markers associated with nutrient levels. The expected outcomes are mapping nutrient content in rice, identifying genetic variants related to nutrients, understanding regulatory pathways, and designing molecular markers to aid rice biofortification breeding efforts. A detailed methodology and 3-year timeline are provided.
Bio-fortification of maize with pro vitamin A carotenoidsiqrarali10
Malnutrition and its causes, bio-fortification and its goals, bio-fortified crops, Possible approaches of bio-fortification of maize with pro vitamin A carotenoids.
This document summarizes presentations from the First Global Conference on Biofortification. It discusses research presenting evidence on the bioconversion and effectiveness of provitamin A carotenoids from biofortified staple crops. It also examines gaps and constraints in demonstrating efficacy, and strategies for optimizing delivery and community acceptance of biofortified crops. Finally, it addresses progress and challenges in iron and zinc biofortification, and the need for further research to demonstrate efficacy and improved absorption.
- The document discusses the development of Quality Protein Maize (QPM), a variety of maize that contains higher amounts of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan.
- QPM was created through the discovery of the opaque-2 mutant in the 1930s, which increases lysine levels but causes soft kernels. Breeding efforts aimed to combine this trait with genetic modifiers to recover kernel hardness.
- India has released several QPM varieties since 1970 through conventional breeding programs at research centers. More recently, marker-assisted selection was used to shorten the time needed to develop new QPM hybrids with improved agronomic traits.
Combating Hidden Hunger through Bio-fortificationCIAT
This document summarizes efforts to combat hidden hunger through biofortification of staple crops. Biofortification is the process of improving the nutritive value of crops through conventional breeding, genetic engineering, or fertilization. Research is focusing on increasing iron, zinc, and pro-vitamin A in beans, a staple crop in parts of Africa. Several biofortified bean varieties have been developed and released with higher nutrient levels. Studies are exploring how cooking and food preparation impact nutrient bioavailability from beans. Efforts are also underway to test if intake of biofortified beans can improve micronutrient status and nutritional outcomes in vulnerable populations. Challenges and opportunities for adoption, scaling up, and integrating biofortification
This document discusses a project to develop biofortified potato varieties to help address micronutrient malnutrition in East Africa. It describes genetic analysis showing variability in potato for iron, zinc, and vitamin C. Breeding efforts at the diploid level achieved genetic gains of 15-34% for iron and 11-27% for zinc over three cycles. Training was provided in East Africa on sampling, analysis, and awareness raising. A accelerated breeding scheme is transferring traits to the tetraploid level, with over 50 new clones containing over 35mg/kg iron or 42mg/kg zinc being available soon for variety development and testing in Rwanda and Ethiopia. These biofortified potatoes could provide 10-70% of the
Golden Rice was created in 1999 to address vitamin A deficiency in rice-dependent populations. Scientists added two genes (psy and crtI) to rice to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. Golden Rice-1 did not produce enough beta-carotene. In 2005, Golden Rice-2 was developed by using a maize psy gene and seed-specific promoter, producing higher beta-carotene levels. Golden Rice is considered safe as beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A only as needed. However, some have raised concerns about allergies, genetic contamination, and impacts on local cultures and biodiversity. Supporters argue it could reduce medical costs and increase productivity compared to alternative
2-3 million die every year because of Vitamin A deficiency, 500.000 people get blind, most of them children. With Golden Rice, a lot of these people could be saved. Learn how and why.
Abstract
Biofortification is a well-known strategy for breeding to increase the nutritional value of staple crops in essential micronutrients such as vitamin A, Fe, and Zn. Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are processed. The World Health Organisation estimated that biofortification could help cure the 2 billion people worldwide suffering from Fe deficiency-induced anaemia. Potato biofortification to increase Fe and Zn concentrations was initiated at the International Potato Center (CIP) in 2004, from a base population of Andean landraces selected for both their outstanding culinary attributes and Fe and Zn concentrations above mean levels found in extensive germplasm evaluation. After three cycles of recurrent selection, the concentrations of Fe and Zn exceeded twice those of the base population (28–40 mg/kg dry weight basis and 27–35 mg/kg dry weight basis for Fe and Zn, respectively). These are the first-ever genetic gains reported for mineral content of potato. Considering the high potato consumption (300–500 g/day) of our target populations of the African highlands, consumption of these potatoes can cover 30–75% of the Estimated Average Requirement of Fe and Zn for women of childbearing age. CIP is carrying out strategic interploid crossing with top tetraploid parental lines leading to higher yielding, disease-resistant populations of biofortified potatoes. The programme has introduced significant amounts of enhanced germplasm to Africa and built capacity for potato tuber sampling and sample preparation for mineral evaluation through on-the-job training in Ethiopia and Rwanda. It has developed an African quality evaluation network for potato using X-ray fluorescent and near-infrared spectrometry technologies. Statutory and participatory evaluation of novel potato populations have assessed user preferences for new potato types and identified elite clones for variety release. Collection of gender-disaggregated preference data is supported by CIP’s ontology-based data dictionary for technical and preference/sensory traits. CIP and partners recently demonstrated the high bioaccessibility of Fe from potato with respect to that of other staple crops. Some 63–79% of the Fe in potato is released from the food matrix during in-vitro gastro-intestinal digestion and is therefore available at the intestinal level. This compares favourably with, for example, pearl millet which is considered a success among biofortified crops, and for which the in-vitro bioaccessibility of Fe varies 10–24%, whereas it is only 5% for wheat.
Merideth Bonierbale
Similar to Alleviation of malnutrition through breeding and bio engineering approaches (20)
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3. Hidden Hunger
Impairs mental and physical development of
children and adolescents:
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin A
Protein
Lack of critical micronutrients in the diet:
Lower IQ
Reduced productivity
Increased risk of illness
Stunting
Blindness
4. Hidden Hunger – Distribution
Severity of the most common micronutrient deficiencies
(vitamin A, iron and zinc)
http://www.harvestplus.org
Alarmingly
High
5. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition
Information System (VMNIS)
Globally 20 percent of maternal deaths are attributed to anemia
58 and 51 percent of children under 5 years old were anemic in 2016 in
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, respectively
5-20 percent prevalence of night blindness in South East Asia
Nearly 250 million preschool children are Vitamin A deficient
Zinc deficiency is variable and ranges from 15-50 percent
8. Biofortification is the process by which the
nutritional quality of food crops is improved through
agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding,
modern biotechnology
- World Health Organization
9. Success Determined By
Biofortified crop must be high yielding and profitable to farmer
Crop must be acceptable to both farmers and consumers
Amount of staple food actually consumed on daily basis by age and
gender
Nutrient losses in post harvest phase
Bioavailability of the nutrient
10. • Iron-biofortification of rice, beans, sweet potato, cassava and legumes;
• Zinc-biofortification of wheat, rice, beans, sweet potato and maize;
• Provitamin A carotenoid-biofortification of sweet potato, maize and
cassava;
• Amino Acid and Protein-biofortification of sourghum and cassava.
12. Agronomic Biofortification
Cakmak (2008)- Increased uptake and accumulation of Zn in whole wheat by raising zinc
fertilizers addition to soil
White et al., 2011- increased Zn supply to Peas increases concentration of bioavailable Zn
in Pea seeds
13. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
Supplementary measure
Tricoderma asperellum, Methylobacterium oryzae, Pseudomonas putida,
Pseudomonas fluroscens, Azospirillum lipoferum
Cyanobacteria- Anabaena spp., Calothrix spp.
Sharma et al., 2013 – Enhanced Fe content in Rice
Limitation
mostly applicable only for increasing Fe content
14. Limitations
Expensive
Require regular sprays
Bulkiness of fertilisers hinders in transportation
Vitamin A, proteins and Fe fortification is not possible by agronomic
means
Adverse environmental effect
15. Conventional Breeding
P1 × P2
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
• Most trusted approach
• Genetic variations available in the crop
gene pool is utilized
• Generally Prebreeding is required
• Pedigree or Backcross method
16. Genotypic variation for Fe
Crop Mean (mg/kg) Range (mg/kg) Samples
Rice 12.2 6.3-24.4 1138
Pearl millet 45.5 30.1-75.7 120
Maize 23.8 9.6-63.2 1814
Cassava 9.6 7.7-12.6 26
Bean 55 34-89 1000
Crop Mean (mg/kg) Range (mg/kg) Samples
Rice 25.4 14-58 1138
Pearl millet 43.9 24.5-64.8 120
Maize 18.5 13-24 1814
Cassava 6.4 4.4-8.6 26
Bean 35 21-54 1050
Genotypic variation for Zn
(White and Broadlay, 2005)
17. Plant Breeding Process
Lines with characteristics of interest for ……………….
Farmer
High yields
Resistance to pests
Stress tolerant
Consumer
Appearance
Taste
Cooking time
Nutritionist
High nutritional
Value
Bioavailability
20. Success List
Orange fleshed sweet potato
• β-carotene enriched
• Released in Uganda
• Developed by HarvestPlus
• Two varieties- Ejumula and Kakamega (2004)
• World food prize, 2016
Quality Protein Maize
• Increased tryptophan and lysine
• ‘opaque-2’ and ‘floury-2’ mutants
• Released in several countries
• In India- Shakti, Shaktimaan 1, Vivek QPM-9, HQPM-7
• World food prize, 2000
21. Iron Beans
• Fe enriched Phaseolus vulgaris
• Developed by International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
• Vareities- NUA35, NUA56
• Released in Latin America and Central Africa
Pearlmillet
• Fe enriched Pearlmillet
• Developed by HarvestPlus parterned with Nirmal seeds
• Released in India
• Vareities- Dhanshakti, ICMH 1202 (ICRISAT)
Zinc Rice
• ‘Brri dhan-62’ – world’s first zinc rice
• Developed by Bangladesh Rice Research Institute
22. Limitations
Slow and tedious
Linkage drag and undesirable characters
Lack of diversity for the target trait
Generally most of the sources are unadapted
Polygenic
Low heritability
24. Genetic Modification
(Maximum researched and minimum utilised)
When there is limited or no genetic variation in nutrient content is
present
Unlimited genepool
No linkage drag
Simultaneous incorporation of genes involved in
1. Micronutrient concentration
2. Bioavailability
3. Reduction in antinutrients
25. Success List
Golden rice
• β-carotene enriched
• Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer
• Taipei 309- Japonica rice line was used
• Rice endosperm specific promoters
• 1.6 mg/g of rice
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
phytoene
lycopene
α-carotene β-carotene
psy
crt1
lcyGolden Rice 2- psy gene from maize
37mg/g of rice
26. Cassava
• β-carotene, Fe and protein enriched
• Developed by BioCassava Plus (BC+) project funded by
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
• FEA1 gene from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for iron
uptake
• β-carotene- 30 fold more than normal
• Fe content- 30 mg/g
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
GGDP
Phytoene
β-carotene
DXS
crtB
Phase II under Dr. Martin Fragene, director BioCassava
Plus at Donald Danforth Centre
35. Provitamin A concentration in original and reconstituted hybrids
Reconstituted hybrids
were at par in case of
lysine and tryptophan
content but having
higher amount of
provitamin A content
(9.25 to 12.88μg/g)
38. Materials and Methods
Transgenic plants development expressing both OsNAS1 and HvNAATB
T2
seeds were grown on medium containing 100 μM FeCl3,200 μM FeCl3
and 300 μM FeCl3 separately along with wild type as control
T3
seeds were grown on 100 μM FeCl3 and later transferred to 10 μM
CdCl2
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) – for checking
metal content in plant
HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-time of flight (TOF)-MS – for checking
NA and DMA concentration
Quantitative RT PCR – for checking endogenous gene expression of
transformed genes
44. Findings in a nutshell
Increased levels of NA and DMA is positively correlated with levels of Fe and
Zn in rice endosperm
Fe levels achieved : 22-57 mg/g of dry weight
(1.4-3.7 mg/g in wild type)
Zn levels achieved : 22-78 mg/g of dry weight
(1.2-4.2 mg/g in wild type)
Homeostatic regulation is achieved by modulating concentration of metal
transporters to avoid its toxicity
Cadmium (toxic metal) levels are significantly reduced due to decrease in
cadmium carrier OsLCT1
45. How do we know that biofortification works?
Q#3: Does consumption of biofortified foods improve
micronutrient status of women and children?
Efficacy studies Effectiveness studies
Q#2: Are the micronutrients in the biofortified food crops
bioavailable (absorbed and utilized) when consumed by the
target population group(s)?
Anti-nutrient analysis, In vitro &
animal bioavailability models
Bioavailability studies in
humans
Q#1:Does the biofortified crop contribute >30% EAR* of
provitamin A, iron or zinc to target population?
Post harvest nutrient retention
studies
Background food processing
and dietary intake studies
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47. Conclusion
Although the knowledge gaps and tasks ahead
may seem daunting, investment in
biofortification is a cost-effective approach to
ensure a more nourishing future