Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major staple food in the world (especially in South and South East Asian countries).
Important staple foods for more than half of the world’s population (IRRI, 2006)
Source of livelihoods and economies of several billion people.
On a global basis, rice varieties provide 21% and 15% per capita of dietary energy and protein, respectively.
About 50% world’s populations depends on rice as their main source of nutrition.
However, rice is a poor source of micronutrients.
Micronutrients deficiency is a global problem contributing to world’s malnutrition and a major public health problem in many countries, especially in regions where people rely on monotonous diets of cereal-based food, as the Zn level or content in the grains of staple crops, such as cereals and legumes, is generally low.
Increasing the Zn content in the grains of these crops is considered a sustainable way to alleviate human Zn deficiency.
Zn deficiency being an important nutrient constraint, any approach to improve Zn uptake and its transport to grains has significant practical relevance.
The concentration and bioavailability of Zn in rice is very low and its consumption alone cannot meet the recommended daily allowance.
To address this problem, a agronomic and genetic approach called Biofortification which aims at enrichment of foodstuffs with vital micronutrients have been evolved and pursed as a potent strategy, internationally.
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Bio fortification for Enhanced Nutrition in Rice by Conventional and Molecula...Sathisha TN
Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, especially in poor populations across the globe where daily caloric intake is confined mainly to staple cereals. Rice, which is a staple food for over half of the world's population, is low in bioavailable micronutrients required for the daily diet. Improvements of the plant-based diets are therefore critical and of high economic value in order to achieve a healthy nutrition of a large segment of the human population. Rice grain biofortification has emerged as a strategic priority for alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations..
“Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat”, presented by Arun Kumar Joshi, CIMMYT at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Bio fortification for Enhanced Nutrition in Rice by Conventional and Molecula...Sathisha TN
Micronutrient malnutrition is widespread, especially in poor populations across the globe where daily caloric intake is confined mainly to staple cereals. Rice, which is a staple food for over half of the world's population, is low in bioavailable micronutrients required for the daily diet. Improvements of the plant-based diets are therefore critical and of high economic value in order to achieve a healthy nutrition of a large segment of the human population. Rice grain biofortification has emerged as a strategic priority for alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition
A description of the history, variation in methods/ approaches for biofortifying rice, benefits and challenges faced with biofortified rice and consequences for future generations..
“Bio-fortification options/success story - wheat”, presented by Arun Kumar Joshi, CIMMYT at the ReSAKSS-Asia Conference, Nov 14-16, 2011, in Kathmandu, Nepal.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
Professor M.S. Swaminathan presents "Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of Biofortification" at The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification: Getting Nutritious Foods to People in Kigali, Rwanda. April 1, 2014
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Breeding strategies for nutritional quality in major cereal cropsHeresh Puren
The presentation describes about the nutritional deficiency symptoms, deficiency status at both national and global scenario which signifies the need for breeding strategies for nutritional improvement as well as the various strategies for improvement of nutritional quality in major cereal crops.
Speed Breeding is new technology to develop plants or breeding materials within a short possible time without affect seed viability and yield performance.
Significance of agronomic biofortification with zinc in maize.pptxrangaswamyranga8341
Fortification is a cost-effective and sustainable approach, which is highly effective and has large coverage, especially in the poorer regions of the world.
Fortification with the help of fertilizers would be a very rapid and practical approach to maximize mineral uptake and grain mineral accumulation in food crops immediately.
Most of the Indian soils are deficient in micro, macronutrients, and organic matter, by following the fortification approach we can reduce Nutrient deficiency in soils. Organic matter is the best source for the enrichment of micronutrients, and biofertilizers and also releases nutrients slowly into soil for a long period during crop growth.
About 75% of exogenous applications of Zn sources like ZnSO4 get fixed in the soil.
Fixation of Zn in soils with pH > 7.0 increases with increasing concentration of carbonates, thus becoming unavailable and can be reverted to available form with Zn solubilizing bacteria through the production of organic acids viz., gluconic acid which is designated as a strong acid among the mono carboxylic group of acid and are found to be easily biodegradable. Gluconic acid has the major anion which may be an important agent that helps in the solubilization of insoluble Zn compounds and makes it available to plant roots.
M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...Harvest Plus
Professor M.S. Swaminathan presents "Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of Biofortification" at The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification: Getting Nutritious Foods to People in Kigali, Rwanda. April 1, 2014
Biofortification, the process of increasing the bioavailable concentrations of essential elements in edible portions of crop plants through agronomic intervention or genetic selection, may be the solution to malnutrition or hidden hunger mitigation.
Biofortification, the process of breeding nutrients into food crops, provides a comparatively costeffective, sustainable, and long-term means of delivering more micronutrients.
This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Breeding strategies for nutritional quality in major cereal cropsHeresh Puren
The presentation describes about the nutritional deficiency symptoms, deficiency status at both national and global scenario which signifies the need for breeding strategies for nutritional improvement as well as the various strategies for improvement of nutritional quality in major cereal crops.
Speed Breeding is new technology to develop plants or breeding materials within a short possible time without affect seed viability and yield performance.
Significance of agronomic biofortification with zinc in maize.pptxrangaswamyranga8341
Fortification is a cost-effective and sustainable approach, which is highly effective and has large coverage, especially in the poorer regions of the world.
Fortification with the help of fertilizers would be a very rapid and practical approach to maximize mineral uptake and grain mineral accumulation in food crops immediately.
Most of the Indian soils are deficient in micro, macronutrients, and organic matter, by following the fortification approach we can reduce Nutrient deficiency in soils. Organic matter is the best source for the enrichment of micronutrients, and biofertilizers and also releases nutrients slowly into soil for a long period during crop growth.
About 75% of exogenous applications of Zn sources like ZnSO4 get fixed in the soil.
Fixation of Zn in soils with pH > 7.0 increases with increasing concentration of carbonates, thus becoming unavailable and can be reverted to available form with Zn solubilizing bacteria through the production of organic acids viz., gluconic acid which is designated as a strong acid among the mono carboxylic group of acid and are found to be easily biodegradable. Gluconic acid has the major anion which may be an important agent that helps in the solubilization of insoluble Zn compounds and makes it available to plant roots.
Agriculture met the challenge of feeding the world’s poor by the Green Revolution with the help of high yielding varieties (HYV), high fertilizer application. This high fertilizer application increased the world food grain production as well as micro nutrient deficiencies in the soil decade to decade. in 1950 only Nitrogen is deficient in soil but due to green revolution, higher fertilizer application leads to micro nutrient deficiencies in soil (Fig.1). Iron, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies in human nutrition are widespread in developing countries. About 2 billion people suffer globally from anaemia due to Fe deficiency, more than one-third of the world’s population suffers from Zn deficiency and estimated to be responsible for approximately 4% of the worldwide burden of morbidity and mortality in under 5-year children.
Bio-fortification entails the development of micronutrient-dense food crops (Nestel et al., 2006). Plant breeding strategies hold great promise in this process because of its enormous potential to improve dietary quality. Well-known examples of bio-fortification for fighting micronutrient malnutrition are golden rice and breeding of low phytate legumes and grains (Beyer et al., 2006). Application of fertilizers to soil and/or foliar to improving grain nutrient concentration and the potential of nutrient containing fertilizers for increasing nutrient concentration of cereal grains. Increasing the Zn and Fe concentration of food crop plants, resulting in better crop production and improved human health is an important global challenge. Among micronutrients, Zn and Fe deficiency are occurring in both crops and humans. Zinc deficiency is currently listed as a major risk factor for human health and cause of death globally.
In view of globally widespread deficiencies of micronutrients in humans, bio-fortification of food crops with micronutrients through agricultural approaches is a sustainable widely applied strategy. Agronomic bio-fortification (e.g., fertilizer applications) and plant breeding (e.g., genetic bio-fortification and transgenic breeding) represent complementary and cost-effective solution to alleviate malnutrition. Bio-fortified varieties assume great significance to achieve nutritional security of the country.
Micronutrient malnutrition Causes….
• More severe illness
• More infant and maternal deaths
• Lower cognitive development
• Stunted growth
• Lower work productivity and ultimately - Lower GDP.
• Higher population growth rates.
Malnutrition Problem
• 800 million people go to bed hungry
• 250 million children are malnourished
• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency
• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A deficiency
• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A deficiency
Role of Biofortification in Combating Zinc & Iron DeficiencyHimanshu Pandey
Biofortification stands as a pivotal strategy in combating zinc and iron deficiencies, particularly in regions grappling with limited access to diverse diets or nutritional supplements. Large scale occurrences of zinc and iron deficiencies in the Indian population are associated with production of staple food grains low in these nutrients and are recognized as the key factors behind human malnutrition. Biofortified crops not only enhance the nutrient content of staple foods but also integrate vital minerals directly into local food systems, increasing accessibility, especially in remote or rural areas. Moreover, the cultural acceptance of biofortified crops is often high, as they are developed through traditional breeding methods and closely resemble local varieties in taste and appearance. This fosters their adoption by communities, further amplifying their impact. Importantly, biofortification is a cost-effective approach that leverages existing agricultural infrastructure, making it feasible for large-scale implementation.
By providing sustainable sources of zinc and iron, biofortified crops contribute to improving health outcomes, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. Ultimately, by addressing hidden hunger and bolstering nutritional intake, biofortification plays a vital role in promoting public health and combating malnutrition globally. Biofortified crops offer a sustainable solution to the problem of nutrient deficiencies. Through targeted breeding efforts, crop varieties with elevated levels of zinc and iron can be developed, ensuring that these essential minerals are naturally present in staple foods like rice, wheat, maize, and beans. This approach bypasses the need for external interventions such as nutritional supplements or fortified foods, which may not always be readily available or affordable, especially in rural or underserved areas.
Bio fortification through Genetic EngineeringBalaji Rathod
Crop Bio-fortification is the idea of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value.
Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
This is an improvement on ordinary fortification when it comes to providing nutrients for the rural poor, who rarely have access to commercially fortified foods.
There are 7 essential plant nutrient elements defined as micronutrients [boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl)] NIckel (Ni
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
3. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major staple food in the world (especially in South and South East Asian countries).
Important staple foods for more than half of the world’s population (IRRI, 2006)
Source of livelihoods and economies of several billion people.
On a global basis, rice varieties provide 21% and 15% per capita of dietary energy and protein, respectively.
About 50% world’s populations depends on rice as their main source of nutrition.
However, rice is a poor source of micronutrients.
Micronutrients deficiency is a global problem contributing to world’s malnutrition and a major public health problem in
many countries, especially in regions where people rely on monotonous diets of cereal-based food, as the Zn level or
content in the grains of staple crops, such as cereals and legumes, is generally low.
Increasing the Zn content in the grains of these crops is considered a sustainable way to alleviate human Zn deficiency.
Zn deficiency being an important nutrient constraint, any approach to improve Zn uptake and its transport to grains has
significant practical relevance.
The concentration and bioavailability of Zn in rice is very low and its consumption alone cannot meet the recommended
daily allowance.
To address this problem, a agronomic and genetic approach called Biofortification which aims at enrichment of foodstuffs
with vital micronutrients have been evolved and pursed as a potent strategy, internationally.
4. Classification of rice
Common Name : - Rice
Scientific Name : - Oryza sativa L.
Family : - Poaceae
Chromosome no. : -2n =24
Genome size : - 430 Mb
Indica :-It is tropical rice grown in India, awnless or short awn, late in
maturity, long stem.
Japonica :-Temperate and sub tropical rice, grown in Japan, early maturity,
photosynthetically very active, short stem.
Javanica :- wild form of rice, grown in Indonesia.
5. Nutritional values
Nutritional value per 100 g
• Energy : 1,527 kJ (365 kcal)
• Sugars : 0.12 g
• Protein : 7.12 g
• Dietary fiber : 1.3 g
• Thiamine : 0.0701 mg
• Riboflavin : 0.0149 mg (1%)
• Zinc : 1.09 mg
• Calcium : 28 mg
• Iron : 0.80 mg
• Magnesium : 25 mg
5
Source: USDA Nutrient database
6. Crop season Local name
Sowing
time
Harvest time
Kharif Aus(W.B, Bihar) May-June Sept-Oct.
Rabi Aman or Aghani June-July Nov-Dec.
Summer or Spring
Dalua(Orissa),Boro
(W.B)
Nov-Dec. March-April
6
7. Year 2015-16 2016-17
Area
(Million ha)
159.44 160.82
Production
(Million metric tons)
472.96 486.78
Productivity
(Metric tons per hectare)
4.42 4.52
7
Table 1: Area, production and productivity of Rice in WORLD
Source: www.fao.org
Table 2: Area, Production and productivity of Rice in India
Year
Area
(million hectares)
Production
(Million metric tons)
Productivity
(Metric tons per
hectare)
2015-16 43.50 104.41 3.60
2016-17 43.19 110.15 3.83
9. Fig. 2: Which state is biggest rice producer ?
9
Source:
https://www.mapsofindia.com/
answers/india/state-biggest-
rice-producer/
10. Fig. 3: Rice exports by the five major exporters
10
Source: www.fao.org/economic/RMM
11. • Zn is an important micronutrient for plant growth.
• Essentiality of Zn was discovered by- A.L. Sommer and C.P. Lipman
• In plant, Zn content varies from- 27 ppm to 100 ppm
• In Soil, Zn content in indian soils varies from:
• Arid/semi-arid climate - 20-89 mg kg-1
• Humid/sub-humid tropics -22-74 mg kg-1
• Vertisols - 69-76 mg kg-1
• Oxisols (coarse textured) - 24-30 mg kg-1
Katyal and Vlek, 1985
11
12. Table 3: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Zinc
Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation
0–6 months 2 mg 2 mg
7–12 months 3 mg 3 mg
1–3 years 3 mg 3 mg
4–8 years 5 mg 5 mg
9–13 years 8 mg 8 mg
14–18 years 11 mg 9 mg 12 mg 13 mg
19+ years 11 mg 8 mg 11 mg 12 mg
12
Zn Supplemented by media
13. 13
• In plant leaves soluble Zinc occurs mainly as anionic compound possibly associated with amino acid
Low Molecular weight complexes of Zinc-
Carbohydrate metabolism-
• Zinc is a constituent of Carbonic anhydrase enzyme, which have role in CO2 fixation.
Photosynthesis-
• Zinc is necessary for the activity of RNA polymerase enzyme and it protects ribosomal RNA from attack by
the enzyme ribonuclease.
Protein metabolism-
• The role of Zinc in maintaining the integrity of cellular membranes involving structural orientation of
macromolecules and maintenance of ion transport systems.
Membrane integrity-
• Zinc is required for synthesis of Auxin, zinc is required for synthesis of tryptophan which is precursor of
Auxin.
Auxin metabolism-
14. Importance of Zn
Critical in tissue growth
Wound healing
Immune system function
Bone mineralization
Proper thyroid function
Cognitive functions
Fetal growth and sperm production
Essential for cell division, synthesis of DNA and proteins
14
16. • The average level of Zn
deficiency in Indian soils
is 50% and is projected
to increase to 63% by
2025.
16
M.V. Singh, 2000
17. 17
zinc deficiency in different crops
Khaira disease in Rice
White bud of maize
Little leaf of cotton
Mottled leaf of citrus or frenching of citrus
Interveinal chlorosis
Reduction in the size of the young leaves
In acute deficiency, younger leaves show necrosis and dead spots
Dicot plants show, short internodes (rossetting) and decrease in leaf
expansion (Little leaf)
Premature leaves drop
Bud fall off
Seed formation is less
Fruits are deformed associated with yield reduction.
18. Factors affecting availability of Zinc in soil
Availability of zinc in soil
Climatic condition Humidity, light and soil temperature
Interaction with other chemical
elements and compounds
Oxidation–Reduction reaction
Chelates
Soil composition
pH
Calcium carbonate concentration
Organic matter content
Concentration of Zinc in soil
Microbial activity
18
19. 19
Poor Neurological Function
Weak immunity
Diarrhea
Leaky gut
Acne or rashes
Infection in children
Complication
in Pregnancy
Wound healing
Thinning hair
20. • Biofortification is the process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is
improved through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern
biotechnology.
• Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making
plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing
20
Greek word “bios” means “life”
Latin word “forticare” means “make strong”
Make life
stronger
21. Poverty (poor people rarely have access to commercially fortified foods).
Among micronutrients iron, zinc etc., remain significant problems in
developing country populations.
Diverse diet, comprising fruits, vegetables and animal products, in terms of
energy requirement and micronutrient needs.
Staple food for 2.4 billion poor people
No. of rice consumer rise by 70% in three decades.
Per capita consumption of rice is high as 2014 kg/year
The Rice endosperm (starchy & most edible part of rice seed) is deficient in many nutrients
including vitamins, proteins, micronutrients, etc.
Zinc located in Aleurone layer lost during milling and polishing
Unprocessed rice becomes rancid i.e. smelly or unpleasant in taste
Thus even small increase in nutritive value of rice matter a lot more 21
23. Approaches for Biofortification in Rice
Convetional breeding
Transgenic plant strategy
Iron & Phytate
content & Zinc, Vit. A,
Protein etc…
23
Agronomic strategy
24. Proportion of Energy and Protein "Consumed" from
Crops in Least Developed Nations: FAO Food
Balance Sheets
-
10
20
30
% Energy % Protein
Beans Cassava Maize Rice Sweetpotato Wheat
24Source: http://faostat.fao.org/site/368/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=368#ancor
Six crops account for 57% of energy and 49% of protein “consumed” by populations living in least developed countries (FAO food balance sheets)
25. 25
Increase foods
available in homes
Better agronomic
characteristics
• Greater: yields, resistance to
pests, tolerance to stresses
Higher nutritional
concentration
• More: iron, zinc, beta-
carotene and/or tryptophan
and lysine
Increase the intake
of these nutrients
Improve
nutrition security
Improve food
security
31. Table 5: Effect of soil application of different sources of Zn on Zn content of grain and straw
(mg kg-1) of rice cultivar IET 4094 (mean data of 2 years)
Treatments Grain Straw
T1 Control 11.06h 10.61g
T2 Zn 10 kg ha-1 as ZnSO4 at basal 12.77g 12.29f
T3 Zn 10 kg ha-1 as ZnSO4 in two splits 13.75f 13.48e
T4 Zn 20 kg ha-1 as ZnSO4 at basal 17.18d 16.35c
T5 Zn 20 kg ha-1 as ZnSO4 in two splits 18.33c 17.21b
T6 Zn 0.5 kg ha-1 as Zn-EDTA at basal 15.18e 14.44d
T7 Zn 1.0 kg ha-1 as Zn-EDTA at basal 19.26a 18.28a
T8 Zn 1.0 kg ha-1 as Zn-EDTA in two splits 18.76b 17.99a
31 Naik and Das (2010)West Bengal, India
33. Table 7: Effect of Zn fertilization on Zn concentrations in rice grain and straw and their
uptake by aromatic hybrid rice-PRH 10
Treatment
Zn concentration
(mg kg-1 DM) in
straw
Zn concentration (mg
kg-1 DM) in grain
Total Zn uptake in
grain + straw
(g ha-1)
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
T1 control 124.6 125.7 14.9 15.0 1,124.0 1,093.5
T2 only N 143.3 144.6 16.9 17.1 1,653.1 1,662.3
T3 2% ZEU* (ZnSO4.7H2O) 176.9 178.4 22.9 23.1 2,219.3 2,290.3
T4 2% ZEU (ZnO) 163.9 165.3 19.9 20.1 1,977.7 2,061.7
T5 5 kg Zn ha-1 (ZnSO4.7H2O) 160.6 162.0 21.0 21.2 1,934.2 1,980.4
T6 5 kg Zn ha-1 (ZnO) 151.1 152.4 19.1 19.2 1,754.6 1,824.8
T7 CMCU** 143.7 142.5 17.0 16.9 1,675.1 1,669.7
SEm± 0.56 0.56 0.08 0.08 22.1 37.6
CD (P=0.05) 1.60 1.60 0.24 0.24 63.4 107.8
33 Jat et al. (2011)New Delhi, India
ZEU* = Zn-enriched urea; CMCV** = Coating material coated urea; DM = Dry matter;
34. Fig. 7: Effect of zinc fertilization on A) grain Zn content, B) Straw Zn content, C) Grain Zn uptake,
D) Straw Zn uptake of rice variety ADT 43
34 Muthukumararaja and Sriramachandrasekharan (2012)Tamilnadu, India
35. Table 8: Zinc fertilizer application on some qualities parameters in rice
genotypes
Treatment
Zinc
content in
grain
(mg kg-1)
Zinc
content in
straw
(mg kg-1)
Zinc
uptake
in grain
(kg ha-1)
Zinc
uptake
in straw
(kg ha-1)
Zinc fertilizer
T1 40 kg Zn ha-1 27.25 a 9.62 a 13.48 a 7.12 a
T2 20 kg Zn ha-1
23.67 ab 8.52 a 11.58 ab 6.63 ab
T3 Control 18.25 b 6.48 b 9.65 b 5.48 b
Genotypes
Sang Tarom 27.56 a 9.88 a 14.67 a 7.40 a
Mahalli Tarom 23.33 b 8.19 b 9.26 b 5.86 b
Neda 20.00 c 7.28 b 13.30 a 6.40 b
Shiroodi 21.33 bc 7.48 b 9.05 b 5.98 b
35Mazandaran, Iran Yadi et al. (2012)
36. Fig. 8: Zinc (Zn) concentration in paddy (A) of cultivar CNT 1 when foliar application
with 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) was applied at different stages of plant growth.
36 Boonchuay et al. (2013)
Nil - no foliar; PI - panicle initiation; BO - booting; WAF - weeks after flowering.
Chiang, Thailand
37. Fig. 9: Zinc (Zn) concentration in husk (B) of cultivar CNT 1 when foliar application
with 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) was applied at different stages of plant growth.
37Chiang, Thailand Boonchuay et al. (2013)
Nil - no foliar; PI - panicle initiation; BO - booting; WAF - weeks after flowering.
38. Fig. 10: Zinc (Zn) concentration in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) (C) of cultivar CNT 1 when foliar
application with 0.5% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) was applied at different stages of plant growth.
38
Nil - no foliar; PI - panicle initiation; BO - booting; WAF - weeks after flowering.
Chiang, Thailand Boonchuay et al. (2013)
39. Fig. 11: Effect of different levels of Zinc treatments on rice straw, leaf and stem
zinc content.
39 Kabeya and Shankar (2013)
High Zn groups: IR20, BPT5204, IR73898
Low Zn groups: Thanu, IET17913, IR59656
Bangalore, India
40. Table 9: Effect of different levels treatment of Zn on some growth characteristics
Treat-
ments
Zinc
groups
Plant height (cm)
No of effective tiller per
plant
SPAD
IR20 BPT5204 IR73898 IR20 BPT5204 IR73898 IR20 BPT5204 IR73898
zero zinc
High Zn
groups
104.33c 85.67c 111.33c 14.67a 16.67b 15.00b 45.21b 50.99a 48.68b
20kg
ZnSO4 ha-1 115.00b 121.33b 127.67b 18.00a 22.00a 19.00b 53.08a 52.88a 52.26ab
30kg
ZnSO4 ha-1 125.00a 129.00a 145.00a 19.33a 25.67a 28.00a 57.81a 54.47a 54.92a
Thanu IET17913 IR59656 Thanu IET17913 IR59656 Thanu IET17913 IR59656
zero zinc
Low Zn
groups
93.00c 68.00c 114.33c 15.67b 11.67b 14.00a 45.2b 40.12c 45.60a
20kg
ZnSO4 ha-1 122.00b 78.00b 120.67b 18.33ab 15.00ab 15.33a 54.71a 54.75a 48.80a
30kg
ZnSO4 ha-1 138.00a 125.50a 133.00a 23.00a 20.00a 19.67a 48.99b 47.20b 45.09a
40Bangalore, India Kabeya and Shankar (2013)
41. Fig. 12: Effects of chelated and mineral zinc on the Zn concentration of rice
leaves (ppm)
41
Javid et al. (2014)
Faisalabad , Pakistan
42. Table 10: Yields of grain and straw and zinc content as affected by zinc of rice variety
Ranjit (mean data of 2 years)
Treatments
ZnSO4 (kg ha-1)
Grain yield
(t ha-1)
% response
Straw yield
(t ha-1)
% response
Zinc in grain
(mg kg-1)
Zinc in straw
(mg kg-1)
T1 0 26.41 55.08 17.4 32.5
T2 5 35.51 34.45 57.13 3.72 20.4 33.8
T3 10 35.68 35.1 58.68 6.53 18.2 40.7
T4 15 41.60 57.51 63.06 14.48 18.3 42.2
T5 20 42.61 61.34 65.24 18.44 20.1 39.3
T6 25 45.92 73.87 66.40 20.55 21.7 45.6
T7 30 43.74 65.61 63.07 14.51 20.8 45.4
S.Em 0.69 1.24 0.49 1.5
CD (0.05%) 1.50 2.70 1.06 3.27
42 Kandali et al. (2015)Jorhat, Assam
43. Table 11: Effect of zinc on zinc uptake in grain and straw of rice variety Ranjit (mean
data of 2 years)
Treatment
ZnSO4 (kg ha-1)
Zinc uptake in grain (g ha-1) Zinc uptake in straw (g ha-1)
T1 0 45.8 179.3
T2 5 72.5 193.2
T3 10 64.8 238.5
T4 15 75.9 266.5
T5 20 87.1 256.8
T6 25 97.5 311.7
T7 30 88.6 286.5
S.Em 3.31 10.26
CD (0.05%) 7.21 22.36
43
Kandali et al. (2015)Jorhat, Assam
44. Table 12: Effect of various zinc treatments on yield attributes of aromatic rice
variety Pusa Basmati 1
Treatments
Plant height
(cm)
Tillers m-2 Panicle
length (cm)
Grains
panicle-1
1,000-
grain
weight (g)
T1 104 310 24 85 21.1
T2 5 kg Zn ha-1 (soil) 107 326 26 91 22.2
T3 1 kg Zn ha-1 (foliar) 105 318 25 88 22.0
T4
5 kg Zn ha-1 (soil) + 1 kg Zn ha-1
(foliar)
108 342 27 94 22.7
T5
2.83 kg Zn ha-1 through
Zn-coated urea (soil)
107 328 26 91 22.3
SEm± 2.12 3.51 0.79 1.03 0.38
LSD (p = 0.05) NS 9.95 NS 2.93 NS
44 Shivay et al. (2015)New Delhi, India
45. Table 13: Effect of various zinc treatments on zinc concentrations in kernel, husk, straw
and their uptake in aromatic rice variety Pusa Basmati 1
Treatments
Zn
concentration
in
kernel
(mg kg-1
rice kernel)
Zn
concentration
in
husk (mg kg-1
rice husk)
Zn
concentration
in
straw
(mg kg-1
rice straw)
Zn uptake
in
Kernel
(g ha-1)
Zn uptake
in
husk
(g ha-1)
Zn
uptake in
straw
(g ha-1)
Total Zn
uptake in
crop
(g ha-1)
T1 Check 20.0 125.0 91.0 48.0 147.5 618.8 814.3
T2 5 kg Zn ha-1 (soil) 21.3 130.0 100.0 56.0 169.0 745.0 970.0
T3 1 kg Zn ha-1 (foliar) 22.0 147.0 102.0 56.1 183.8 739.5 979.4
T4
5 kg Zn ha-1 (soil) +
1 kg Zn ha-1 (foliar)
25.0 175.0 107.0 75.7 262.5 868.8 1207.0
T5
2.83 kg Zn ha-1
through Zn-coated
urea (soil)
23.8 170.0 105.0 65.5 229.5 801.2 1096.2
SEm± 0.30 1.46 0.98 1.07 2.41 7.95 9.27
LSD (p = 0.05) 0.86 4.13 2.78 3.02 6.82 22.55 26.26
45 Shivay et al. (2015)New Delhi, India
47. • Using the mutagen NaN3 developing mutant rice varieties biofortified with iron
(Fe) and zinc (Zn) is an important strategy to alleviate nutritional deficiencies in
developing countries.
• Using the materials and method
47
CS-1: Comparisons and selection of rice mutants with high iron and zinc
contents in their polished grains that were mutated from the indica
type cultivar IR64
Jeng et al. (2012)Taichung, Taiwan
48. Materials and methods
Analyzed for micronutrient and yield along with check IR-64
258 M8 generation mutants
IR-64
48
Polished rice Zn Fe
IR-64 16 (mg kg-1) 3.9 (mg kg-1)
mutants 15.36 to 28.95 (mg kg-1) 0.91 to 28.10 (mg kg-1)
Sodium azide (NaN3)
52. Conclusion
• Two selected mutants, M-IR-75 and M-IR-58, accumulated considerably higher levels
of Fe in their polished grains than the wild type cultivar IR64.
• Additionally, three selected mutants, M-IR-80, M-IR-49 and M-IR-75, accumulated
more Zn than the wild type cultivar IR64.
• Thus, the mutant M-IR-75 can be recommended to rice farmers for producing polished
Fe-rich rice grains in order to alleviate anemia caused by Fe deficiency in areas
where polished rice is consumed as a staple food.
• Moreover, the high-Fe (M-IR-75 and M-IR-58) and high-Zn (M-IR-180, M-IR-49
and M-IR-175) mutants can be used as genetic resources for rice improvement
programs.
52
53. CS-2: Identification of putative candidate gene markers for grain
zinc content using recombinant inbred lines (RIL)
population of IRRI38 X Jeerigesanna
• Identifying the target quantitative trait loci (QTL) genes to estimate
grain zinc content using candidate gene markers
Plant material
• One hundred sixty RILs derived from IRRI38 X Jeerigesanna
53
Aims
Gande et al. (2014)Karnataka, India
54. Molecular analysis of RILs using candidate gene
• designing of candidate gene primers, the gene sequence information
was downloaded from National Centre for Biotechnology Information
(NCBI) and primers were designed using primer-3 tool.
• 24 candidate gene markers used among 11 markers showed highly
polymorphism.
54
56. Single marker analysis
• SMA was done with t-test and regression analysis using SPSS 16.0
(SPSS Inc.) to find the association between molecular markers and
grain zinc content. Polymorphic candidate markers which showed
significant association with grain zinc content
• Single marker analysis revealed that out of 11 polymorphic markers,
four (OsNAC, OsZIP8a, OsZIP8c and OsZIP4) showed association with
a phenotypic variation of 4.5, 19.0, 5.1 and 10.2%, respectively (Table
17) among the RIL population.
56
57. Table 17: Single marker analysis (SMA) showing P and R2 values of candidate gene
and SSR markers in RILs of IRRI38 X Jeerigesanna for grain zinc content.
S/N Marker P R2 (%) Mean Difference Estimated effect
1 OsZIP3b 0.34 2.1 1.2 4.2
2 RM263 0.59 0.7 1.8 1.4
3 RM21 0.28 1.6 0.6 3.2
4 RM152 0.98 00 0.4 0.0
5 OsNAC 0.03* 4.5 1.7 9.0
6 OsZIP3bII 0.41 0.4 0.3 0.8
7 OsZIP8a 0.00** 19 3.9 38.0
8 OsZIP8c 0.02* 5.1 1.6 10.2
9 OsVIT1 0.73 0.4 0.2 0.8
10 OsZIP4b 0.00** 10 2.5 20.4
11 OsZIP7e 0.71 0.4 1.8 0.8
Mean 23.7ppm
SD 3.37
57P, Significance; R2, percentage of phenotype variability.
59. • Validation of putative markers is used to confirm the reproducibility of
usefulness in marker aided breeding program.
• Validation of four candidate gene markers with 96 germplasm
accessions showed significant association for three markers (OSZIP8a,
OsNAC and OsZIP4b) with a phenotypic variation of 11.0, 5.8 and
4.8% respectively.
59
S/N Marker P R2 (%)
Mean
Difference
Estimated
effect
1 OsNAC 0.02 5.8 4.2 22
2 OsZIP8a 0.01 11 2.4 2.8
3 OsZIP8c 0.51 1.4 1.8 11.6
4 OsZIP4b 0.03 4.8 3.2 9.6
Mean 29.35
SD 6.26
P, Significance; R2, percentage of phenotype variability.
60. Conclusion
• The present study revealed that RILs having high grain zinc content with
high genetic variability. Single marker analysis showed four candidates gene
markers with a significant phenotypic variation among the RIL population.
• Three putative candidate gene markers (OsZIP8a, OsNAC and OsZIP4b)
with a phenotypic variation of 11.0, 5.8 and 4.8% were found.
• These putative markers can be used in biofortification programs by breeders
and bio-technologists.
60
61. CS-3: Biofortified indica rice attains iron and zinc
nutrition dietary targets in the field
61 Trijatmiko et al. (2016)Manila, Philippines
• popular rice varieties, IR 64, low iron (Fe) 2 μg g−1and zinc (Zn) with
16 μg g−1 .
• selected 1689 transgenic events, in cultivar, IR 64, field evaluated in
two countries and reported that increased 15 μg g−1 Fe and 45.7 μg g−1
Zn in polished grain.
62. 62
Fig. 15: Strategy for the development of biofortified high-iron rice and the Fe
concentration achieved in T2 polished seeds.
63. Fig. 16: Expression of transgenes in the representative events.
63
Root Leaves
64. Fig. 17: Field trials for evaluation of target trait and agronomic characters of two
lead events.
64
65. Fig. 18: Characterization of lead events.
65Analysis of Fe and Zn content in Endosperm visualized by X-ray fluorescence imaging.
67. • Zn application significantly increase yield and yield attributes of rice crop also content and uptake
of zinc was also increased significantly with increasing levels of zinc.
• Application of zinc fertilizers offers a rapid solution for increase productivity and Zn
concentration in grain and straw of rice.
• Soil or foliar applications of Zn may also increase grain zinc concentration and thus contribute to
grain nutritional quality for human beings.
• Biofortification of the zinc content using conventional breeding and biotechnological methods can
enhance the nutrient content in grains of rice.
• Using QTL and mutation breeding, OsZIP8a, OsNAC and OsZIP4b are genes identified for high
Zn uptake and transfer of these genes into the cultivar will boost the Zn content in rice grain.
• Biofortification is one of the best methods to alleviate malnutrition and development of new
cultivars with elevated concentrations of Zn using conventional and biotechnological approaches.
67
68. Food is the moral right of all who are
born into this world -- Borlaug
Nutritious food is the moral right of
all who are born into this world
