power point presentation

1. Biofortified Vegetables: An Option for Mitigating
Hidden Hunger
Presented
Dr. K. C. Kumawat
Ph.D. Microbiology
Punjab Agricultural University
Ludhiana, Punjab 141004

2. Outlines
 Nutritional situation
 Micronutrients are so important,
why?
 What is bio-fortification?
 What is bio-fortified crops?
 How it differs from fortification?
 Advantages
 Global impact on bio-fortification
 Programmes
 Target countries and crop
released
 Method of bio-fortification
 Review of literature
 Conclusion future challenges

6. Global Hunger Index

8. Micronutrient are so important,
why?
 Deficiency affect blindness, birth defects, mental health
and child survival.
 Vitamin A& Zn important for immune system deficiency
increases mortality
 Lack of vitamin A can lead to blindness
 Iron needed for physical & cognitive development
 Zinc deficiency causes stunting in children
 Women and young children most affected
 1 out of 3 people in developing countries suffers
 More than 40% children under five are stunted while an
estimated 44% of the same age group are at risk of zinc
deficiency

9. Deficiency symptoms

10. What is bio-fortification?
 Greek word “ bios” means “ life” and Latin word “
fortificare” means “make strong”.
 The process by which the nutritional quality of food
crops is improved through agronomic practices,
conventional plant breeding, or modern
biotechnology.

11. What is bio-fortified crops?
 Most often means increased content of essential
micronutrients (minerals and vitamins)
 Development through plant breeding (incl. genetic
engineering), agronomic practices
 Biofortified crops released in 27 countries
 8 in Africa, 4 in Asia, 5 in LAC
 In-testing in 43 countries
 26 in Africa, 8 in Asia, 9 in LAC

12. How it differs from fortification?
Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it
focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants
are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods
when they are being processed.

13. Biofortification differs ordinary
fortification

14. Commercially avaliable fortified
foods

15. Richness of Vegetables
sources Vegetables Contents
Vitamin A Mustard leaves 4370IU/100mg
Vitamin B1 Chillies 0.55mg/100g
Vitamin B2 Fenugreek Leaves 0.31mg/100g
Vitamin C Drumstick Leaves 220 mg/100g
Carbohydrates Tapioca 38.1%
Protein Pea 7.2g/100g
Fiber Amaranthus 1.0%
Calcium Agathi 11.30mg/100g
Phosphorus Kaintha 0.11%
Iron Agathi 83.9%

16. What are the advantages of
biofortification ?
 Capitalizes the regular daily intake of food staples. Implicitly
targets low-income households
 After the one-time investment to develop fortified seeds,
recurrent costs are low; and fortified seeds shared internationally
 Once in place, the biofortified crop system is highly sustainable
 Fortified seed not incur a yield penalty. May have important
indirect effects in increasing farm productivity by helping plants
resist to disease and other environmental stresses
 To overcome the mal-nutritions in human beings
 Increment of nutritional quality in daily diets
 Improvement of plant or crop quality and increment of
variability in germplasm

17. Biofortification and Zero hunger
Challenge
 The Second Global Biofortification Conference may recommend to the UN
that a Year between 2018 and 2020 may be observed as the International Year
of Biofortified and Underutilized Crops. This will be an important step in
meeting the Zero Hunger Challenge by 2025, since biofortified crops help to
address simultaneously under-and malnutrition.
 To celebrate the International Year of Family Farming an Asia-Pacific
Conference was held at MSSRF, Chennai on August, 2014. One of the major
objectives of the conference is the launch of Zero Hunger Programme in India.
 Biofortified varieties selected by breeding and selection e.g. Iron Cowpea and
zinc rich rice
 Genetically biofortified crops like Golden Rice and iron rich rice.
2nd Global Conference on Biofortification Kigali, Rwanda, 1 April 2014

18. Global impact on bio fortification
 Harvest Plus and its partners work in 58 districts across the
country to promote the availability, adoption, and
consumption of zinc rice.
 The goal is that 1.4 million farming households will be
growing zinc rice by 2018
 A programme in India, started way back in the 1970s by Dr
Ramalingaswami of ICMR, administering large amounts
(mega dose) of vitamin A every six months to children, has
been found serving in helping them come out of “night
blindness.”
 ICN2 Second International Conference on Nutrition with
theme “better nutrition better lives” is shows global
awareness towards biofortification.

19. Government programmes
1. Balwadi nutrition programme
2. Special nutrition programme
3. Integrated child development service(ICDS) scheme
4. Wheat-based nutrition programme
5. Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls
6. National nutritional anemia prophylaxis programme
7. Weekly Iron and Folic acid supplementation programme for adolescents
8. National prophylaxis programme against nutritional blindness due to
vitamin A deficiency
9. Mid-day meal programme
10. Chiranjivi Yojana
11. Akshaya Patra
12. Annapurna Scheme
13. Antyodaya Anna Yojna
14. 14.1974-WHO launched “Expended Programme Of Immunization” (EPI)

21. Biofortified target crops and countries-
release scheduleCrop Nutrient Targeted country Leading institutions Year
Banana
/Plantain
Provitamin A
Carotenoids
Carotenoids
,Iron
Nigeria, Ivory
Coast, Cameroon,
Burundi, DR Congo
Uganda
IITA, Bioversity Queensland
University of Technology,
NARO
2019
Bean Iron (Zinc) Rwanda, DR Congo CIAT, RAB, INERA 2012
Cassava Carotenoids
Provitamin A
Iron
DR Congo Nigeria
Brazil Nigeria,
Kenya
CIAT Donald Danforth
Plant Science Center
2017
Cowpea Iron, Zinc India, Brazil G.B. Pant University 2008
potato Iron Rwanda, Ethiopia CIP U
Pumpkin Provitamin A
Carotenoids
Brazil Embrapa 2015
Sweet
potato
Provitamin A
Carotenoids
Uganda
Mozambique Brazil
China
CIP, NACCRI Embrapa
Institute of Sweet Potato,
CAAS
2007
2002
2009
2010
Division of Horticulture, Institute of Agriculture, Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan,

22. Target Countries and Crops
 More than 2 million farming households reached by Harvest
Plus. Crop released are high yielding with climate smart traits

23. Methods of Biofortification
Biofortification
Agronomical
biofortification
 Conventional breeding
• Agronomic practices such as the application of fertilizers to increase zinc and selenium
content of plants grown on soils low in such minerals.
• Conventional plant-breeding e.g. increase zinc in wheat, rice, maize; iron in beans and
pearl millet; and pro-vitamin A in sweet potato and maize.
• Genetic modification e.g. increase β-carotene in rice and reduce phytic acid in cereals.
Special methods

24. Comparison of existing practices
Sr.no Agronomical
biofortification
Conventional
breeding
Transgenic
approaches
Advantages simple; inexpensive; rapid
Enhancement
Uses intrinsic
properties of Crop
rapid; unconstrained
by gene pool; targeted
expression in edible
organs; applicable
directly to elite
Cultivars.
disadvantages Only works with minerals,
very dependent on crop
and cultivar; not possible
to target edible organs.
depends on
existing gene pool;
takes a long time;
traits might need to
be introgressed
from wild relatives;
possible
intellectual
property
constraints.
regulatory landscape;
political and
socioeconomic issues
relevant to transgenic
plants; possible
intellectual property
constraints

27. Iodine biofortification in tomato
PlantLab, Pisa, Italy, Landini et al 2011

29. Biofortification in brinjal
Sr.no Parameteters NSRP -1 GJB-3(C) GOB-1(C)
1. Total Phenol
(%)
2.07 2.11 2.19
2 Vitamin C
(mg/100g of
edible portion)
2.90 2.90 2.50
3 Total Soluble
Sugar (%)
3.09 3.00 2.88
4 β-carotene
(mg/100g)
0.77 0.72 0.67
5 Crude fiber (%) 1.42 1.42 1.44
6 Glycoalkaloids(
%)
0.162 0.175 0.173
7 Anthocyanin(m
g/100g)
475. 3 390.1 419.9
Annual Report on Vegetable improvement Dept.of Vegetable Science ,ACHF , Navsari
Anonymous (2016a)

31. Cauliflower : Pusa Betakesari
Year of
identification
2015-16
Characteristics This is the first ever indigenously
bred bio-fortified beta carotene
(800 – 1000 µg/100 g) rich
cauliflower variety, an attempt to
tackle beta carotene deficiency
related malnutrition problem in
India. •Its curds are orange
coloured, compact and very
attractive with semi-self-
blanching growth habit. •It is
suitable for September – January
growing period. •Average
marketable curd weight is about
1.250 kg with an approximate
marketable yield of 42.0 – 46.0
t/h
54th Convocation, IARI - 2016 28 Anonymous (2016b)

33. Anthocynanin rich cultivar Kinner Red developed by Dr
YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry.
 Recent advances in improvement of Vegetable Crops
Department of Vegetable Dr Y S Parmar University of
Horticulture and Forestry Solan , Himachal Pradesh (17th
February to 8th March, 2016)
Kinner Red

35. Biofortification of Se in onion
Varieties Treatments
Control 20 mg Se 50 mg Se
mg Se kg-1
Summit 0.07 ± 0.06a 2.95 ± 0.48a 6.11 ± 1.98a
Hytec 0.04 ± 0.02a 2.66 ± 1.15a 7.46 ± 1.60a
Red Baron 0.05 ± 0.02a 2.65 ± 1.19a 8.31 ± 4.86a
Adhikari (2012) Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (IPM) Norwegian
University of Life Sciences 30

37. Effect of soil fertilization and foliar
application of iodine in Lettuce cv. Melodion
Combination Iodine (mg I /kg d.w)
Control 12.1
Soil Fertilization 0.5 kg I /ha 15.7
Soil Fertilization 1 kg I /ha 19.9
Soil Fertilization 2 kg I /ha 18.4
Foliar application 0.02 kg I /ha 8.5
Foliar application 0.2 kg I /ha 16.7
Foliar application2 kg I /ha 54.3
Test F *
Smolen et al. (2011)University of Agriculture in Krakow

39. Biofortification in sweet potato
Variety Color Source DM (%) Mean β- carotene
mg/100 g fresh wt
Source of roots assayed
Kala Deep yellow Local landrace from Uganda 37 183 to 1592 Uganda
Karoti Dar Orange Local landrace from Tanzania 31 to 36 2490 to 10281 Tanzania
Resisto Deep orange American variety 25 to 33 3140 to 17530 Mozambique
Simama Deep yellow Improved variety from
Tanzania
42 73 Tanzania
SPK 004 –
Kakamega
Orange Kenyan improved variety 23 to 42 800 to 13336 Tanzania, Uganda
Tainung Deep Orange CIP-introduced 24 to 34 10570 to 17326 Mozambique
Zapallo Deep orange Tanzania/Uganda 20 1526 Tanzania
CIP programm report Anonymous (2015)

40. Endorcement of orange flesh Sweet Potato Bhukanti
Sr. No. Parameters Bhukanti Gouri(C) Local (C)
1 Dry matter(%) 27 30 24
2 Total sugar(%) 2.3 2.6 2.5
3 Starch (%) 16.8 22.3 12.7
4 Beta carotene
(mg/100g)
7.4 1.1 1.3
Anonymous (2016) AGRESCO Report , NAU, Navsari
Bhukanti

42. Biofortification of Potato
 Initial screening of germplasm accessions found
ranges of 11-30 ppm iron and 8-25 ppm zinc in existing
potato varieties.
 CIP, Peru developed iron and zinc fortified variety of
potato by selection and breeding. i.e RL-12 which has
lower phenolic compound,hence better absorption of
iron in human body.
 CIP, Peru Bonierbale et al. (2007)

44. Biofortification in Cassava
Variety
Name
Origin Total
Carotenoid
Content
(FW)*
Pro vitamin
A Content
(FW)*
Fresh Root
Yield
DM
I011661 IITA
(Nigeria)
9.4 ppm 7.6 ppm 34.9 t/ha 30%
Butamu
(Check)
IITA
(DRC)/INER
A
4.4 ppm 3.9 ppm 35.0 t/ha 35%
Pro vitamin A content is approximately 80% of Total Carotenoid Content (fresh weight –
FW) measured with spectrophotometer.
The 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification Kigali, Rwanda. Bidiaka (2008)

46. Biofortification in cowpea
Variety Name Release Year Iron Content Zinc Content Av.
Yield(Kg/ha)
Pant Lobia-1 2008 82 ppm Fe 40 ppm Zn 1500
Pant Lobia-2 2010 100 ppm Fe 37 ppm Zn 1500
Pant Lobia-3 2013 67 ppm Fe 38 ppm Zn 1500
Pant Lobia-4 2014 51 ppm Fe 36 ppm Zn 1700
Buksora local - 26 ppm Fe 30 ppm Zn 800Kg/ha
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Singh et al.(2011)

47.  In Harvest Plus Phase II, cowpea research conduced at G.B. Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. It
focused on the introduction and further improvement of recently
developed photo-insensitive and heat-tolerant “60-day cowpea
"varieties by IITA. Two early-maturing high-iron and zinc cowpea
varieties, Pant Lobia-1 and Pant Lobia-2, were released by the
Uttarakhand Government in 2008 and 2010, respectively
Pant Lobia-1 Pant Lobia-2
G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology Singh et al.(2011)

49. A new “super food” for Colombia
 On June 9th, 2016, two biofortified varieties of iron + zinc beans were released in
Colombia in Barichara, Santander. •
 The release of these biofortified bean varieties BIO-101 and BIO-107 with high content of
iron (83 ppm) and zinc (44 ppm)
 •It is the first time biofortified beans have been released in the Andean zone of
Colombia, with the departmental governments of Santander
CIAT , Colombia Palmer & Beebe (2016)

51. Biofortification in Lentils
Variety Name Iron Content Zinc Content
India – Released in 2012
L4704 85 ppm 74 ppm
Nepal - Released in 2013
ILL 7723 43 ppm 61.5 ppm
Bangladesh – Released in
2013
Barimasur-7 41 ppm NA
Sarker ( 2009) ICARDA

52. CONCLUSIONS
 Biofortification is a cost-effective, feasible means of reaching populations who
may have limited availability and access to diverse diets, supplements, or
commercially fortified foods.
 Because biofortification combines increased micronutrient content with
preferred agronomic, quality, and market traits, biofortified varieties match or
outperform the usual varieties that farmers grow and consume.
 Marketed surpluses of biofortified crops make their way into retail outlets in
both rural and urban areas, reaching additional populations who may be likely
to suffer from micronutrient deficiency.
 A one-time investment in plant breeding yields micronutrient-rich varieties for
farmers to grow for years to come, and the same varieties can be evaluated in
other target geographies with similar agroecological conditions, thus
multiplying the benefit of the initial investment.
 Biofortification is one solution among many that are needed to solve the
complex problem of micronutrient deficiency, and it complements existing
interventions.
 While the right mix of interventions is country, we can scaling up the use of
biofortified crops has the potential to benefit millions of people. Conclusion 43

53. Future challenges
•Consumer preference
•Production of crops for human nutrition with increased iron concentration.
•Promoting large-scale prospective studies on assessing the effects of nutrient
enhancement in major crops in relieving malnutrition and other associated health
problems
•Improving the efficiency with which minerals are mobilized in the soil
•Enhancing the mineral uptake efficiency of the important crops
•Expanding the understanding of mineral accumulation and the transport within
the plant body