Jaydev Kumar Upadhyay

Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding
Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology,
Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229

Course Seminar
on
Breeding Concept & Crop Improvement in Chickpea
(Cicer arietinum L.)
Speaker :Jaydev Kumar, Id. No. :A-5493/10
Course No.: GPB 591, Cr. :1(0+1)
Date : 04-10 -2011, Time :11.00A.M.
Course Instructors: Dr. Ranjeet Singh & Dr. S.R. Vishwakarma
N.D.U.A.& T. Kumarganj, Faizabad-224229

Highlights
1. Introduction
2. Present use of chickpea
3. Floral biology (emasculation/ pollination)
4. Breeding objectives
5. Breeding techniques
6. Quality components
7. Varieties released and important traits related cultivars
8. Production constraints
9. Conclusion.

Introduction
Chickpea [Cicer arietinum (L.)] belongs to genus- Cicer ,family-
Fabaceae, and sub family- Faboideae. It’s origin is considered in
South Eastern Turkey (Ladizinsky, 1975).
The name “Cicer” is of Latin origin, translated from the Greek word
'kikus' meaning force or strength.
Duschak (1871) traced the origin of the word to the Hebrew 'kirkes',
where 'kirkes' means round.
The word “arietinum” is also Latin, translated from the Greek word
'krios', another name for both ramhead and chickpea (van der Maesen
1987).

In India, total production of chickpea was 7.48 million tonnes from of
8.21 million ha area with average yield of 895 kg/ha in year 2009-10.
In area , production & productivity of Uttar Pradesh possessed 0.55
million ha., 0.56 million tonnes, 1014 kg ha-1 respectively in year
2009-10.
Based on seed size and colour, cultivated chickpeas are of two types
(Cubero 1975).
1. Macrosperma (kabuli type, 2n=16). The seeds of this type are large
(100-seed mass >25 g), round or ramhead, and cream-coloured. The
plant is medium to tall in height, with large leaflets and white flowers.
Kabuli chana Desi chana

2.Microsperma (desi type, 2n=14 or 16). The seeds of this type are
small and angular in shape. The seed colour varies from cream, black,
brown, yellow to green. The plants are short with small leaflets and
purplish flowers.
Desi type chickpea is also known as “ Bengal gram” but Kabuli type
chickpea called “ Garbanzos gram” (Spanish). In India, major
chickpeas producing states are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka etc.
Globally, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is important cool season food
legume.
Both cultivated chickpeas are diploid.
Secondary centre of origin of chickpea is Asia minor.

Present use of chickpea
Chickpea is an important rabi pulse grown in India and mature grains
are uses as whole or split in Dhal, vegetable, besan etc.
Chickpea is considered to have medicinal effects & it is used for blood
purification.
It is eaten boiled, fried, & parched. Ground into flour, it is one of the
chief ingredient together with ghee & sugar in many form of Indian
confectionery.
The parched gram together with rice and jaggery is widely eaten as a
snack, especially on long journeys, as a substitute for cooked food.
The skin & broken bite of the fried gram are common cattle feed, like
the husks of the pods and dry stem and leaves obtained at threshing
time & the dry stem & esteemed best among all the
pulses.

Various dish prepared by using of chickpea
Fried gram
Gazak
Pakori
vegetable
Gram salad

Floral biology
The flower of chickpea is zygomorphic, solitary, axillary & polypetalous
standard aestivation.
Calyx is gamosepalous, lanceolate & densely covered with hairs.
The outer most petal is large called standard petal.
Two lateral petals are lanceolate and curved. They are called wing petals or
alae.
Two anterior and partly fused innermost petals are called keel petals or
carina.
Stamens are ten in number in diadelphous (9 anthers are fused +1 anther is
free) condition and ovary is superior (G1).
Majority of buds commence opening between 8.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m.
Fruits (pods) are containing one/two or three seeds.
After fertilization, pod formation starts in 5-6 days.
Floral biology
The flower of chickpea is zygomorphic, solitary, axillary & polypetalous
standard aestivation.
Calyx is gamosepalous, lanceolate & densely covered with hairs.
The outer most petal is large called standard petal.
Two lateral petals are lanceolate and curved. They are called wing petals or
alae.
Two anterior and partly fused innermost petals are called keel petals or
carina.
Stamens are ten in number in diadelphous (9 anthers are fused +1 anther is
free) condition and ovary is superior (G1).
Majority of buds commence opening between 8.00 a.m. to 11.00 a.m.
Fruits (pods) are containing one/two or three seeds.
After fertilization, pod formation starts in 5-6 days.

Flower stature of Kabuli type gram & Desi
type chana.

Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &
Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad‐‐224229

Figure : A typical chickpea plant
Floral diagram

Emasculation
Material required: Forceps, alcohol to sterilize the forceps, coloured nylon
threads, lens, pencil, and record book.
The process for removal of immature stamen or anthers or the killing of
pollen grains of a flower without affecting in any way of the female
reproductive organs is known as emasculation.
The bud to be emasculated should be held gently at the base with the thumb
and fore finger. Snip off the frontal sepal. Push the keel petal downwards by
slitting it with a fine-pointed forceps to expose the anthers.
Remove the anthers and count them, and also check with the help of a lens to
ensure that no anther is in the flower.
The pedicel, style and stigma are fragile. Therefore, care must be taken not to
damage these parts during emasculation. A coloured nylon thread is tied
loosely around the pedicel of the emasculated flower for identification. The
emasculated flowers are usually not covered with a selfing bag to prevent
cross- pollination.

Pollination
The pollen grains reaching on the stigma of a flower. In other words, when
the pollen lands onto stigma of a flower.
Freshly viable pollen grains are collected & used for dusting on the stigmas
of emasculated flower .
Mature pollen is applied to the stigmas with the help of cammel hair brush,
piece of paper & forceps.
Singh and Auckland (1975) reported that at ICRISAT at Patancheru, India;
pollination can be done at any time between 0800 to1700 hrs., and this
practice gives an almost similar pod-set.
The natural rate of pod-setting in chickpea lies between 18 to 59%. Singh
and Auckland (1975) reported 24% pod-setting when artificial pollination
was done on the same day as emasculation and 15% pod-setting when it was
done one day after emasculation. Low seed-setting in chickpea is mainly due
to high humidity and cloudy weather.
Pollination
The pollen grains reaching on the stigma of a flower. In other words, when
the pollen lands onto stigma of a flower.
Freshly viable pollen grains are collected & used for dusting on the stigmas
of emasculated flower .
Mature pollen is applied to the stigmas with the help of cammel hair brush,
piece of paper & forceps.
Singh and Auckland (1975) reported that at ICRISAT at Patancheru, India;
pollination can be done at any time between 0800 to1700 hrs., and this
practice gives an almost similar pod-set.
The natural rate of pod-setting in chickpea lies between 18 to 59%. Singh
and Auckland (1975) reported 24% pod-setting when artificial pollination
was done on the same day as emasculation and 15% pod-setting when it was
done one day after emasculation. Low seed-setting in chickpea is mainly due
to high humidity and cloudy weather.

Breeding Objectives
Breeding for high & stable yield.
Breeding for shattering resistance.
Breeding for biotic (disease & insect-pest resistance) & abiotic
(salinity, drought, high temperature & cold resistance) stresses.
Breeding for quality traits like- grain size, colour, cooking quality &
nutritive value.
Breeding for development of double poddedness varieties.
Breeding for development of multi-resistance varieties.
Induction of response to increase fertilization.
To develop efficient plant types with erect growth up-right habit &
vertical leaves with profuse podding & higher protein content.

Breeding Techniques used for Crop Improvement
Various procedures that are used for genetic improvement of crop plants are
referred to as plant breeding methods or plant breeding procedure.
In chickpea , mainly three methods are employed for improvement of crop:
1. Selection: A. Mass selection B. Pure line selection.
2.Hybridization: A. Bulk method (Singh & Auckland,1976), B. Single seed
descent method, (Byth et al.,1980), C. Pedigree method (Byth et al.,1980),
3.. Mutation breeding
Selection Methods
Selection permits the reproduction only in those plant that have the desirable
characteristics, the plant have been selected.

Mass Selection
Mass selection refers to selection of superior plant on the basis of phenotype
from a mixed population, their seeds are bulked & used to raise the next
generation.
Merit: This is a good method for improvement of old cultivars & land races.
This is also used for the purification of improved cultivars.
Mass selected varieties provide good protection against diseases.
Mass selected varieties are more stable in their performance than pure line
varieties.
Demerits- Progeny test is not carried out in mass selection.
The produce of varieties developed by mass selection is less uniform
than pure lines.
Varieties developed through mass selection:
JG 74, CSG 8962
Mass Selection
Mass selection refers to selection of superior plant on the basis of phenotype
from a mixed population, their seeds are bulked & used to raise the next
generation.
Merit: This is a good method for improvement of old cultivars & land races.
This is also used for the purification of improved cultivars.
Mass selected varieties provide good protection against diseases.
Mass selected varieties are more stable in their performance than pure line
varieties.
Demerits- Progeny test is not carried out in mass selection.
The produce of varieties developed by mass selection is less uniform
than pure lines.
Varieties developed through mass selection:
JG 74, CSG 8962

1.From variable population, 200-2000 plants with similar
but desirable traits are selected.
2. The seeds from selected plants are composited.
1. The composited seeds are planted in a
preliminary yield trials along with standard checks.
2. Phenotype of the selected population is critically
evaluated.
1. Promising selections are evaluated in coordinated
yield trials at several locations.
If outstanding, released as a new variety.
Seed multiplication for distribution.
Fig. Procedure of mass selection in self pollinated crops with out progeny test.
6th year
Ist year
2nd year
3rd to 5th
year

Pure Line Selection
A large number of plants are selected from a homozygous populations of
self pollinated crop & are harvested individually, individual plant progenies
from them are evaluated & the best progeny is released as a new variety.
A pure line variety is obtained from a single homozygous plant of a self
pollinated crop.
Merit - This is a good method of isolating the best genotype for yield ,
disease & insect resistance etc. from a mixed population of an old variety.
Demerit- This method can isolate only superior genotype from the mixed
population. It can not be develop new genotype.
Pure line varieties have poor adaptability due to narrow genetic base.
Varieties developed through pure line selection:
DCP 92-3, Chaffa, Dahod yellow, BDN 9-3, JG 315, KWR 108, GNG 146.
Pure Line Selection
A large number of plants are selected from a homozygous populations of
self pollinated crop & are harvested individually, individual plant progenies
from them are evaluated & the best progeny is released as a new variety.
A pure line variety is obtained from a single homozygous plant of a self
pollinated crop.
Merit - This is a good method of isolating the best genotype for yield ,
disease & insect resistance etc. from a mixed population of an old variety.
Demerit- This method can isolate only superior genotype from the mixed
population. It can not be develop new genotype.
Pure line varieties have poor adaptability due to narrow genetic base.
Varieties developed through pure line selection:
DCP 92-3, Chaffa, Dahod yellow, BDN 9-3, JG 315, KWR 108, GNG 146.

Hybridization
The mating or crossing of two dissimilar plants or lines is known as
hybridization. In plants crossing is done by placing pollen grains from one
line or genotype, called the male parent on to the stigma of flowers of the
other genotype, referred to as the female parent.
The seeds as well as the progeny resulting from hybridization are known
as hybrid or F1 & it’s advance generations are called segregating
generations. It consists of following breeding methods, given below:
A. Bulk method (Singh & Auckland,1976), B. Single seed descent
method (Byth et al., 1980), C. Pedigree method (Byth et al., 1980)
Bulk method: In bulk method, F2 or the subsequent generations are harvested
in mass to raise the next generation. At the end of bulking period,
individual plants are selected & evaluated in F8 generations & superior
progenies released as a new cultivar. The method is also termed as mass
or population method.
.

Ist year Parents Selected plants are hybridized & harvest in bulk for next generation.
IInd year F1 F1 spaced-planted; seed harvest in bulk.
IIIrd year F2
Seeds harvested in bulk.
IVth to VIIth years F3 -
F6
As in F2, may use artificial selection, disease, insect, etc.
VIIIth year F7
1.F7 is spaced-planted, 1. Individual plants selected, 3. Seeds
harvested separately.
IXth year F8
1.Individual plant progenies grown. 2. Undesirable progenies eliminated.
Xth year F9 Preliminary yield trials using local cultivars & quality tests done.
XIth to XIIIth years F10-
F12
Multilocation yield trials using local cultivars & select the superior
lines for new release variety.
XIVth year F13 Seed increase for distribution begins.
Fig: A scheme of bulk method for the isolation of homozygous lines in self-pollinated crops

Single Seed Descent Method
A breeding procedure used with segregating populations of self
pollinated species in which plants are advanced by single seed from
one generation to the next is referred to as single seed descent
method. This method was suggested by Goulden (1939).
In this method, a single seed from each of the 1000-2000 F2 plants are
bulked to raise the next generation. Similarly, in F3 & the subsequent
generations one random seed is selected from every plant present in
the population & harvested in bulk to raise the next generation.
This procedure is followed till F5 or F6 when the plants would have
become nearly homozygous.
Brim (1966) suggested that harvest of two or three seeds from plant
for using one seed for planting & another seeds for reserve (if seed for
planted to failure to germination automatically eliminate that is F2
family) & separate operations.

Ist year Parents Selected parents are hybridized.
IInd year F1 F1 space-planted , harvested in bulk.
IIIrd year F2
1.F2 densely planted, 2. From each plant , one random seed selected
& bulked.
IVth year F3
1.F3 densely planted, 2. From each plant , one random seed selected
& bulked.
Vth to VIth year F4-F5
As in F3.
VIIth year F6
1. F6 space-planted, 2. 100-500 plants with desirable traits harvested
separately.
VIIIth year F7
1. Individuals plant progenies grown, 2.Undesirable progenies
eliminated, 3. Desirable homozygous progenies harvested in bulk.
IXth year F8
Preliminary yield trial with a suitable check & quality test.
Xth to XIIth year F9-
F11
Coordinated yield trials; diseases & quality test.
XIIIth year F12
Seed increase for distribution to farmers begins.
Fig: Schematic representation of single seed descent method in self pollinated crops.

Pedigree Method
Pedigree refers to record of the ancestry of an individual selected
plant.
Pedigree breeding is a method of genetic improvement of self
pollinated species in which superior genotypes are selected from
segregating generations & proper record of ancestry of selected plants
are maintained in each generation.
It is generally used when both the parents that are used in the
hybridization have good agronomic traits or well adapted.
It is more commonly used for the improvement of polygenic traits.
The genetic constitution of the variety developed by this method is
homozygous & homogeneous, because it is progeny of single
homozygote.
ACHIEVEMENTS: T2, T1, T3, T5, Radhey, etc.

P2P1
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8 -
F10
F11
Ist Year
IInd
Year
IIIrd
Year
IVth
Year
Vth
Year
VIth
Year
VIIth
Year
VIIIth
Year
IXth
-XIth
Year
XIIth
Year
Selected plants are planted in a crossing block and crosses are made.
Seeds are space-planted, & harvest in bulk.
1. 2000-10000 plants space-planted. 2. 100-150 superior plants selected, harvested
in separately.
Individual plant progenies space-planted & superior plants selected.
As above F3. & superior plant harvested in separately and grown generation.
1.Individual plant progenies. progenies planted in multi-row plots. 2.Superior
plants selected.
As in F5 & Preliminary yield trial may be conducted.
Preliminary yield trials & quality tests.
Coordinated yield trials. Disease &quality tests.
Seed multiplication for farmer distribution.
Fig. Schematic representation of the pedigree method in Bengal gram.

Mutation Breeding
The genetic improvement of crop plants for various economic traits
through the use of induced mutation (mutation that are induced by the
treatment of mutagenic agents viz.; gamma rays, 5 B.U., E.M.S., etc. )
is referred to as mutation breeding.
A mutation breeding programme should be clearly planed & should be
large enough with sufficient facilities to permit an effective screening
of large populations.
Type : 1. Breeding for oligogenic traits 2. Breeding for polygenic
traits.
ACHIEVEMENTS: Mutant G 130,BG 1003, WCG 2, WCG3,
WCG10, Sadhbhavana, BG 408, BG 413, BG 417

Ist year M1
IInd year M2
IIIrd year M3
IVth Year M4
Vth-VIIth Year M5-
M7
VIIIth Year M8
1. Treated seeds are space-planted. 2.Seeds from individual plants
are harvested separately.
1. Individual plants progenies grown. 2. Plants from rows
containing the mutant allele (homozygous) harvested separately.
1. Individual plant progenies grown. 2.Superior mutant
(homozygous) and homogeneous population harvested in bulk.
1.Preliminary yield trials & quality tests 2.Superior lines selected.
Coordinated yield trials. Disease, quality tests,
Superior lines released as a new variety.
Seed multiplication for farmer distribution.
Fig. A schematic representation of mutation breeding (for transfer of oligogenic traits) in bengal gram.

Quality Components
Chickpea is a very good source of carbohydrates & protein, which together constitute
about 80% of the total dry seed weight.
Protein & Amino acid:
Chickpea seeds contain protein content that ranges between 12.6 to 30.5 % (Singh
et al. 1997). The protein content of dhal is noticeably higher than that of the whole
seed indicating the effect of seed coat on the protein content in chickpea genotype.
Chickpea seed also contains a considerable of amount non protein nitrogen (NPN),
which also effect true protein content.
A large variation in NPN would overestimate the true protein content of the sample and
would consequently affect the estimated protein intake in the diet. Although,
genotype exists with higher protein content, no attempt has been made to combine
high protein with high yield potential.
Application of nitrogen , phosphorus & sulphur fertilizers considerable increase the
protein & amino acids in chickpea seed (Gupta and Singh,1982).

Nutritional composition of whole seed & dhal component of chickpea
Components (%) Whole seed Dhal
Protein 22 24.5
Starch 47.3 56.0
Sugar 5.8 4.9
Ash 3.2 2.8
Fat 5.3 5.7
Crude fiber 6.3 1.1
Dietary fiber 19 11.3
•Chickpea generally meets adult human requirement for all essential amino acids except
methionine & cystine.
•Based on the amino acid composition, chickpea is found to be of higher nutritive value
as compared to other legumes (Gupta and Kapoor, 1980 ). The levels of different
protein fractions primarily control the essential amino acid composition of chickpea
seed protein, as they tend to differ with respect to their amino acid content.

Chickpea contains considerable amount of vitamins B1 and B2,
ascorbic acid and niacin.
Anti-nutritional factors : It is well recognized that the majority
of food legumes including chickpea synthesize certain biologically
active substances commonly considered to be anti nutrition factors
since they have been shown to affect animal and human nutritional
factors.
Chickpea grain contains variable amount of anti nutritional factors.
These, chickpea is known for it’s high levels of flatulence causing
sugar namely, raffinose, stachyose. When considered together,
raffinose and stachyose constitute nearly 40% of the total soluble
sugar present in chickpea ( Singh et al. 1982 ).

Chickpea is also known for its levels of trypsin and chemotrypsin
inhibitors, even though it is less problematic in comparison to
soybeans, peas.
Polyphenols, which are interchangeably termed as tannins, are also
present in chickpea seeds, but they are mostly present in the seed coat
(Singh 1984).
Phytic acid is an inositol hexa phosphate, which forms complexes with
minerals and protein thus interfering with their availability. Dhal
samples of chickpea contains considerable amount of phytic acid
(Singh 1988) which can be lowered by germination & fermentation.

Important characteristics of recently released varieties of chickpea
Sl. No. Name of
cultivars
Centre
responsible for
developing
Year of
release
Average
yield
(q/ha)
Reaction to
major disease
& pest
Recommended
for zones
1 Avrodhi CSAU, Kanpur 1987 22-23 Res. to wilt NWPZ, NEPZ
2 Pusa 267 IARI, New Delhi 1988 21-23 Res. to wilt NWPZ
3 Bharati ICRISAT,
Hyderabad
1992 20-21 ,, SOUTH ZONE
4 Sadabahar CSAU, Kanpur 1992 24-26 Tol. to wilt NEPZ
5 BG 329 IARI, New Delhi 1993 20-23 Res.to wilt NWPZ
6 Pusa 372 ,, ,, 20-21 ,, & blight NWPZ,NEPZ
7 Vardan RAU,
Sriganganagar
1995 22-23 Res.to wilt NWPZ

Sl.
No.
Name of
cultivar s
Centre
responsible for
developing
Year of
release
Average
yield
(q/ha)
Reaction
to major
disease &
pest
Recommended
for zones
8 Pusa 362 IARI, New Delhi 1995 20-24 Tol. to wilt NWPZ
9 KWR 108 CSAU, Kanpur 1996 22-25 Res.to wilt NEPZ
10 Alok ,, ,, 20-22 ,, NWPZ
11 Phule G 5 MPKVV, Rahuri 1986 22-25 Tol. to wilt CZ,NEPZ
12 Pant G 186 Pantnagar 1997 16-20 Tol. to wilt &
grey mold
NEPZ
13 JG 315 Jabalpur 1984 18-20 Res. to wilt CENTRA INDIA
14 Kranti ICRISAT,
Hyderabad
1989 19-22 Res. to wilt CZ, SZ
15 CSG 8962 Karnal 1998 20-22 Res. to wilt NWPZ

Sl.
No.
Name of
cultivar s
Centre
responsible
for developing
Year of
release
Average
yield (q/ha)
Reaction to
major disease
& pest
Recommende
d for zones
16 BG 256 IARI, New
Delhi
1984 19-22 Res. to wilt &
Blight
NEPZ, NWPZ
17 Pragati CSAU, Kanpur 1994 17-20 Tol. to wilt U.P
18 L 550 Ludhiana 1999 18-20 Tol. towilt NWPZ
19 PBG 1 Ludhiana 1988 16-18 Tol. to blight NWPZ
20 KPG 59 (Udai) CSAU, Kanpur 1992 18-20 Tol. to wilt NEPZ,
21 GCP 105 JAU, Junagarh 2000 16-19 Tol. to blight NEPZ,
22 WCG 10 SVBPUA&T,
Meerut
2008 10-22 Tol. to wilt NEPZ,
23 WCG 3 ,, ,, 16-22 ,, ,,
24 Sadhbhavana ,, 1998 20 ,, ,,
25 BG 1003 IARI, Delhi 2000 22 ,, ,,

Sl.
No.
Name of
cultivar s
Centre
responsible for
developing
Year of
release
Average
yield (q/ha)
Reaction to
major
disease &
pest
Recommended
for zones
26 JGK 1 JNKVV, Jabalpur 2003 19-21 Res. to wilt CZ
27 MNK-1 ARS, Gulberga 2010 12-14 ,, SZ
28 PKV
Kabuli4
PDKV, Akola 2010 19-20 ,, M.P
29 Gujarat
Junagarh
Gran 3
JAU, Junagarh 1010 14-15 ,, Gujarat
30 Pant
Kabuli
Chana 1
GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar
2010 23-25 ,, Uttarakhand
31 WCG 2 SVBPUA&T,
Meerut
1999 21-23 ,, U.P

Production constraints
Shrinkage of area due to increase in number of canals and other
sources of irrigation and diversification of chickpea area under other
crops.
Area became unfit for pulse cultivation due to excess moisture around
canals and increase in salt level.
Large area under rainfed cultivation (75%).
Biotic and abiotic stresses (up to 30% losses).
Poor response to high input conditions and better management.
Moisture stress at terminal growth stage.
Fluctuating high temperature at reproductive phase.
Crop damage due to blue bull.

Conclusion
Chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.; 2n=14 or 16) grains provide about 23% protein, 4-
10% fat & 52-70% carbohydrate and traditionally consumed after processing into
various products.
Chickpea by goodness of its resilience under rainfed conditons has a greater role to
play in coming years, as even with best efforts, successful cultivation in sizeable area
will remain dependent on monsoon besides steady & consistent decline in water
availability for agriculture operations due to higher allocation of water to other
activities such as industries & drinking purposes.
Through breeding methods & selection procedure, it is possible to develop new
cultivars for chickpea growing areas.
Selection has played very important role in the development of high yielding
varieties of chickpea from local varieties / wild species.
Bulk method, pedigree method & single seed descent have been employed in the
handling of segregating generations for the development of high yielding varieties.
Varieties viz. JG 315, DCP92-3, Chaffa, Dahod Yellow, BDN 9-3, KWR 108,
GNG 146 are developed through selection & T2, T1, T3, T5,Radhey by pedigree
method and mutant variety is Mutant G 130,BG 1003, BG 408, BG413, BG417.

Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &
Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad‐‐224229

Reference cited:
Aiyer Narayan yenga; A.K. (1982). Field crops of India.8th edition. BAPPCO Publications.
Balasubramaniyan; P. and Palaniappan; S.P. (2000). Principles and Practices of Agronomy. II nd
edition . Agrobios (India).
Chaturvedi; S.K. and Dua; R.P. (2001). Improved Varieties of Chickpea in Kanpur. IIPR.Kanpur.
Gowda; C.L.L. and Gour ; P.M. (2003). Global scenario of chickpea research-present status and
future thrust. Pulses in new perspective.
Gupta; S.K. (2005).Practical Plant Breeding. IInd edition. Agrobios (India).
Singh; D.P. (1991). Genetics and Breeding of Pulse Crops. II nd edition. Kalyany Publishers India.
Singh; F; and Diwakar; B; (1995). Chickpea Botany and Production Practices . Skill Development
Series no. 16 , ICRISAT.
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/chhabra61‐532434‐flower‐s.

Jaydev Kumar Upadhyay

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