Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety by Kamphol Pantakua and Natthida Wiwatwicha, TDRI. Presented at the ReSAKSS-Asia - MIID conference "Evolving Agrifood Systems in Asia: Achieving food and nutrition security by 2030" on Oct 30-31, 2019 in Yangon, Myanmar.
Institutional and Governance Innovation in Thailand’s Food System: The Role of the Private Sector in Food Safety
1. Institutional and Governance
Innovations in Food Safety
The Role of Private Sector in Thailand’s Food System
Kamphol Pantakua
Natthida Wiwatwicha
ReSAKSS-Asia October 30-31, 2019
2. Overview
In Thailand, food safety directly relates
to modernization of FVCs, driven by the
private sector
Protein value chains: Industrialization
Vegetable and Fruit VCs: New patterns of
inter- and intra- sector management
• Increasing production sources that supply
both modern and traditional markets
3. Questions & Method
What are the factors for successful food
safety in Thailand’s market-driven food
environment?
• The components of food safety ecosystem
• Government’s supportive role
Method: historiography of FVC
development
Literature review
Field work interviews
4. Factors Governing Food Safety
Consumer demand
• Growth of Modern Trade
• NGO’s
Economy of scale
• Mechanization
• Increasing farm size
• Formations of groups
Coordination and
Management
• Inter-intra sector
• Between functions
• Between independent
producers
Government Support
– Private sector initiative
• Standards / Regulations
• Institutions / Partnerships
• Hardware
5. Brief Historical Development
Early development
• NGO’s contribution
• Private Sector Contribution (Modernization)
NGO’s contribution to food safety through various objectives
• Religion group: Buddhist temples/Monks
Goal: self-sufficiency economy and health concerns
• Local NGO: Biothai
Goal: Security and sovereignty
• Inter NGO: IFOAM
Goal: Food quality and ecology
• Inter org: WTO & FAO
WTO : agricultural commodity standards 1997
Thailand joined WTO 1994 and restructured food safety related bodies in
2002
FAO – Good Agricultural Practice
6. Key Events for Modernization
1970’s – 1980’s Labor shortage results in transformation
[Farmers]
1980’s Introduction of contract farming [Local and international
large agribusiness firms for plants and tomatoes]
1997-8 Nitrofuran residue found in export product, triggering
widespread closed-farming system for chicken and shrimp
[Govt and Private Sector Cooperation]
Air and water pollution conflict with the public (residents in
suburbia) triggered transformation of swine production
industry [Govt and Private Sector Cooperation]
1998 Thai Government announced GAP - Good Agricultural
Practices (plant-based food); GMP – Good Manufacturing
Practices (meat)
• Only recently created regulation for certification in 2004
7. Private sector: Modernization
Livestock and aquaculture:
• large firms and contract farming
• Industrialization
• Vertical integration
Fruits and Vegetables: fragmented farmers
• Unlikely to undergo industrialization
• At present, still continued to be limited by small
volume of export and lack of industrial scale
production (more labor-intensive)
Small independent producers, uncoordinated and
depends largely on suppliers
Clear division of producer for export and domestic
8. Livestock VC
Advanced facility and management of vertically integrated meat
production
Source: CPF
11. The rate of pesticide use per area and per value in Thailand is not
high compared with other food producer countries.
0
5
10
15
20
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Kg./Ha
Totalpesticidesconsumptionperhectare
China, mainland France Germany
Italy Netherlands Spain
Thailand United States of America Viet Nam
Source:FAOSTAT.
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Kg./1000I$
pervalue ofagriculturalproduct
12. In the past, the rate of pesticide use of Thai farmers
tends to be sensitive on the product price.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016
Total pesticides correlation with product value
Grains real price index Total pesticides: Thailand (Kg./1000 I$)
Source:FAOSTATandTheWorldBankCommodityPriceData.
13. Pesticide Residues
0
200
400
600
Number of pesticide residues notifications on fruits, vegetab
spicesinEUbyselectedcountries2010-2019
alert border rejection
information for attention information for follow-up
Source:RASFFandMarket sharebyTrademap
6.7% 10.4%
13.7%
4.9%
2.0% 2.0%
3.2% 0.6%
0.4%
1.4%
Market share
14. Bangkok found over MRL rate more than other region
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
%ofSampling
Chemicalscreentesting:Whole
Kingdom
Sampling Over MRL
Note:*First yearofpesticideresiduetest with4group[Organophosphate,Pyrethroid,Carbamate,Organochlorine]
OthertestingareBorax,Formaldehyde,SalicylicAcid,SodiumHydrosulfite,Salbutamol,Aflatoxins,pH
Source:FDA2019.
4.8 2.97 0 2.04
19.84
0
41.02
11.07
29.47
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Bangkokarea:OverMRL(%ofsampling)
15. Consumer monitor program by NGO
Increased sample size ->
Decreasing trend of over-MRL
In GAP and Organic certified
found a high rate of over-MRL
Modern trade products not safer
than traditional market
Source: Thai-PAN.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0
100
200
300
vegetables fruits vegetables fruits vegetables fruits
2016 2017 2019
Total
Over MRL Sampling Share of Over MRL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
0
5
10
15
20
GAP GMP Organic GAP GMP Organic
2017 2019
By standards type
Over MRL Sampling Share of Over MRL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
0
50
100
150
200
Modern
trade
Traditional Modern
trade
Traditional Modern
trade
Traditional
2016 2017 2019
By markets
Over MRL Sampling Share of Over MRL
17. New Development in Modern Food Value Chain
Change in consumer
behavior
• Consumer expects
safety and traceability
High pressure from NGO’s
Modern trade needs to
stabilize standard and
quantity of supply
• Shortening of FVC
through direct contract
with farmers
53.8%
46.2%
19. Institutions: Vegetables and Fruits
Emerging practice: Export and domestic
Modern Trade institution engages
directly with groups of coordinated
farmers or independent farmers
• Farmers adapted by forming groups, co-
op’s, CE’s
• Modern Trade buyers work with third party
facilitators (governmental
agencies/universities) on site with farmers
20. Modernized Fresh Food Value Chain Model
Engagement between a group of coordinated farmers (100+ independent
farmers) from the same area, and export/domestic modern trade
Contract for multiple types of vegetables (example: contract is renewed every 3
months, 3 months in advanced)
• but not 100% of produced volume; farmers to establish trade relations with other local
suppliers or local traditional markets
Better financing from agricultural bank for building a local packaging center
An on-site manager (rep. from a modern trade brand) work with farmers’ group
leader on management, planning, quality control, logistic coordination, and
provide accurate market information
An on-site packaging center
• Contamination Test 1. once on site (every lot) and 2. at the DC (sampling)
Variations of management delegation and technology and knowledge provision
between the farmers, government agency, and modern traders
21. Incentives
Modern trader perspective:
• Cheaper cost for better quality, safer
vegetable products
Farmers perspective:
• pre-arranged/negotiated price, and
stable pre-arranged demand volume
(for advanced planning)
22. MFVC Institutions: Farmers Organizations
Cooperatives
SMCE (small/micro community
enterprise)
Farmers Group
• Decreasing degree of oversight by
government agency
• Third party facilitator
(government/universities)
For matching with markets and training
23. Farmers Organization
• Benefits of coordination
For collective distribution of crop rotation and polyculture
o Simultaneously solves price conflict issue and suppresses pest cycles
o not exceed quantity demanded
o Regular meetings and social media (mobile messaging application)
• Benefits of group formation
Legally recognized entity for doing business and better
financing from Bank of Agri. and Agri. Cooperatives (BAAC)
Lowering cost (ie: buying/making fertilizers)
Transmissions of knowledge and techniques (in-out)
o From group to group
Better for interaction with other agencies
o Can register as a Farmers Group but adopt management and contracts
of a Cooperative
24. Modern FVC: Interactive Management
Injection of Modern Trade representative into production site
• Allows farmers to coordinate with accurate information
Market/Buyer demand - Risk assessment
IPM: volume and type coordination
• Quality control
• Volume control
Secondary market for excess product volume
Injection of modern tools from modern marketing and
governmental agency
• Management, accounting
Modern trade representative provides business management programs
• Food processing techniques and protocols compatible with
consumer’s preference
• Chemical residue test kit
25. Food Safety Government Policy
Past: Top down Food Safety Policy
• GAP, GMP, Organic Certification
• Knowledge training
• Evaluation through NGO survey result
Random sampling showed outdated and unsuccessful
Present: Bottom up Food Safety Policy
• Focus on creating knowledge and business support network
partnership between group of farmers, traders, and other private
sector actors (sponsors)
• Facilitates food safety improvement driven by private sector and
NGO’s
Such as providing facilities, chemical test kit, access to information,
opportunities for business matching
26. Food Safety Government Policy
Present: Bottom Up Food Safety
Policy (continue)
• Assisting modern trade buyer to meet farmers
with food safety production and business
capacity
vegetables: Khon Khaen, Ayuttaya, Suratthani,
Kampangpetch, Ratchaburi, Supanburi,
Chacheongsao
• Event-based platform for modern trade buyer
to meet small/individual farmers who are
interested in selling/informal contract with
modern trade
fruits: Suratthani (Farmers: Suratthani, Ranong,
Chumpon, Pattalung)
27. Food Safety Ecosystem
Software
NGO’s monitoring and programs
Facilitation and Partnerships
Training/knowledge (ie: IPM, safe
chemical use)
Financing
Institutional formations
Contractual relationship
Quality Control
Logistics + Traceability
Standards (GAP, GMP)
Regulations and policy
Consumer behavior
Hardware
Farm facility (ie:
Closed-system, Open-
system)
Processing facility
Temp control
Transportation
In-FVC and end of FVC
evaluation/testing tools
Communication tools
28. Conclusion
Recent modern food value chain development in Thailand is
driven by consumer awareness, NGO pressure, and multi-
sector shared-governance
• Decreasing intermediate supplier between source and markets for
better quality control and utility
• Inter-sector and intra-sector coordination, sharing of information,
technology, and shared-management
The government’s supportive role ranges from issuing
standard certification, facilitation of farmers group formation
and connecting small holders to modernized marketing chains
• Move toward supporting random testing by the private sector/NGO
as means of Good Agricultural/Manufacturing Practice standard
enforcement
29. Implications
Private sector’s impact on food safety is incentivized by direct benefit (profit)
• But the extension excludes low-value crops such as rice, maize, cassava
Formal contract may not be necessary for a working relationship from complementary
incentive between farmer groups and modern traders
• But farmers group would still be at disadvantage from informal contract in some cases
Increased food standard increases market opportunity
In the case of formal contract, policy makers may investigate regulatory or contract innovation
Going Forward
• How to create triggers for self-organized formations of coordinated farmers?
Increase research and development and extension of virtually large-scale farming pilot projects
Analysis of management and facilitation process
Systematizing a flexible platform for facilitation to expand the modern food value chain
• The design or identification of food safety ‘regulator’ (ie: random testing) to be done by trusted parties
(ie: needs a market for testing, more samples, redundancy etc.)
• Safety Sample Testing in institutional buyers
Hospitals: recently regulated (public hospitals)
Schools: none
30. Thank you for your kind attention
kamphol@tdri.or.th
natthida@tdri.or.th