This document discusses subcontracting practices in infrastructure projects. It analyzes how qualitative and quantitative data has been used to assess construction risks. The document finds that as much as 80% of construction work is undertaken by small subcontractors in India. While subcontracting provides flexibility, it has also been linked to lower productivity. Project managers must effectively manage subcontractors to enhance project performance and reduce risks, while avoiding the pitfalls of excessive subcontracting. The document reviews literature on determining labor outputs and identifying delay factors in large projects to improve construction management.
A systematic study on site overhead costs in construction industryeSAT Journals
Abstract Construction sector is the one of the largest employer in the country. It has become a highly competitive field with a minimum profit. Construction costs are two types; one is direct cost (labors, materials, P & M, Equipments etc...) Other one is indirect costs/Overhead costs (Staff salaries, Staff benefits, Conveyance, Labor miscellaneous, Internet, Watch and ward etc.) and is added as a percentage to sum of labor, material and equipment. Normally 10 to 15% of contract value will be taken as overhead costs. Overhead costs cannot be neglected, but the indirect costs should be in control always. If the cost goes out of control, the contractors will not be in business. The article discusses about overheads, overhead percentage on contractual value, factor affecting the overhead costs, major issues faced by contractors, how overhead costs affects the income, Engineers/Contractors view on overheads, investigation and control of overhead costs, creating cost awareness among employees, lists out the major items which affects the overheads, interviews with professionals and data collection from the projects and hence creates awareness while bidding and plan the financial resources effectively. Key Words: Overhead costs, bidding, Engineers, Contractors
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
A systematic study on site overhead costs in construction industryeSAT Journals
Abstract Construction sector is the one of the largest employer in the country. It has become a highly competitive field with a minimum profit. Construction costs are two types; one is direct cost (labors, materials, P & M, Equipments etc...) Other one is indirect costs/Overhead costs (Staff salaries, Staff benefits, Conveyance, Labor miscellaneous, Internet, Watch and ward etc.) and is added as a percentage to sum of labor, material and equipment. Normally 10 to 15% of contract value will be taken as overhead costs. Overhead costs cannot be neglected, but the indirect costs should be in control always. If the cost goes out of control, the contractors will not be in business. The article discusses about overheads, overhead percentage on contractual value, factor affecting the overhead costs, major issues faced by contractors, how overhead costs affects the income, Engineers/Contractors view on overheads, investigation and control of overhead costs, creating cost awareness among employees, lists out the major items which affects the overheads, interviews with professionals and data collection from the projects and hence creates awareness while bidding and plan the financial resources effectively. Key Words: Overhead costs, bidding, Engineers, Contractors
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
RISK MANAGEMENT IN HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SURAT CITYA Makwana
This paper gives information about identification of risk factors and perceptions of Indian construction practitioners i.e., contractors, owners, project managers and Engineers on the importance of different construction risks and how the risks should be assigned between the different parties of the contract. As the very common project styles, construction projects have so many characteristics likewise time limitation, specific items, financial restrictions and requirements, extraordinary structural and legal situations, complexity features. For this situation every construction project has own complex method. Risks constantly happen at construction projects and frequently cause time overrun or cost overrun. If you don’t contemplate these risk factors, or neglect the main factors, these risk factors will affect the damage because of the managerial errors. Risk management is the process which covers to identify the risks, for assessment with the help of qualitatively and quantitatively, to response with appropriate technique for management and controlling. The concept has gain popularity in various industries. Various companies frequently found the method in their projects for upgrading their performance, reducing their losses and increasing their profits. Questionnaire survey among clients, contractors, engineers and architects is analysed using, Relative Importance Index (RII)) method. The focus of this study is to understand what Risk Management is, understand the process of risk management at construction project and have depth knowledge on the use of risk management in high-rise construction projects.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
RISK MANAGEMENT IN HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SURAT CITYA Makwana
This paper gives information about identification of risk factors and perceptions of Indian construction practitioners i.e., contractors, owners, project managers and Engineers on the importance of different construction risks and how the risks should be assigned between the different parties of the contract. As the very common project styles, construction projects have so many characteristics likewise time limitation, specific items, financial restrictions and requirements, extraordinary structural and legal situations, complexity features. For this situation every construction project has own complex method. Risks constantly happen at construction projects and frequently cause time overrun or cost overrun. If you don’t contemplate these risk factors, or neglect the main factors, these risk factors will affect the damage because of the managerial errors. Risk management is the process which covers to identify the risks, for assessment with the help of qualitatively and quantitatively, to response with appropriate technique for management and controlling. The concept has gain popularity in various industries. Various companies frequently found the method in their projects for upgrading their performance, reducing their losses and increasing their profits. Questionnaire survey among clients, contractors, engineers and architects is analysed using, Relative Importance Index (RII)) method. The focus of this study is to understand what Risk Management is, understand the process of risk management at construction project and have depth knowledge on the use of risk management in high-rise construction projects.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HIERA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.