Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
Exploring the risk factors associated with peb projects in lahore.Rizwan Khurram
The construction industry is more exposed to risk than other industry. If the risk is not handled properly it may causes the poor performance on the industry. The Scale of building projects is large in nature and having large amount of investment. Wastage of any resource influence is high loss in project. All the losses are associated with risk factors. In Pakistan, only few researches have been done so far in this area. Thus this study needs focus of risk management in field of construction projects. We conclude from study that financial issue, skillful workers, shortage and inaccurate design are significant risk factors affecting the projects. Contractors are responsible for risk linked with machinery, material and quality related issues. While clients are responsible for the risk associated with scope of work. Study concludes that good coordination and communication between stakeholders and proper drawings works are key factors to control the project.
RISK MANAGEMENT IN HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SURAT CITYA Makwana
This paper gives information about identification of risk factors and perceptions of Indian construction practitioners i.e., contractors, owners, project managers and Engineers on the importance of different construction risks and how the risks should be assigned between the different parties of the contract. As the very common project styles, construction projects have so many characteristics likewise time limitation, specific items, financial restrictions and requirements, extraordinary structural and legal situations, complexity features. For this situation every construction project has own complex method. Risks constantly happen at construction projects and frequently cause time overrun or cost overrun. If you don’t contemplate these risk factors, or neglect the main factors, these risk factors will affect the damage because of the managerial errors. Risk management is the process which covers to identify the risks, for assessment with the help of qualitatively and quantitatively, to response with appropriate technique for management and controlling. The concept has gain popularity in various industries. Various companies frequently found the method in their projects for upgrading their performance, reducing their losses and increasing their profits. Questionnaire survey among clients, contractors, engineers and architects is analysed using, Relative Importance Index (RII)) method. The focus of this study is to understand what Risk Management is, understand the process of risk management at construction project and have depth knowledge on the use of risk management in high-rise construction projects.
Risk Severity Framework for a BOT Highway ProjectIOSRJMCE
Adequate attention needs to be given to project risk management for reaping the benefits by way of meeting the objectives of an organisation. Organisations which implement good risk management practices derive maximum advantage by way of fewer risks which are quite manageable in general and more so in infrastructure sector which is subjected to plethora of risks. The role of infrastructure in the overall development of a nation cannot be underscored. Considering this, a study has been carried out for an ongoing highway project being executed in the state of Telangana (India) under NHAI. The study was carried out by administering the questionnaire to 250 experts associated with highway sector and the response received was 110. The respondents were asked to identify the risks in four phases of a project namely Feasibility phase, Development Phase, Execution Phase and Operation phase and also the likelihood and impact of each of the identified risks. The severity of risk was determined based on the likelihood and impact of risks and was categorized accordingly. The severity of risk indicates the extent to which the project is exposed to that particular risk and the mitigation measures need to be taken accordingly to minimise the effect of risk
Exploring the risk factors associated with peb projects in lahore.Rizwan Khurram
The construction industry is more exposed to risk than other industry. If the risk is not handled properly it may causes the poor performance on the industry. The Scale of building projects is large in nature and having large amount of investment. Wastage of any resource influence is high loss in project. All the losses are associated with risk factors. In Pakistan, only few researches have been done so far in this area. Thus this study needs focus of risk management in field of construction projects. We conclude from study that financial issue, skillful workers, shortage and inaccurate design are significant risk factors affecting the projects. Contractors are responsible for risk linked with machinery, material and quality related issues. While clients are responsible for the risk associated with scope of work. Study concludes that good coordination and communication between stakeholders and proper drawings works are key factors to control the project.
RISK MANAGEMENT IN HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SURAT CITYA Makwana
This paper gives information about identification of risk factors and perceptions of Indian construction practitioners i.e., contractors, owners, project managers and Engineers on the importance of different construction risks and how the risks should be assigned between the different parties of the contract. As the very common project styles, construction projects have so many characteristics likewise time limitation, specific items, financial restrictions and requirements, extraordinary structural and legal situations, complexity features. For this situation every construction project has own complex method. Risks constantly happen at construction projects and frequently cause time overrun or cost overrun. If you don’t contemplate these risk factors, or neglect the main factors, these risk factors will affect the damage because of the managerial errors. Risk management is the process which covers to identify the risks, for assessment with the help of qualitatively and quantitatively, to response with appropriate technique for management and controlling. The concept has gain popularity in various industries. Various companies frequently found the method in their projects for upgrading their performance, reducing their losses and increasing their profits. Questionnaire survey among clients, contractors, engineers and architects is analysed using, Relative Importance Index (RII)) method. The focus of this study is to understand what Risk Management is, understand the process of risk management at construction project and have depth knowledge on the use of risk management in high-rise construction projects.
Risk Severity Framework for a BOT Highway ProjectIOSRJMCE
Adequate attention needs to be given to project risk management for reaping the benefits by way of meeting the objectives of an organisation. Organisations which implement good risk management practices derive maximum advantage by way of fewer risks which are quite manageable in general and more so in infrastructure sector which is subjected to plethora of risks. The role of infrastructure in the overall development of a nation cannot be underscored. Considering this, a study has been carried out for an ongoing highway project being executed in the state of Telangana (India) under NHAI. The study was carried out by administering the questionnaire to 250 experts associated with highway sector and the response received was 110. The respondents were asked to identify the risks in four phases of a project namely Feasibility phase, Development Phase, Execution Phase and Operation phase and also the likelihood and impact of each of the identified risks. The severity of risk was determined based on the likelihood and impact of risks and was categorized accordingly. The severity of risk indicates the extent to which the project is exposed to that particular risk and the mitigation measures need to be taken accordingly to minimise the effect of risk
Effect or Risk Management Methods on project performance in Rwandan Construct...Sibo Kanyambari Aimable
Risks are very common in construction sector. Risk is the Possibility of suffering loss and the impact on the involved parties. According to APM (2006), all projects are inherently risky because they are unique, constrained, complex, based on assumptions, and performed by people. As a result, project risk management methods must be built into the management of projects and should be used throughout the project lifecycle.
Many construction projects fail because organizations assume that all the projects would succeed and they therefore do not identify, analyze, and provide mitigation or contingencies for the risk elements involved in the project.
Society desires that all projects should be performing and has become less tolerant of failure (Edwards and Bowen, 2005). Pressure is exerted on project managers to minimize the chance of project failure. This increasing pressure for performance which suggests that it is prudent for anyone involved in a project to be concerned about the associated risks and how they can be effectively managed.
Traditionally, performance of a project is analyzed on the criteria of quality, budget and time of completion. Two more criteria to determine the performance of a project were added by Kerzner (2001). Firstly, the project would effectively and efficiently manage risks and, secondly, it should be accepted by the customer.
It is known that the cause of the projects failure can be directly related to the extent of risk management methods undertaken. Besides, the level of risk management methods undertaken during project lifecycle impacts directly on the performance or otherwise of the project. Furthermore, using risk management methods effectively to manage risk should be continuously undertaken throughout the project lifecycle to enhance project performance. Risk management methods are thus an important tool to cope with such substantial risks in projects performance.
The main objective of the enquiry work that underpins this research is to investigate the effect of risk management methods on project performance. In this paper, a case study of RSSB multi-storey already executed project is considered.
In Indian scenario of infrastructure industry, there is a colossal vocation of peril analysis knacks and tools available for the management of affliction. In dogma, each peril analysis knack has its strengths and weaknesses. Knacks such as Probability Theory, Certainty Factors and Dempster-Shaffer theory of evidence are discussed with regard to their application to peril analysis in road projects. Suggestions on the most appropriate tools associated with the knacks are also presented. The mighty and emaciation of each knack are highlighted and discussed. This paper inferred the peril to be determined in project.
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
A REVIEW ON FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SCHEDULINGIAEME Publication
Construction scheduling is a complex and challenging task demanding an in depth
expertise. Consideration of several factors, their influences and likely impact on the
schedule need a thorough understanding. It is mostly experience based knowledge in
the form of heuristics, available with the experienced schedulers. In this connection
this study mainly discusses the factors influencing construction scheduling and
techniques through a comparative study of various international construction
projects. About 40 relevant articles published over the last 25 years have been
reviewed. However, each and every limited formalized knowledge is available in
theoretical form, which is interesting to many researchers for many decades, a
comprehensive research is made and a comparative study on the literatures was
carried out and presented in this paper. The main aim of the paper is to highlight the
major factors which are to be mainly considered for the successful completion of the
project.
Time delay and cost escalation in construction worksvivatechijri
The objective of the present study was to measure the effects of delay in construction projects like cost-overrun, time-overrun, litigation and project abandonment. Data on the study variables has been collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tool One-Way ANOVA has been applied for data analysis and inference. It is found that delay in construction projects significantly lead to cost overrun, time overrun, litigation and project abandonment. The findings of the study also provide significant insights to the construction industry so that they may formulate strategies in order to avoid delay and its consequences. Moreover, the recommendations and limitations are discussed in the conclusion part of the study.
The Identification of Risks and its Criticality in the Nigeria Construction I...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Failure in project delivering can be attributed to many risk events in the Nigerian Construction Industry. This risk could be as a result of the dynamic, sensitivity, and complexity of the construction Industry towards its environment, socio-political, economic, technology, and cultural variables in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the low level of Risk Management in Nigeria construction Industry, and the little understanding and knowledge of the subject by Project Stakeholders prompt this study.
A quantitative method of research was carried out, and among the sixty (60) questionnaires administered to clients, consultants, and contractors in the Nigerian construction industry, thirty-one (31) valid responses were obtained. The questionnaires were designed on the twenty (20) types of risks that were identified by construction professionals which were categorized into five namely; Government and Politics; Finance and Economical; Management and Technology; social and Cultural; Natural and Environmental Risks. And, findings made revealed that economic and financial risks surpass all other types in the Nigeria Construction Industry.
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management is a step to make construction projects more efficient and practical such that
uncertainties should be identified before occurring and changing into crisis and a balance should be made
between threats and opportunities. Accordingly, construction industry is one of the most important and job
creating industries in all countries. Compared to other economic-industrial sectors, construction management is
highly influenced by the perception and employment of risk management concept. Additionally, there are
abundant risks in such activities since Construction projects activities are very complex and various. Hence, it
seems necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of Construction projects life
cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and
analyse the way of using risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage. The risk
management framework for construction projects can be improved by combining qualitative and quantitative
methodologies to risk analysis. The research work includes visiting and inspecting various construction sites,
analysing the field, collection of data, interpretation of data; using matrix method of risk calculation calculating
risk and providing effective measures to overcome it.
Recently, Construction IQ conducted an online survey on construction project risk management. Some valuable statistics emerged from the results. Have a look at what your colleagues and peers in the industry had to say…
Reasons for Delaying the Constriction Projects in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This article dealt with construction projects in Iraq, and the research focused on the risks that may affect these projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the risks that construction projects are exposed to in Iraq and the methods of dealing in order to reduce these risks. Sometimes, if the construction projects are similar to each other in terms of configuration, requirements and purpose, then changing the project site is very sufficient to make these projects differ from each other and thus may be exposed to different risks. These are risks that negatively affect the implementation of these projects and may lead to delay or increase in their cost. Here a questionnaire is designed to collect data to identify risks that may occur during the construction project phases. This questionnaire was distributed electronically to several samples in the public and private sectors within state institutions in Iraq. After completion, the risks that these projects may be exposed to were identified. This was done with engineers and managers of companies and projects working in the public, private and joint sectors, and then these risks were analyzed by the Social Sciences for Packet Statistical Test program(SPSS).
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
An Integrated Project Evaluation Tool for PFI Seaport ProjectFredy Kurniawan
The evaluation of the financial viability for seaport projects is a critical activity for bidders and governments under traditional procurement or through private finance initiative (PFI). The aim of this research is to assist government agencies in
evaluating bids and making decision efficiently for seaport development projects through the use of an integrated project evaluation tool. The proposed tool is expected to integrate the results of the financial model and the risk sharing strategy. The integrated project evaluation tool can be mutually used by the government agency and
the sponsor(s). This paper discusses the proposed tool to be tested in future study. The research strategy uses literature review, questionnaire surveys, interviews, and document analyses in order to develop the proposed tool. The tool will be tested
through case studies and experts’ opinion to validate its applicability and
effectiveness. The main conclusion of this paper is that the knowledge gap between
the sponsor(s) and the government agency can be improved if the government agency is provided with efficient tools that consider both the financial and the risk factors affecting a new project
AN INTEGRATED PROJECT EVALUATION TOOL FOR PFI SEAPORT PROJECTSFredy Kurniawan
The evaluation of the financial viability for seaport projects is a critical activity for bidders and governments under traditional procurement or through private finance initiative (PFI). The aim of this research is to assist government agencies in
evaluating bids and making decision efficiently for seaport development projects through the use of an integrated project evaluation tool. The proposed tool is expected to integrate the results of the financial model and the risk sharing strategy. The
integrated project evaluation tool can be mutually used by the government agency and the sponsor(s). This paper discusses the proposed tool to be tested in future study. The research strategy uses literature review, questionnaire surveys, interviews, and document analyses in order to develop the proposed tool. The tool will be tested through case studies and experts’ opinion to validate its applicability and effectiveness. The main conclusion of this paper is that the knowledge gap between the sponsor(s) and the government agency can be improved if the government agency is provided with efficient tools that consider both the financial and the risk factors
affecting a new project.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HEIRA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. The identification of collective influence of risks and its variation over numerous PPP projects is been done. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
Effect or Risk Management Methods on project performance in Rwandan Construct...Sibo Kanyambari Aimable
Risks are very common in construction sector. Risk is the Possibility of suffering loss and the impact on the involved parties. According to APM (2006), all projects are inherently risky because they are unique, constrained, complex, based on assumptions, and performed by people. As a result, project risk management methods must be built into the management of projects and should be used throughout the project lifecycle.
Many construction projects fail because organizations assume that all the projects would succeed and they therefore do not identify, analyze, and provide mitigation or contingencies for the risk elements involved in the project.
Society desires that all projects should be performing and has become less tolerant of failure (Edwards and Bowen, 2005). Pressure is exerted on project managers to minimize the chance of project failure. This increasing pressure for performance which suggests that it is prudent for anyone involved in a project to be concerned about the associated risks and how they can be effectively managed.
Traditionally, performance of a project is analyzed on the criteria of quality, budget and time of completion. Two more criteria to determine the performance of a project were added by Kerzner (2001). Firstly, the project would effectively and efficiently manage risks and, secondly, it should be accepted by the customer.
It is known that the cause of the projects failure can be directly related to the extent of risk management methods undertaken. Besides, the level of risk management methods undertaken during project lifecycle impacts directly on the performance or otherwise of the project. Furthermore, using risk management methods effectively to manage risk should be continuously undertaken throughout the project lifecycle to enhance project performance. Risk management methods are thus an important tool to cope with such substantial risks in projects performance.
The main objective of the enquiry work that underpins this research is to investigate the effect of risk management methods on project performance. In this paper, a case study of RSSB multi-storey already executed project is considered.
In Indian scenario of infrastructure industry, there is a colossal vocation of peril analysis knacks and tools available for the management of affliction. In dogma, each peril analysis knack has its strengths and weaknesses. Knacks such as Probability Theory, Certainty Factors and Dempster-Shaffer theory of evidence are discussed with regard to their application to peril analysis in road projects. Suggestions on the most appropriate tools associated with the knacks are also presented. The mighty and emaciation of each knack are highlighted and discussed. This paper inferred the peril to be determined in project.
The infrastructure construction sectors are usually complex. Zero risk construction projects are only an
assumption. The objective of this paper is to identify the risks factor associated with the urban infrastructure
construction projects causing delay. The research found that those risks are directly associated to clients,
contractors, sub-contractors that would cause delay in the construction work. Other factors are also
identified such as project, financial, political, technical, market risk, managerial, resource risk, and force
majeure. All risk factors affect the time, cost and quality performance of the construction project. From risk
management perspective, it is the process on which identifies the risks and analyzed with qualitatively and
quantitatively. All associated risks can treat by various mitigation processes and then mitigating method are
monitored to control the risks. Risk management distinguishes between success and failure of a project.
So, Nepal could use it effectively to meet its growing need of infrastructure and job opportunity
A REVIEW ON FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SCHEDULINGIAEME Publication
Construction scheduling is a complex and challenging task demanding an in depth
expertise. Consideration of several factors, their influences and likely impact on the
schedule need a thorough understanding. It is mostly experience based knowledge in
the form of heuristics, available with the experienced schedulers. In this connection
this study mainly discusses the factors influencing construction scheduling and
techniques through a comparative study of various international construction
projects. About 40 relevant articles published over the last 25 years have been
reviewed. However, each and every limited formalized knowledge is available in
theoretical form, which is interesting to many researchers for many decades, a
comprehensive research is made and a comparative study on the literatures was
carried out and presented in this paper. The main aim of the paper is to highlight the
major factors which are to be mainly considered for the successful completion of the
project.
Time delay and cost escalation in construction worksvivatechijri
The objective of the present study was to measure the effects of delay in construction projects like cost-overrun, time-overrun, litigation and project abandonment. Data on the study variables has been collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tool One-Way ANOVA has been applied for data analysis and inference. It is found that delay in construction projects significantly lead to cost overrun, time overrun, litigation and project abandonment. The findings of the study also provide significant insights to the construction industry so that they may formulate strategies in order to avoid delay and its consequences. Moreover, the recommendations and limitations are discussed in the conclusion part of the study.
The Identification of Risks and its Criticality in the Nigeria Construction I...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Failure in project delivering can be attributed to many risk events in the Nigerian Construction Industry. This risk could be as a result of the dynamic, sensitivity, and complexity of the construction Industry towards its environment, socio-political, economic, technology, and cultural variables in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the low level of Risk Management in Nigeria construction Industry, and the little understanding and knowledge of the subject by Project Stakeholders prompt this study.
A quantitative method of research was carried out, and among the sixty (60) questionnaires administered to clients, consultants, and contractors in the Nigerian construction industry, thirty-one (31) valid responses were obtained. The questionnaires were designed on the twenty (20) types of risks that were identified by construction professionals which were categorized into five namely; Government and Politics; Finance and Economical; Management and Technology; social and Cultural; Natural and Environmental Risks. And, findings made revealed that economic and financial risks surpass all other types in the Nigeria Construction Industry.
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management is a step to make construction projects more efficient and practical such that
uncertainties should be identified before occurring and changing into crisis and a balance should be made
between threats and opportunities. Accordingly, construction industry is one of the most important and job
creating industries in all countries. Compared to other economic-industrial sectors, construction management is
highly influenced by the perception and employment of risk management concept. Additionally, there are
abundant risks in such activities since Construction projects activities are very complex and various. Hence, it
seems necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of Construction projects life
cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and
analyse the way of using risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage. The risk
management framework for construction projects can be improved by combining qualitative and quantitative
methodologies to risk analysis. The research work includes visiting and inspecting various construction sites,
analysing the field, collection of data, interpretation of data; using matrix method of risk calculation calculating
risk and providing effective measures to overcome it.
Recently, Construction IQ conducted an online survey on construction project risk management. Some valuable statistics emerged from the results. Have a look at what your colleagues and peers in the industry had to say…
Reasons for Delaying the Constriction Projects in IraqDr. Amarjeet Singh
This article dealt with construction projects in Iraq, and the research focused on the risks that may affect these projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the risks that construction projects are exposed to in Iraq and the methods of dealing in order to reduce these risks. Sometimes, if the construction projects are similar to each other in terms of configuration, requirements and purpose, then changing the project site is very sufficient to make these projects differ from each other and thus may be exposed to different risks. These are risks that negatively affect the implementation of these projects and may lead to delay or increase in their cost. Here a questionnaire is designed to collect data to identify risks that may occur during the construction project phases. This questionnaire was distributed electronically to several samples in the public and private sectors within state institutions in Iraq. After completion, the risks that these projects may be exposed to were identified. This was done with engineers and managers of companies and projects working in the public, private and joint sectors, and then these risks were analyzed by the Social Sciences for Packet Statistical Test program(SPSS).
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
An Integrated Project Evaluation Tool for PFI Seaport ProjectFredy Kurniawan
The evaluation of the financial viability for seaport projects is a critical activity for bidders and governments under traditional procurement or through private finance initiative (PFI). The aim of this research is to assist government agencies in
evaluating bids and making decision efficiently for seaport development projects through the use of an integrated project evaluation tool. The proposed tool is expected to integrate the results of the financial model and the risk sharing strategy. The integrated project evaluation tool can be mutually used by the government agency and
the sponsor(s). This paper discusses the proposed tool to be tested in future study. The research strategy uses literature review, questionnaire surveys, interviews, and document analyses in order to develop the proposed tool. The tool will be tested
through case studies and experts’ opinion to validate its applicability and
effectiveness. The main conclusion of this paper is that the knowledge gap between
the sponsor(s) and the government agency can be improved if the government agency is provided with efficient tools that consider both the financial and the risk factors affecting a new project
AN INTEGRATED PROJECT EVALUATION TOOL FOR PFI SEAPORT PROJECTSFredy Kurniawan
The evaluation of the financial viability for seaport projects is a critical activity for bidders and governments under traditional procurement or through private finance initiative (PFI). The aim of this research is to assist government agencies in
evaluating bids and making decision efficiently for seaport development projects through the use of an integrated project evaluation tool. The proposed tool is expected to integrate the results of the financial model and the risk sharing strategy. The
integrated project evaluation tool can be mutually used by the government agency and the sponsor(s). This paper discusses the proposed tool to be tested in future study. The research strategy uses literature review, questionnaire surveys, interviews, and document analyses in order to develop the proposed tool. The tool will be tested through case studies and experts’ opinion to validate its applicability and effectiveness. The main conclusion of this paper is that the knowledge gap between the sponsor(s) and the government agency can be improved if the government agency is provided with efficient tools that consider both the financial and the risk factors
affecting a new project.
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HEIRA...A Makwana
Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private Partnership projects have been recognized. The identification of collective influence of risks and its variation over numerous PPP projects is been done. Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
16Risk Management Methods of Risk IdentificEttaBenton28
1
6
Risk Management
Methods of Risk Identification
One of the most critical and necessary elements in the risk assessment process is identifying risk. If any phase in the risk management process fails to identify a specific threat, all other steps will be skipped for that risk. Project risks can be identified by using the following methods.
Brainstorming involves bringing a group of people together to reflect and explore a subject and generate solutions (Shi et al., 2022).Brainstorming allows team members involved in the organization's daily running to identify potential threats at various sections of the organization. For instance, in the office relocation project, all project team was involved through meetings to help identify and classify risks into financial and technical risks.
Stakeholder’s interviews and analysis: Stakeholders are interested in the project; thus, interviewing them allows the project team to grasp better what they perceive as the main risks. They see danger from an investor's standpoint rather than an employee or the project manager. This point of view might assist you in determining what affects your shareholders and how to manage them (Shi et al., 2022). Engagement with the project shareholders such as customers, employees, and suppliers helped identify and group risks based on their potential impact on the project.
Root cause analysis: A root cause analysis entails looking into prior project hazards and how they connect and the current project. Financial difficulties, old equipment, or low-quality materials can contribute to. Finding the core cause can help the team identify and avoid typical project or business difficulties, resulting in increased project efficiency. This process involved reviewing similar projects that have been done before. The information gathered was vital in understanding the potential perils.
Requirement review: A requirements review examines a project's financial workforce, material, requirements, allowing the team to study requirements more frequently and immediately identify potential problems. For instance, if the project's financial needs are very high and the firm's economic powers are low, this may result in financial risk. Therefore the firm can plan on how to get additional funding. The project's budget requirements review was an important way of identifying the risk throughout the project development.
Methods Used For Monitoring Risks
Risk monitoring is the practice of tracking and evaluating the severity and the level of risks in an organization. This process is critical; as such, it should be done skillfully to assess the potential impacts of the identified risks (Romanak & Dixon, 2021). The following methods are essential in this process.
Trend and variance analysis: Trend and variance analysis involve paying closer attention to the movement in the budget and actual costs or changes in the market environment. If the investigation shows an increasing trend in the pro ...
A Framework for Assessing the Socio-Economic Impact of E-Gov.docxsleeperharwell
A Framework for Assessing the Socio-Economic
Impact of E-Governance Projects in Developing
Countries
Sylvester Hatsu
University of South Africa/Accra Polytechnic
P.O. Box 561
Accra-Ghana
+233 543937818
[email protected]
Ernest Ketcha Ngassam
University of South Africa
P O Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
+27823552519
[email protected]
Abstract— A study of more than 100 e-Governance
projects showed that impact assessment of rolled out e-
Governance projects remain insignificant. These findings
remain inconclusive notwithstanding the fact that outcomes
of public sector based ICT4D initiatives have not been fully
established and disseminated. This paper proposes a
framework for assessing the socio-economic impact of e-
governance projects in developing countries. Socio-economic
indicators for e-Governance programmes are identified and
grouped into both core and contextual indicators that form
the basis for the development of an evaluation model. The
proposed assessment framework centered on stakeholders’
participation is then subjected to expert evaluation.
Outcome of our evaluation revealed wide acceptance and
acknowledgement of the relevance and importance of the
framework not only by experts, but also through case-study
based validation tests.
Keywords—Framework, e-Governance, Socio-economic
Impact, developing countries, project lifecycle Critical Success
Factors
I. INTRODUCTION
Drawing upon a study of more than 100 e-Gov projects, it
was observed in a European report that impact assessment
of deployed e-Governance (e-Gov) projects, in terms of
tangible and quantifiable socio-economic benefits, was
found to be still insignificant [9]. Unfortunately, this
situation seems to be in line with findings from other
studies [2; 11; 13]. These findings remain inconclusive by
virtue of the fact that outcomes of public sector based
ICT4D initiatives (e.g. e-Gov) have not been fully
established [4].
Impact assessment of e-Gov faces a number of challenges
because of certain flaws intrinsic to conventional impact
assessment approaches. Some of these challenges include
assessing process as against actual impact, placing more
weight on external as against community centered
indicators of impact. There is also the matter of weak or
absence of baselines.
This paper therefore seeks to develop a framework for
assessing the socio-economic impact of e-governance
projects in developing countries using expert evaluation
and case study for its validation and acceptance. Our
proposed framework is premised by the identification of
the overall key stakeholders and socio-economic
indicators. The latter ought to be considered in
quantitatively and qualitatively determine the effect of the
intervention to its stakeholders and lesson learnt for
improvement thereof.
The remaining part of this paper is structured as
follow. In section 2 below, we propose a methodology
followed.
Software Project Risk Management Practice in OmanEECJOURNAL
Oman is a member of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). It is located in Southwest Asia and it has strategic significant boundaries, Overlooking the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and the Persian Gulf. It is the 80th in Global Innovation Index in 2019 and 63 in E-Government Development Index in 2018. Oman is an effective member of the Greater Arab Free Trade Agreement (GAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Furthermore, Oman's government has continued efforts to develop local and foreign investments by signing a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the USA. Oman plays a significant role in investments due to its strategic location connected to the markets in the Gulf, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Oman's vision is to involve all new technologies to be always beside the developed countries. To achieve that, Oman established The Government Innovation Initiative to encourage government entities in creativity and introduce their suggestions to enhance governmental performance and enhance the efficiency in different fields. This is realized by involving modern technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cloud Computing, Virtual Reality Applications, and Blockchain. In Oman, the risk management approach is a core technique. Three major stages are applied systematically in risk management in software projects. These stages involve a) identifying the risk; b) analyzing and assessing the risk, and c) reaction to the risk. There is no doubt that the high risk belonged to business will have negative impacts on all of its participants. Wherefore, this paper sheds the light on that knowledge area. The aim of this paper is to review the present literature on risk management processes implemented in software projects. There is a dearth in the literature which covers the risk management area knowledge in Oman's organizations. This paper target finding out the commonly used frameworks or mechanisms in risk management in software projects. It also tries to collect the responses to state the various types of risk origins in the existing profit and non-profit organizations in Oman and to recognize the coming research trends in this area.
EFFECTS OF RISK MANAGEMENT METHODS ON PROJECT PERFORMANCE IN RWANDAN CONSTRUC...Sibo Kanyambari Aimable
Risks are very common in construction sector. Risk is the Possibility of suffering loss and the impact on the involved parties. According to APM (2006), all projects are inherently risky because they are unique, constrained, complex, based on assumptions, and performed by people. As a result, project risk management methods must be built into the management of projects and should be used throughout the project lifecycle.
Many construction projects fail because organizations assume that all the projects would succeed and they therefore do not identify, analyze, and provide mitigation or contingencies for the risk elements involved in the project.
Society desires that all projects should be performing and has become less tolerant of failure (Edwards and Bowen, 2005). Pressure is exerted on project managers to minimize the chance of project failure. This increasing pressure for performance which suggests that it is prudent for anyone involved in a project to be concerned about the associated risks and how they can be effectively managed.
Traditionally, performance of a project is analyzed on the criteria of quality, budget and time of completion. Two more criteria to determine the performance of a project were added by Kerzner (2001). Firstly, the project would effectively and efficiently manage risks and, secondly, it should be accepted by the customer.
It is known that the cause of the projects failure can be directly related to the extent of risk management methods undertaken. Besides, the level of risk management methods undertaken during project lifecycle impacts directly on the performance or otherwise of the project. Furthermore, using risk management methods effectively to manage risk should be continuously undertaken throughout the project lifecycle to enhance project performance. Risk management methods are thus an important tool to cope with such substantial risks in projects performance.
The main objective of the enquiry work that underpins this research is to investigate the effect of risk management methods on project performance. In this paper, a case study of RSSB multi-storey already executed project is considered.
Introduction Termination of a project is inevitable, but how it .pdfanuragperipheral
Introduction
Termination of a project is inevitable, but how it is terminated and when may have a profound
and long lasting impact on the organization and its employees. The success of future projects
may depend on not only the success of past ones, but also on how unsuccessful projects were
treated by the organization and its stakeholders. Firms have the option of initiating a variety of
entrepreneurial projects with varying degrees of risk. If an organization chooses to accept greater
risks, it should avoid penalizing members of projects that turn out to be unsuccessful. If team
members believe they will be penalized for participating in unsuccessful projects, they will be
less willing to terminate failed projects and may become risk adverse.
This research contains information about the project life cycle and the importance of continually
monitoring a project to determine if it is meeting the objectives established at the outset. We
have identified and categorized external and internal factors that influence the success or failure
of projects. The relative importance of each factor varies by organization and project type.
Organizing a project\'s termination process is especially important when it has failed, because of
the lasting impact on future projects as well as the organization\'s image. Including project team
members in the termination process will increase their loyalty and commitment, not only to the
organization but also to the success of future projects. At the end of a project a post-audit report
will be prepared that summarizes the project and provides recommendations for similar projects
in the future. Lastly, as a project is closed down or completed it is important that senior
management recognize the contributions of the project team.
The Project Life Cycle
There are several stages in the life cycle of a project: (1) project selection, (2) planning, (3)
execution, and (4) termination (Ruhl, 1988). The first phase, project selection, will vary among
firms. Each project must be evaluated to determine which is the best use of corporate funds. Each
will have different risks, benefits, and costs, making the selection very difficult. The final
decision should be based on the project\'s financial return and how well it assists the organization
in achieving its long-run strategic objectives.
Once a selection has been made, formal plans must be developed. The importance of thorough
project planning cannot be overemphasized. The objective of this process should be to develop a
master plan that details how each asset of the organization will be used to accomplish the
project\'s goals. Thorough and aggressive planning will also increase the team\'s commitment to
success. The two most important components of the master plan are the project budget and the
master schedule, which are developed from a detailed list of specific project tasks. The master
plan should include measures for evaluating the progress of the project as well as guideli.
Running head IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIESIMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES.docxcowinhelen
Running head: IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES 4
Implementation Strategies
Michael Boddie
Application Implementation
CMGT/445
Michael Goyden
December 11, 2017
Introduction
Project communication is very critical to the success of any project. It is also critical to key project management soft-skill. As a project manager, project communication is one deliverable that they are personally responsible for and it was of the largest influence over the failure or project success. There are main elements of project communications examples are project sponsors, customers, project team members, project manager, and project management office.
Project communication plan
The major objectives of a communication plan are; to encourage the use of project management best practices, ensure a consistent, give accurate and timely information about the project, and to promote and gain support for the project management improvements.
Table 1 below shows the target audience
Project stakeholders
Message
Delivery method
Delivery Frequency
Communicator
Project Sponsor
Project plans and status report
Meeting
Report sent via mail to project sponsor
Weekly
Project manager
Project core team
Project plans
Meeting
Weekly
Project manager
Executive management
Project briefing
Oral briefing and presentation of slides
Monthly
Biweekly
Project manager
Programmers
Project briefing
Oral briefing
Daily
Project manager
Users
Project status
Meeting and presentation slides
Weekly
Project manager
Communication message contents
A project plan shoes a guide of project execution and project control. Then document also shows approved scope of the project, the cost, and schedule. Project plans shows the current and future plans. The documents also shows project problems and issues. Project plan also shows planned project deliverables for the next period. The status report, keeps the key project stakeholders informed. It is shows status summary, status budget, status scope, accomplishment, issues, and project team members. Project briefing shows project issues and problems, it also shows goals of project management improvement, and project checklist (Project Management Institute, 2017).
Documentation Required
There are eight essential documents required for this project. First is a project charter. This document formally recognizes the project creation and the formal contract between project sponsors, project stakeholders, and commercial agreement. Project charter documents gathers aspects related to the contracting and the contacted example is the project name, the goals of the project and the needs that the project it serves. Project charter also shows a brief description of the project, feasibility study, the project products i.e. training manuals, supporting, and monitoring post release of the project. A project charter also shows the intermediate products whic ...
Project Plan
Project Management
Sherrell Holifield
American Intercontinental University
Author Note
This paper was prepared for MGMT-412-1401B-01 taught by Donald Buresh
Project Plan Overview
Describe how the project will be measured for success.
Schedule- Deadlines are sometimes hard to meet according to the client. Most just want it done. Knowing the factors of the schedule and finishing the product within the estimated time frame is a plan for success.
Scope- Knowing what needs to be done and keeping that schedule in mind will be beneficial. The scope is the most important part of the project.
Budget- Sticking to the budget that was quoted prior to start of the project will prove successful for client and the business. (Pozin, 2012)
Making sure that those involved have an understanding of what the project should look like, it a plan for success. There are quite a few elements that can cause issues within any project. They include the budget, poor dynamics of the team and bureaucracy.
2
Project Risks
Possible Risk
Cost
Schedule
Financial
Contractual
Weather
Environmental
Client(s) (PM4ID, 2014)
Being able to identify the risk is a disciplined and creative process. Having brainstorming sessions that includes the team and their ideas is always helpful. The first task to is to identify the possible risk that could occur.
3
Project Risk
Probability of Risk
There is a high and low potential of risk occurring.
High impact- may require mitigation and can help narrow the focus on the critical risk.
Evaluating risk mean to focusing on those that will have the greatest possibility of occurring.
Low impact- Are those that may go unnoticed and will least likely affect the project. (PM4ID, 2014)
Not all risk are the same. Some projects are more than likely to have issues compared to others. The cost associated with these risk can vary.
4
Project Risk
Mitigation
Risk are mitigated in several ways.
Sharing
Avoidance
Reduction
Transfer
(PM4ID, 2014)
Once the risk are identified in any project a mitigation plan is required. This plan helps to reduce the results of an unplanned occurrence.
5
Project Risk
Sharing- Partnering with others that will share in the risk of activities. When the others have experience that the team on the project does not have they have an advantage.
Avoidance- This form of mitigation creates an alternate strategy which includes higher cost with the new plan.
Reduction- this decrease risk on the project with an investment of funds. (PM4ID, 2014)
Transfer-This mitigation tactic transfers the risk of the project to another group. (PM4ID, 2014)
Mitigation tactics vary. Each comes with ways to share the weight of the project and decrease the risk that will heavily impact the project. Sharing those risk with others that are more experienced can help to eliminate those risk or decrease them.
6
Project Risk
Contingency Plan
The contingency plan involves an alternate plan.
Funds are put in reserve under t.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Project Outline 3
Project risk identification 4
Project risk assessment 6
Project Risks, Responses Strategy 7
Project Risks Monitoring & Control Plan 10
Project Risks WBS & Budget Updates 11
Project Risks, Communications Plan 11
References 12
Introduction
The project that is planned by the company is to divest and move into a global perspective. Let’s ay for instance a possible expansion in the expansion of an oil refinery plant, such as a sulphur plant, my project will be to research Savage Gulf Sulphur Services. The project is supposed to ensure that the company will generate more revenue, and then it shall move into a global perspective. With the project, the company shall also increase its production due to large demand generated by the new market in the globe. Every project is faced with a certain degree of risk in the activities that it takes in an organization. It is important for organizations should carry out risk assessment procedures that are inclined in ensuring that an effective strategy shall be formulated to eliminate risk. This paper will discuss the risk management strategy and the processes that are taken in the management of risk in an organizational structure.
Project Outline
The project is it intended to increase the organized capacity and move into the global market structure. This will involve the purchase of new factors of production such as land, investors and business owners invest large amounts of capital to such investments. The project will also
Risk management justification
Risk management is identified and can be described as an assesment that has all these prioritization of risks, the management of risk could involve precise coordination and ecomonical application strategies with ereasons to minimize, control and monitor the probability and impact of unfortunate events. Risk management also helps in maximization and the act of realization of opportunities. In an organizational structure, risk management has a variety of functions which makes it an important department in an organization, based on the many roles that the risk management. This is the implementation of a strong and effective risk management and controls within securities firm, a helps in promoting stability throughout the entire firm. Risk management controls are divided into two categories. The internal and external control categories help in providing useful and effective control systems. The internal controls help in protecting the firms against market, credit, operational and legal risks. Secondly, it helps in protecting the financial industry from all the systemic risks in the organization structure (Merna, 2008)
Risk management is useful in protecting the firm's customers from enormous and large non-market related losses such as misappropriation of resources, fraud and firm failure. Such failures can result in enormous risk in the organization. Risk management also helps in the act or protecting the fi ...
RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AS PER INDIAN SCENARIOIAEME Publication
Construction industry is highly risk prone, with complex and dynamic project
environments creating an atmosphere of high uncertainty and risk. The industry is
vulnerable to various technical, sociopolitical and business risks. The track record
to cope with these risks has not been very good in construction industry. As a
result, the people working in the industry bear various failures, such as, failure of
abiding by quality and operational requirements, cost overruns and uncertain delays
in project completion. In light of this, it can be said that an effective systems of risk
assessment and management for construction industry remains a challenging task
for the industry practitioners. The aim of the this research is to identify and evaluate
current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry through extensive
literature survey and aims to make a basis for future studies for development of a
risk management framework to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and
contractors
Attributes affecting success of the residential projects – a reviewA Makwana
Construction industry is complex in nature and construction projects in India face many challenges and complex issues, such as time, cost, safety, quality and stakeholder satisfaction. According to Construction scenario there are various factors that affecting the residential project. These review paper shows the selection of criteria based on by giving the importance to other researcher’s research. The criteria were curtailed down according to literature review studied in this paper, interaction with stakeholder which are Engineers, Project managers, Architects, Consultants, Developers and educational experts, of Surat and Vadodara city in Gujarat.
A Review on Thin-shell Structures: Advances and TrendsA Makwana
This paper provides a review of research advances and trends in the area of thin shell structures. The art of building thin-shell structures has been with us since ancient times. In practical civil engineering, the necessity of covering large column free open areas with shell surfaces is often an issue. Over the course of time, this shell form became very popular to engineers due to a number of advantages it offers, and started drawing the attention of a number of researchers. A thin shell is a term not in itself as readily understandable by the layman as the terms dome or vault would be. It is in a sense a word coined on the basis of its structural connotations, as exhibited in the artifacts it creates. There are many interesting aspects of the use of shells in engineering, but one alone stands out as being of paramount importance: it is the structural aspect. At the beginning of this century, under the influence of the art movement and the dominance of industrialized building materials, any remnants of curvilinear architecture were mercilessly banished. Within that period avant-garde art emphatically proclaimed a total repudiation of the traditions and classical revivals that in architecture were symbolized mostly by arches and vaults. Ready-to-use rectilinear steel beams and columns and easy-to build rectilinear concrete forms struck a lethal blow to the curvilinear approach in architecture. Rectilinearity became synonymous with rationality, while curvilinearity came to symbolize decadence. Remember, for instance, the negative stigma given to the baroque for its assumed pomposity in glorifying curves. In practical terms such an attitude in design is clearly manifested in the present cityscapes that are totally free of arches, domes, shells, and any other form that is not rectilinear. With today‟s almost unlimited computer technology and the knowledge that can be gained from understanding the domes and vaults built both in the past and present, it is hoped that this research work on the review aspects of curvilinear forms will contribute to further exploration and encourage the application of thin shells by the engineers and architects to whom it is addressed. Masonry domes, concrete shells, and large steel contemporary domes are presented in historical terms as case studies and in conceptual terms from the architectural and structural point of view.
Soft Computing: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block using Chi-Square Test throu...A Makwana
Achieving an economy in Construction nowadays takes a lot of effort. Various researches are being made to improve the quality of Concrete block so that it can achieve high strength in low weight. One such product was invented known as an Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block. Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) block is attributed with properties such as a load-bearing, lightweight, high-insulating, and durable. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block consists of basic materials that are widely available including Sand, Cement, Fly Ash, Lime, Gypsum, Aluminium Powder Paste, Water and an Expansion agent. The major volume in Autoclave Aerated Concrete (AAC) is covered by silica sand and it is one of the world’s most abundant natural resources. The finished product is up to five times the volume of the raw materials used, with an air content of 70% to 80% which makes them lightweight. The effort is made to fulfil the framed objective of this analytical research is to study, Engineer, Consultants and Trader’s perceptions towards the use of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) block in construction projects and to analyse, the data collected as per questionnaire survey of targeted respondents study. This objective was achieved by a deriving conclusion about whether the AAC blocks are much better than clay bricks or not, by soft computing. The soft computing was done using one of the Statistical Packages for the Social Science (SPSS) method. i.e. Chi-square test. Required data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were distributed among the respondents who work at various construction projects. Mainly Engineers, Consultants, Traders and Contractors were selected as a respondent to getting efficient and reliable technical data. Result of the survey proved that the AAC block are better compare to the clay bricks.
Poster Presentation: An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concret...A Makwana
An Integrated Approach for Enhancing Ready Mixed Concrete utility using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISING IMPORTANCE OF MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ADOPTIO...A Makwana
In recent times, the trend of modular construction adoption is increasing very fast due to
availability of latest tools and technology, efficient technical manpower and skilled labour
why mainly focus of this area is taken into
consideration through management approach with the help of Relative Importance Index
technique. Modular construction is one type of construction in which modular units are
produced in factory and then delivered to site and assembled as large volumetric
components. The modular units can be produced in any form; it may be service units such as
toilets, lifts, parts of rooms and complete rooms. The existing modular construction approach
is based on survey in Rajkot city. For survey work, Questionnaires is designed and distribute
to Consultants and Contractors. After data collection, rank has been given to the selected
factors of modular construction.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
Although buildings are often constructed using flexible materials, roof and
structural expansion joints are required when plan dimensions are large. It is not possible to
state exact requirements relative to distances between expansion joints because of the many
variables involved, such as ambient temperatures during construction and the expected
temperature range during the life of a building. Expansion joints are periodic breaks in the
structure of the buildings. An expansion joint is a gap in the building structure provided by
an architect or engineer to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. An expansion joint is an assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-induced
expansion and contraction of various construction materials. They are commonly found
between sections of slabs, bridges, and other structures. The “assembly” can be as simple as
a caulked separation between two sections of the same materials. More recently, expansion
joints have been included in the design of, or added to existing, brick exterior walls for
similar purposes. In concrete and concrete block construction, the term applied is “control
joint,” but serves similar purposes. Throughout the year, building faces and concrete slabs
will expand and contract due to the warming and cooling of our planet through the seasons.
The structures would crack under the stress of thermal expansion and contraction if
expansion joint gaps were not built into the structures. Even today the expansion joint gaps
are often neglected during the design process, and simple caulking is used to fill these gaps
to complete a project. This simple caulking cannot handle the thermal expansion due to the
changing seasons, ultimately leaving a leak point in the structure. This expansion joint
becomes the main source of leakages in the structure which can ruin the interiors of the
building if not sealed or treated confidently. Waterproofing these joints often an overlooked
aspect of waterproofing design and detailing.
DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS: INTEGRATED NOVEL APPROACHA Makwana
Every civil engineering structure is designed for a certain life period generally 100 years. After that the existence of a structure is very dangerous and unstable, which may cause a severe impact and be a cause of many deaths. So removal of such structures with proper safety measures has got great importance. Before any demolition of any type is employed in an area, it is vital that the rescue phase has ended completely. The rescue teams must have given clear information to the contractors that their rescue phase is finished in the selected area, since any demolition work carried out may reveal survivors. Such situations are highly sensitive and must be respected. A major disaster has an economic effect on the local region since the loss of buildings, lifelines and infrastructure results in a slump in the local economy. It is therefore important to boost the economy by employing as much local expertise and workforce as possible. This creates a unity in rehabilitation in the community and results in a more stable recovery. Due to this scenario, the demolition work should be carried out by a consortium, especially set up to do the work rather than commissioning the work to individual companies. This consortium must be set up in regions of high seismic risk to ensure rapid formation after a disaster. This will combat the eventual competitiveness of the large financial investors in the community which could result in a monopoly controlled by certain individuals. It would therefore be preferable to have a local demolition joint-venture to generate the needed local income after a disaster. There will, however, be a certain need for outside managerial and consultancy aid, especially in the developing countries, and this must be acknowledged and respected. The cooperation with the outside aid must be extensive and at a high level in conjunction with the local representatives so as to maintain as much of the local culture and style as possible. The outside consultants must be cautious when introducing major resources, such as machinery, into the post-disaster phases since this may be seen as taking work away from local resources.
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: NEED OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYA Makwana
Termites popularly known as white ants cause considerable damage to wood works,
furnishing etc. of buildings. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and refers to the
fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind
set. Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different
looking individuals (castes). There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world.
In some country the loss caused due to termites is estimated to be as high as 10% of the capital
outlay of the building. Anti-termite treatment is therefore necessary so that damages are either
reduced or stopped together. Through regular inspections, a termite specialist can help
identify common hot spots for activity and warning signs for a termite infestation, plus share
tips to help keep termites at bay. Termites can fit through cracks as thin as an average business
card (1/32 inch) so proper maintenance is crucial to seal up any gaps around the foundation
and roof/eaves. To identify the termite and its uniqueness, the life cycle of termite is necessary
to understand. Anti- termites are used to combat the problem. There are combinations of
methods depending on what sort of damage is done by the termites. The treatment has to be
implemented at the time of construction for effective and permanent solution.
INTELLIGENT BUILDING NEW ERA OF TODAYS WORLDA Makwana
A building that uses both technology and process to create a facility that is safe,
healthy and comfortable and enables productivity and well-being of its occupants. With lots
of energy crisis in today‟s world now it‟s important for architects, engineers and construction
managers to make buildings which are energy efficient and intelligent by its functions and as
well as its usage, too. Technologies applied in intelligent buildings will improve the building
environment and functionality for occupants, while reducing operational costs. Smart or
clever buildings, perhaps focus on control systems, but intelligent buildings go far beyond
this. An intelligent building has an implicit logic that effectively evolves with changing user
requirements and technology, ensuring continued and improved intelligent operation,
maintenance and optimization. It exhibits key attributes of environmental sustainability to
benefit present and future generations. An intelligent building system concept recognizes that
the true cost of the building is not its cost of construction; it must include the operating and
maintenance costs over the structure‟s life span. Intelligent buildings yield cost reductions
over all these areas by optimizing energy use through automated control, communication and
management systems. They also guard against repair costs, employee time, productivity loss,
revenue loss and the loss of customers to competitors. Now a day, all heard of „sickbuilding‟
syndrome and the misery this can inflict in the workplace in terms of poor health
and lost production. The notion of the Intelligent Building is the modern civil engineer's Big
Idea in tackling these and other such deficiencies. The intelligent building can adapt itself to
maintain an optimized environment. An intelligent building must be smart enough to vary the
environment to suit the users and also to provide various means of communication or
network regardless of whether it is internal or external. At an even more fundamental level
intelligent buildings can cope with social and technological change and also are adaptable to
human needs. This paper provides a review of research era in the area of Intelligent Building
with case studies.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
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Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS
1. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern
Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017), e-ISSN: 2455-2585
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 177
ANALYSIS OF RISK CATEGORIES AND FACTORS FOR PPP PROJECTS
USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS
1
Kaushal V. Wadhvaniya 2
Prof. Ashish H. Makwana 3
Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda
1
Student of M.Tech Construction Engineering and Management, Civil Engineering Department,
BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Marwadi Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat
3
Associate Professor, PG Coordinator Construction Engineering and Management, Civil Engineering Department,
BVM Engineering College, Gujarat
Abstract: Success of Public Private Partnership projects is greatly influenced by proper management of the risks
associated with the project. All projects which are undertaken using conventional procurement method or using a
PPP approach have known risks and unknown risks. Risk identification plays an important role in development of
PPP framework. The participation and investment of Private sector has been the main stay of the Government of
India policy toward infrastructural growth. In this study main risk categories and factors of Public Private
Partnership projects have been recognized. A total of 7 risk categories and 31 risk sub-factors for each category were
identified for PPP projects safety listed under subheads. The questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature
review and was filled by 100 Stakeholders namely Consultant/Client, Project Manager/ Contractor, Engineer.
Generally Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is widely used as multi criteria decision making. Normally it is very hard
to meet the consistence need of a comparison matrix in analytic hierarchy process. In this study AHP is used to
categories the risks of PPP projects in different levels and the impact of those risks on the PPP projects are identified.
Keywords: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Risk Category, Public Private Partnership (PPP), Risk Factors, Multi
criteria decision making (MCDM).
1. Introduction:
Everywhere throughout the world, constrained subsidizing for the improvement and task of framework ventures impels
governments to draw in private investment and enter public– private organizations (PPPs). Distinctive sorts of PPPs have
been rehearsed in framework advancement in both created and creating nations, with differing results. In spite of the fact
that PPPs have numerous favorable circumstances, they include a few complexities in arranging, execution, and
observing and control that differ as per explicit undertaking and nation conditions. Advocating the PPP choice likewise
relies upon the capacity to distinguish, investigate and allot project hazards enough. Inability to do as such will have
money related complications for the open division and additionally the disappointment of the undertaking to accomplish
its targets. In this manner, at the project distinguishing proof stage, notwithstanding evaluating the wellsprings of income
connected with the reasonableness of the task, the Authority and its counsels need to attempt an expansive appraisal of
the dangers that emerge from the undertaking fundamentals so as to oversee them. This can appear as a risk matrix or a
risk register.
1.1 Public Private Partnership (PPP):
The term ‘public–private partnership’ seems to have instigated in the U.S, originally concerning to public and private
sector’s combined funding for educational programs, but used in broader sense in the 60s to refer to joint ventures of
public and private sectors for urban renewals. The term PPP is now generally used for any long-term public and private
sector contract to provide public infrastructures and facilities.
However, the emphasis of this study is ‘project-based’ or ‘contract based’ PPPs, a current development. PPPs generally
have the following Characteristics:
1. A long-term contract between a public and a private sector;
2. For designing, constructing, financing, and operating public infrastructure or service by the private sector;
3. With payments made to the private sector for the use of the facility either by public sector or public itself;
4. With leaving the facility in public-sector ownership, or giving back the ownership to public-sector at the end of the
PPP contract.
Over the past decade, private sector financing through public–private partnerships (PPPs) is becoming very widespread
as a mean of procuring and upholding public infrastructure, in various sectors.
1.2 Systematic Approach to Risk Management
The systematic approach makes the risks clear, formally describing them and making them easier to manage. In other
words, systematic risk management is a management tool, which requires practical experience and training in the use of
the techniques. Systematic risk management helps to:
2. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019, e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 178
1. Identify, assess, and rank risks, making the risks explicit;
2. Focus on the major risks of the project;
3. Make informed decision on the provision for adversity, e.g. mitigation measures;
4. Minimize potential damage should the worst happen;
5. Control the uncertain aspects of construction projects;
6. Clarify and formalize the company’s role and the roles of others in the risk management process;
7. Identify the opportunities to enhance project performance.
1.3 Risk
Risk can be defined as an unplanned activity which results in adverse outcomes, in a PPP it relates to ambiguous
consequences which have a direct influence either on the providing of the services or the financial feasibility of the
project. In any way the consequence is a loss in revenue or increased cost which has to be tolerated by somebody, and
one of the core elements of PPP structuring is to determine where this loss in revenue or increased cost will lie.
So identifying and mitigating risks in any PPP project is very crucial. Hence risk management is adopted to deal with
risks involved in any project.
1.4 Objective of the Study
This research mainly aims to investigate important Risk categories and factors in PPP projects. Understanding the risk
factors is helpful for the construction professionals in order to efficiently deliver the project as per the plan. Hence, the
main goal of the study is to provide essential information about Risk categories and factors to construction professionals
to enable the project’s to be successful. This study can also be used by other researchers as an input for further studies
related to risk categories and factors in construction projects. Following are the main objectives of the research work
1. To identify the risk and explore different categories of risk
2. To identify different risk factors which are involving the categories identified earlier
3. Based on the survey, analysis of risk factors using AHP is carried out
4. To identify the most critical risk affecting the PPP projects by comparing the results of analysis by AHP
1.5 Need for study
In PPP projects, we need to study risk categories and factors due to following purpose
1. Risk management plans help a business determine what their risks are in order to reduce their likelihood and
provide a means for better decision-making in order to avoid future risk.
2. A risk management plan helps companies identify risk and risk factors.
3. A risk management plan protects a company’s resources
4. A risk management plan can help a company discover reusable information
2. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions. Based
on mathematics and psychology, it was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the 1970s and has been extensively studied.
Rather than prescribing a “correct” decision, it helps decision making find one that best suits their goals and their
understanding of the problem. It provides a comprehensive framework for structuring a decision problem, for
representing its elements, for relating those elements to overall goals. Users of the AHP decompose their decision
problem into a hierarchy of easy, each of which can be analyzed independently. The elements of the hierarchy can relate
to any aspect of the decision problem, carefully measured or roughly estimated, well understood-anything at all that
applies to the decision at hand.
2.1 Applications of AHP
It is widely used for decision making. Decision situations to which the AHP can be applied include
Choice - The selection of one alternative from a given set of alternatives, usually where there are multiple decision
criteria involved
Ranking - Putting a set of alternatives in order from most to least desirable.
Prioritization - Determining the relative merit of members of a set of alternatives, as opposed to selecting a single one or
merely ranking them.
Benchmarking -Comparing the processes in one's own organization with those of other best-of-breed organizations.
Quality management -Dealing with the multidimensional aspects of quality and quality improvement.
Conflict resolution-Settling disputes between parties with apparently incompatible goals or positions.
3. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019, e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 179
2.2 Advantages of Analytic Hierarchy Process
Some advantages of AHP are as follows,
1 It illustrates how possible changes in priority at the upper levels have an effect on the priority of criteria at lower
levels.
2 The method is able to rank criteria according to the needs of the buyer which also leads to more precise decisions
concerning supplier selection.
3 It provides the buyer with an overview of criteria, their function at the lower levels and goals at the higher levels.
2.3 AHP PROCESS
The procedure for using the AHP can be summarized as:
1. Model the problem as a hierarchy containing the decision goal, the alternatives for reaching it, criteria for evaluating
the alternatives.
2. Establish priorities among elements of the hierarchy making series of judgments based on comparisons of elements by
the values of fundamental scale of absolute number given in Table 1
3. These judgments to yield a set of overall priorities for the hierarchy.
4. Check the consistency of the judgments.
5. Come to final decision based on the results of this process.
Table 1: Fundamental Scale of Absolute Numbers
Intensity of
Importance
Definition Explanation
1 Equal Importance Two activities contribute equally to the objective
2 Weak or slight
3 Moderate importance
Experience and judgement slightly favour one activity
over another
4 Moderate plus
5 Strong importance
Experience and judgement strongly favour one activity
over another
6 Strong plus
7
Very strong or
Demonstrated importance
An activity is favoured very strongly over another; its
dominance demonstrated in practice
8 Very, very strong
9 Extreme importance
The evidence favouring one activity over another is of
the highest possible order of affirmation
A reciprocal of
above 1-9
A reasonable assumption
(Source: Saaty, T.L., “Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process”, Int. J.Services Sciences, 2008, Vol. 1,
No. 1, Pg.83–98, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.)
3 Research Methodology
In the study, following steps are taken in the given methodology
3.1 Development of Frame Work of Criteria’s
From the study of past research work and with the help of expert opinion, risk categories and criteria’s were identified
which affects PPP projects in construction work in the cities of Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar of Gujarat state in India.
Risk categories are divided into 7 major groups as: Political Risk, Regulation Social & Legal Risk, Construction Risk,
Financial Risk, Commercial Risk, Partnership Risk, and Operation Risk. These 7 criteria’s are further broken into 31 sub
criteria. So, the criteria makes comprehensive coverage of all factors affecting PPP projects. The next work of the
research is to assign the relative importance in the form of numeric values. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
technique is selected for this Research work. A Survey questionnaire is prepared based on AHP technique.
3.2 Questionnaire Distribution and Collection
The questionnaire was distributed to various stakeholders by informing them regarding the purpose of the research and
asking them about their willingness to participate in the research. Once the initial willingness was shown by the
respondents, a questionnaire was given to them.
Total 130 questionnaires were distributed to different respondents in Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar. Total 100 respondents
provided their response for this research work. Table 2 represents the distribution of responses throughout the area of the
study
4. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019, e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 180
Table 2: Distribution of Respondent
Stakeholder
City
TotalAhmedabad Bhavnagar
Contractor/
Project Manager
22 12 34
Client/Consultant
15 12 27
Engineer
23 16 39
Total
60 40 100
The Figures 1 and Figure 2 reflects the percentage of response received as per stakeholder wise in the cities of
Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar respectively.
Figure 1: Percentage of Response Received Stakeholder Wise in Ahmedabad
Figure 2: Percentage of Response Received Stakeholder Wise in Bhavnagar
[PERCENTAG
E]
[PERCENTAG
E]
[PERCENTAG
E]
Stakeholder Distribution
Contractor/Project Manager Client/Consultant Engineer
[PERCENTAG
E]
[PERCENTAG
E]
[PERCENTAG
E]
Stakeholder Distribution
Contractor/Project Manager Client/Consultant Engineer
5. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019, e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 181
3.3 Data Analysis
It is important to identify the degree to how much the respondents agree or disagree on the severity of these causes based
on their own experience and knowledge. The data Analysis is done with the help of AHP concept over the qualitative
data that is converted to a quantitative form. The data collected from experts were analyzed using Microsoft Excel sheet.
Final data obtained after analysis will help to prepare a risk factors and ranking of various risk factors affecting the PPP
projects.
3.3.1 Local Weight and Global Weight
Local Weight: It represents the relative weights of the nodes within a group of siblings with respect to their parent node.
Global Weight: It is obtained by the multiplying the local weights of the siblings by their parent’s global weight. The
sum of all criteria’s Global weight must be equal to 1.
For example: If criteria and sub criteria’s local weights are known.
For sub criteria: Change in law
Global Weight = local weight of Political risk * local weight of Change in law
= 1 * 0.406 = 0.406
For sub criteria: Delay In Project Approval and Permits
Global Weight = local weight of Political risk * local weight of s Delay in Project Approval and Permits
= 1 * 0.280= 0.280
For sub criteria: Unstable Government
Global Weight = local weight of Political risk * local weight of Unstable Government
= 1 * 0.136= 0.136
For sub criteria: Government Intervention
Global Weight = local weight of Political risk * local weight of Government Intervention
= 1 * 0.177= 0.177
Table 3 shows Local weight and Global Weight of the above example
Table 3 Local Weight and Global Weight Criteria (Political Risk)
Criteria
Local
Weight
Sub Criteria’s
Local
Weight
Global
Weight
POLITICAL
RISK
1
CHANGE IN LAW 0.406 0.406
DELAY IN PROJECT
APPROVAL AND PERMITS
0.280 0.280
UNSTABLE
GOVERNMENT
0.136 0.136
GOVERNMENT
INTERVENTION
0.177 0.177
Total 1
Global Weights of the criteria for each respondent was calculated by Eigenvector method of AHP. Aggregation of all
global weights was done by Arithmetic Mean Method (AMM).
Final global weights of each Risk categories and factors of overall both cities that is Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar is
calculated and the analysis is done in following Table 4.
Table 4: Overall Local Weight and Global Weight of both the cities
SN Criteria
Global
Weight
Sub
Criteria
Local
Weight
Global
Weight
Rank
1
Political
Risk
0.223
Change in law 0.406 0.091 2
Delay in Project
Approval and permits
0.280 0.062 5
Unstable government 0.136 0.030 13
Government intervention 0.177 0.039 10
6. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019, e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 182
2
Regulation
Social
And Legal
Risk
0.169
Change in tax regulation 0.191 0.032 12
Corruption and Lack of respect
for Law
0.406 0.069 4
Legislation changes /
inconsistencies
0.306 0.052 6
Environmental clearance 0.097 0.016 21
3
Construction
Risk
0.221
Land acquisition 0.211 0.047 8
Availability
of Labour /
Material
0.080 0.018 19
Availability
of Finance
0.232 0.051 7
Construction
Cost Overruns
0.186 0.041 9
Construction
time delay
0.052 0.011 26
Completion risk 0.051 0.011 27
Quality risk 0.068 0.015 23
Contractual variation 0.085 0.019 18
Natural Calamity 0.035 0.008 28
4
Financial
Risk
0.218
Unavailability
and High Cost
of Financing
0.488 0.106 1
Lack of
Suitable economic conditions
0.383 0.084 3
Foreign exchange
Rate fluctuations
0.130 0.028 14
5
Commercial
Risk
0.069
Traffic / level of demand risk 0.190 0.013 24
Lack of demand / slow economic
development of the country
0.468 0.032 11
Delay by govt. Notification 0.342 0.024 16
6
Partnership
Risk
0.067
Different working methods
between partners
0.303 0.020 17
Inadequate
Experience
in PPP Project
0.242 0.016 22
Lack of commitment from
public /
Private partner
0.362 0.024 15
Organization and coordination
risk
0.093 0.006 30
7
Operation
Risk
0.040
Operation cost overrun 0.289 0.012 25
Maintenance cost higher than
expected
0.423 0.017 20
Low operating productivity 0.178 0.007 29
Quality of operation 0.110 0.004 31
Top 10 Risk Factors which affects in PPP projects in both the cities calculated by AHP process are as follows:
1. Unavailability and High Cost of Financing
2. Change in Law
3. Lack of Suitable Economic Conditions
4. Corruption and Lack of Respect for Law
5. Delay in Project Approval and Permits
6. Legislation Changes / Inconsistencies
7. Availability of Finance
8. Land Acquisition
9. Construction Cost Overruns
10. Government Intervention
7. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019, e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 183
3.3.2 Comparison of Ranks of Criteria’s between City wise Groups
All respondent were divided into two groups of cities: Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar. Below calculation shows the rank
comparison of Risk categories as well as Risk factors of Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar and Combine both cities. Their Ranks
were compared in the Table 5
Table 5: Rank Comparison of Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar and Overall both cities by Global Weight
Sr.N
o
Risk Categories Risk Factors
OverallRank
Ahmedabad
Bhavnagar
1 Political Risk
Change In Law 2 2 1
Delay in Project Approval and Permits 5 5 4
Unstable Government 13 13 12
Government Intervention 10 10 10
2
Regulation Social
and Legal Risk
Change in Tax Regulation 12 11 13
Corruption and Lack of Respect for Law 4 4 3
Legislation Changes / Inconsistencies 6 6 7
Environmental Clearance 21 21 23
3 Construction Risk
Land Acquisition 8 8 8
Availability of Labour / Material 19 19 19
Availability of Finance 7 7 6
Construction Cost Overruns 9 9 9
Construction Time Delay 26 26 25
Completion Risk 27 27 26
Quality Risk 23 23 22
Contractual Variation 18 18 18
Natural Calamity 28 28 28
4 Financial Risk
Unavailability and High Cost Of Financing 1 1 2
Lack of Suitable Economic Conditions 3 3 5
Foreign Exchange Rate Fluctuations 14 14 14
5 Commercial Risk
Traffic / Level of Demand Risk 24 24 24
Lack of Demand / Slow Economic Development of The
Country
11 12 11
Delay By Govt. Notification 16 16 16
6 Partnership Risk
Different Working Methods Between Partners 17 17 17
Inadequate Experience in PPP Project 22 22 21
Lack Of Commitment From Public / Private Partner 15 15 15
Organization and Coordination Risk 30 30 30
7 Operation Risk
Operation Cost Overrun 25 25 27
Maintenance Cost Higher Than Expected 20 20 20
Low Operating Productivity 29 29 29
Quality of Operation 31 31 31
From the above table we can analyze that “Unavailability and high cost of financing” is ranked 1st
in Ahmedabad and
2nd
in Bhavnagar by respondents, while “change in law” is given 2nd
in Ahmedabad and 1st
in Bhavnagar. Likewise the
first 5 rank in Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar cities are highlighted in the above table.
8. International Journal of Technical Innovation in Modern Engineering & Science (IJTIMES)
Volume 5, Issue 05, May-2019, e-ISSN: 2455-2585, Impact Factor: 5.22 (SJIF-2017)
IJTIMES-2019@All rights reserved 184
Conclusion:
According to the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), development of the Criterias Framework in Indian context was
prepared for Risk Categories and factors in PPP projects. Total 31 nos. of Risk factors were identified which affect in
PPP projects which are included into major 7 Risk Categories: Political Risk, Regulation social and legal Risk,
Construction Risk, Financial Risk, Commercial Risk, Partnership Risk, and Operation Risk.
With the help of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, the relative ranking of Risk Categories and factors were
generated through the responses of three stakeholders: Contractors/Project Manager, Client/Consultant, and Engineer.
Targeted cities were Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar. According to the population, sample size was calculated of 60
responses but for safety purpose it was taken of 100 responses.
After the analysis of both the cities, overall ranking of the main Risk Categories are as follows:
1. Political Risk
2. Construction Risk
3. Financial Risk
4. Regulation Social and Legal Risk
5. Commercial Risk
6. Partnership Risk
7. Operation Risk
On the basis of analysis of both the cities, the critical Risk Factors of different risk categories in PPP projects from Table
5 are compared with both the cities and Top 5 most critical risk factors as calculated by AHP process are as mentioned
below,
1. Unavailability and High Cost of Financing
2. Change in Law
3. Lack of Suitable Economic Conditions
4. Corruption and Lack of Respect for Law
5. Delay in Project Approval and Permits
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am really thankful to Prof. I. N. Patel (Principal) BVM Engg. College, Prof. L. B. Zala (Head of Department) Civil
Engg. Dept., BVM Engg. College, Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, P.G. Co-ordinator Construction Engineering and
Management BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Prof. Ashish H. Makwana, Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Marwadi Engineering College, Rajkot, Gujarat for helping in my research study.
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Author’s Biography:
Kaushal V. Wadhvaniya completed his graduation in civil engineering from Pandit
Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar in 2017. During his graduation he carried
out research work on Traffic risk assessment and also published his research work in
Highway Research Journal by Highway Research Board, Indian National Congress
Volume 8 No.1 Jan-June in 2017. Currently he is pursuing his M.tech in construction
engineering and managaement from Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya engineering
college, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat. He is also working on Risk Management
in public private partnership in Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar city of Gujarat.
Dr. Jayeshkumar Pitroda received his Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil
Engineering from Birla Vishwakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College, Sardar Patel
University (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India) in 2000. In 2009 he received his
master’s degree in Construction Engineering and Management form Birla Vishwakarma
Mahavidyalaya Sardar Patel University (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India). In 2015 he
received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Degree in Civil Engineering from Sardar Patel
University (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India). He has joined Birla Vishwakarma
Mahavidyalaya Engineering College as a faculty in 2009, where he is lecturer of Civil
Engineering Department and at present working as Associate Professor from February
2018 having total experience of 19 years in the field of Research, Designing and
Education. At present holding charge of PG Coordinator Construction Engineering and
Management. He is guiding M.E. / M. Tech (Construction Engineering and
Management/ Construction Project Management/ Environmental Engineering) thesis
work in the field of Civil / Construction Engineering/ Environmental Engineering. He is
also guiding Ph.D. students (Civil Engineering). He has published many papers in
National / International Conferences and Journals. He has published nine Research
Books in the field of Civil Engineering, Rural Road Construction, National Highways
Construction, Utilization of Industrial Waste, Fly Ash Bricks, Construction Engineering
and Management, Eco-friendly Construction.
Prof. Ashish Harendrabhai Makwana was born in 1988 in Jamnagar district, Gujarat-
India. In 2012, he received Bachelor of Engineering degree (Civil Engineering) from
Charotar Institute of Science and Technology (Changa, Gujarat-India) which is affiliated
to Gujarat Technological University (Ahmedabad, Gujarat-India). Gujarat Technological
University. In 2014, he received Masters of Engineering degree (Construction
Engineering & Management) from Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering
College (Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat-India) which is affiliated to Gujarat Technological
University (Ahmedabad, Gujarat-India). Currently, he is working as Assistant Professor
in Civil Engineering Department of Marwadi University, Rajkot. At present (2018), he
has teaching and research experience of 4.4 years in Marwadi University (Rajkot,
Gujarat-India) and 1.3 year of experience as Site Engineer at M/S Deepak B. Pala
Consultancy (Jamnagar, Gujarat-India). His research interests include Construction
Project Management application through various management techniques. He has
diversified teaching experience in subjects of Infrastructure Engineering and
Management, Construction Management, Advanced Construction & Equipment,
Concrete Technology, Professional Practices & Valuation, Surveying, Civil Engineering
Materials, Elements of Civil Engineering, Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering.
He is guiding for M.E. (Construction Engineering and Management) thesis research
work in the field of Civil / Construction Engineering. He has published many research
papers in various International Journals as well as International / National Conferences.
Also, he has published three Research Books in Lap Lambert Academic Publication,
Germany.