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IRJET- Stability Enhancement using Power System Stabilizer with Optimization Algorithm based PID Controller
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IRJET Journal
https://irjet.net/archives/V4/i6/IRJET-V4I6729.pdf
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Compensator for Dynamical System
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Compensator for Dynamical System
IRJET Journal
https://irjet.net/archives/V4/i11/IRJET-V4I11217.pdf
A New Control Method for the Multi-Area LFC System Based on Port-Hamiltonian ...
A New Control Method for the Multi-Area LFC System Based on Port-Hamiltonian ...
IRJET Journal
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used in AC transmission systems as a source or a sink of reactive power. The most widely utilization of the STATCOM is in enhancing the voltage stability of the transmission line. A voltage regulator is a FACTs device used to adjust the voltage disturbance by injecting a controllable voltage into the system. This paper implement Nruro-Fuzzy controller to control the STATCOM to improve the voltage profile of the power network. The controller has been simulated for some kinds of disturbances and the results show improvements in voltage profile of the system. The performance of STATCOM with its controller was very close within 98% of the nominal value of the busbar voltage.
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM
Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM
INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i8/IRJET-V6I8162.pdf
IRJET- Control of Induction Motor using Neural Network
IRJET- Control of Induction Motor using Neural Network
IRJET Journal
IAETSD
Iaetsd design of fuzzy self-tuned load frequency controller for power system
Iaetsd design of fuzzy self-tuned load frequency controller for power system
Iaetsd Iaetsd
This work presents an intelligent approach to the improvement and optimization of control performance of a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking based on fuzzy logic control. This control was compared with the conventional control based on Perturb &Observe algorithm. The results obtained in Matlab/Simulink under different conditions show a marked improvement in the performance of fuzzy control MPPT of the PV system.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control for Photovolt...
Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control for Photovolt...
IJERA Editor
iaetsd
Iaetsd fuzzy logic control of statcom for voltage regulation
Iaetsd fuzzy logic control of statcom for voltage regulation
Iaetsd Iaetsd
https://irjet.net/archives/V4/i11/IRJET-V4I11317.pdf
Modeling of Hysteresis Current Control Technique for Three Phase PV Based VSI...
Modeling of Hysteresis Current Control Technique for Three Phase PV Based VSI...
IRJET Journal
Interleaved Boost Converter (ILBC) is a better converter between Photo Voltaic(PV) source and shunt active power filter. This paper deals with comparison of time domain outputs of PI and Fractional Order PID(FOPID) controlled ILBC fed shunt active filter in a grid connected PV system. The aim of this work is to minimize current ripple using ILBC between PV system and filter to improve the dynamic performance of shunt active filter. Closed loop monitored PI and FOPID systems are modeled, and the corresponding results are presented. MATLAB results of load voltage, current, converter voltage and currents with FOPID exhibits enhanced dynamic response. The proposed FOPID controlled ILBC Fed Shunt Active Filter system (ILBCFSAF) has advantages like low settling time, less peak over shoot and reduced steady state error in load voltage. The simulation results of ILBCSAF are compared with the corresponding hardware results.
Fractional Order PID Controlled Interleaved Boost converter Fed Shunt Active ...
Fractional Order PID Controlled Interleaved Boost converter Fed Shunt Active ...
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i9/IRJET-V6I9112.pdf
IRJET- Design and Implementation of Closed Loop Boost Converter with IMC ...
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IRJET- Comparative Study on Angular Position and Angular Speed in 36 Rules of...
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Speed control of dc motor using relay feedback tuned pi
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IRJET- Design and Development of Interleaved Boost Converter using Fuzzy ...
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Voltage profile Improvement Using Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM
IRJET- Control of Induction Motor using Neural Network
IRJET- Control of Induction Motor using Neural Network
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Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Adaptive Fuzzy Logic control for Photovolt...
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https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1118.pdf
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
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IRJET Journal
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IRJET Journal
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IRJET Journal
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IRJET Journal
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A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
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Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1112.pdf
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1111.pdf
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1110.pdf
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IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1109.pdf
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
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IRJET Journal
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P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
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IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1107.pdf
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
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IRJET Journal
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Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1105.pdf
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
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https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1104.pdf
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IRJET Journal
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A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
IRJET Journal
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A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1101.pdf
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IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V11/i1/IRJET-V11I1100.pdf
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
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TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
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Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
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A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
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This is a assigned group presentation given by my Computer Science course teacher at Green University of Bangladesh, Bangladesh. My Presentation Topic was - Cloud Computing This group presentation includes the work Md. Shahidul Islam Prodhan, pages no 10 - 15. www.facebook.com/TheShahidul www.twitter.com/TheShahidul www.linkedin.com/TheShahidul
Cloud-Computing_CSE311_Computer-Networking CSE GUB BD - Shahidul.pptx
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Md. Shahidul Islam Prodhan
A dental implant (also known as an endosseous implant or fixture) is interfacing with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, a bridge or a denture.
Peek implant persentation - Copy (1).pdf
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Ayahmorsy
İTÜ CAD and Reverse Engineering Workshop
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Emre Günaydın
AI for workflow automation optimizes business operations by automating repetitive tasks, improving efficiency, and reducing errors. It is used in various sectors for automating data entry, enhancing customer service with chatbots, and performing predictive maintenance. Key benefits include increased productivity, cost reduction, and improved accuracy. Implementing AI-driven workflows involves integrating machine learning, natural language processing, and robotic process automation tools. This enables businesses to focus on strategic activities, drive innovation, and maintain a competitive edge. https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-for-workflow-automation/
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mahaffeycheryld
Blood Donation Management System is a web database application that enables the public to make online session reservation, to view nationwide blood donation events online and at the same time provides centralized donor and blood stock database. This application is developed by using ASP.NET technology from Visual Studio with the MySQL 5.0 as the database management system. The methodology used to develop this system as a whole is Object Oriented Analysis and Design; whilst, the database for BDMS is developed by following the steps in Database Life Cycle. The targeted users for this application are the public who is eligible to donate blood ,'system moderator, administrator from National Blood Center and the staffs who are working in the blood banks of the participating hospitals. The main objective of the development of this application is to overcome the problems that exist in the current system, which are the lack of facilities for online session reservation and online advertising on the nationwide blood donation events, and also decentralized donor and blood stock database. Besides, extra features in the system such as security protection by using password, generating reports, reminders of blood stock shortage and workflow tracking can even enhance the efficiency of the management in the blood banks. The final result of this project is the development of web database application, which is the BDMS.
Online blood donation management system project.pdf
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Kamal Acharya
Our vision is to make ONLINE CAR SERVICING SYSTEM is needed for the country as technology grows fast in the world. The purpose is to develop this project to provide a better solution to the problems that the customers faces. This website will provide customers to reserve their car services from their home or from office. Customer feels hard to send their car for the service, either they need to reserve using mail system or walk in to send their car for service. At the end of these project, a prototype of justified system will develop which will provide a solution for the identify problem to improve the organizations revenue and performance. This system will be web based system where it is able to conduct an overall process of online registration and bookings too. The data will be stored in keep as privacy for each customer who has register.
ONLINE CAR SERVICING SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdf
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Kamal Acharya
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering. This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom. Author: Robbie Edward Sayers Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey. (C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
HYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generation
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Robbie Edward Sayers
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management. This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business. The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty. For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed. Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
Online resume builder management system project report.pdf
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In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on. My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways. In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdf
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Kamal Acharya
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Standard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
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Neometrix_Engineering_Pvt_Ltd
Laundry firms currently use a manual system for the management and maintenance of critical information. The current system requires numerous paper forms, with data stores spread throughout the laundry management infrastructure. Often information is incomplete or does not follow management standards. Records are often lost in transit during computation requiring a comprehensive auditing process to ensure that no vital information is lost. Multiple copies of the same information exist in the laundry firm data and may lead to inconsistencies in data in various data stores. A significant part of the operation of any laundry firm involves the acquisition, management and timely retrieval of great volumes of information. This information typically involves; customer personal information and clothing records history, user information, price of delivery and received date, users scheduling as regards customers details and dealings in service rendered, also our products package waiting list. All of this information must be managed in an efficient and cost wise fashion so that the organization resources may be effectively utilized. We present the design and implementation of a laundry database management system (LBMS) used in a laundry establishment. Laundry firms are usually faced with difficulties in keeping detailed records of customers clothing; this little problem as seen to most laundry firms is highly discouraging as customers are filled with disappointments, arising from issues such as customer clothes mix-ups and untimely retrieval of clothes. The aim of this application is to determine the number of clothes collected, in relation to their owners, as this also helps the users fix a date for the collection of their clothes. Also customer’s information is secured, as a specific id is allocated per registration to avoid contrasting information.
Laundry management system project report.pdf
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Kamal Acharya
Now a day’s education plays a great role in development of any country. Many of education organizations try to increase education quality. One of the aspects of this improvement is managing of school resources. Education Management System carried on by any individual or institution engaged in providing a services to students, teachers, guardians and other persons are intermediary that performs one or more of the following functionalities – Student Admission, Employee Registration, Student List, Employee List, Student Attendance, Employee Attendance, Student Routine, Result Management, Payroll & Accounts. Education Management System (EMS) is such a service which provides all services for an educational institute to make your life easier and faster by assuring its performance. Easy User Management System, Easy Admission Process, Easy Attendance System. EMS is a system that will provide you a bird’s eye view of the functioning of the entire educational institution. It is a management information system helps to manage the different processes in an educational institution like General Administration, Staff Management, Academics, Student Management, and Accounts etc. The information is made using the latest technologies and help’s to make decision making a lot faster, effective and easier than ever before. Also helps to improve the overall quality of education of the institution. We use database and database technology are having a major impact on the growing use of computers. The implementation of the system was done using c# and SQL Server 2012 technologies, allowing system to be run in Windows OS. In a nutshell, Education Management Software managed your education institution by simplifying and automating processes and addressing the needs of all stakeholders helping them to be more efficient in their respective roles.
School management system project report.pdf
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Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.
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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6712 Stability Enhancement using Power System Stabilizer with Optimization Algorithm based PID Controller R. Kavi priya1, Dr.R.Rajeswari2 1M.E II year, , Department of EEE, Government college of Technology, Coimbatore, India. 2 Associate Professor, Department of EEE, Government college of Technology, Coimbatore, India. -------------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - This paper proposes an intelligent optimization technique using Power System Stabilizer basedhybridizationwithPID controller to enhance stability, in power system. PSS with PID Controller is used to damp inter area oscillations caused due to low frequency electro mechanical oscillation. The problem of PID-PSS design is transformed as an optimization problem based on performance index based Integral Absolute Error(IAE)where, MothFlameOptimization(MFO)Algorithmisemployedtoobtainthe optimal controller parameters .The performance of the system with PSS based PI,PD,PID controller is studied and robustness of controller is tested on a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system under different disturbances in power system. By Simulation, results show the effectiveness of PSS and PID performance for enhancement of power system stability. The functionality of the proposed control strategy is verified using Matlab/Simulink Key Words: PID, damping oscillation, power system stabilizer 1.INTRODUCTION Power plant consists of numerous synchronous generators which are planned to convert the mechanical energy to electrical energy which are supplied to the consumers. As there is an increase in the range of customer’s area per unit, the load on the power system also increases. Due to this there is instability in transmission of power. The dilemma of strength of steadiness is posed in a stern mode to promise a fine process of the generating system, and to damp the dilemma of oscillations. In the Electromechanical systems by recovering the damping of the system (steadiness), for these purposes signals stabilizers are introduced into the excitation system via its Terminal voltage. These helpful signals can turn out the torques in the section with the speed variation of the generator for compensating for the section delay introduced by the excitation system. The power system stabilizers are beneficial in terms of cost and efficiency, are the usual means, not only to eliminate the negative effects of Voltage regulators, butalsofordampingelectromechanicaloscillationsandsteadinessofthesystem.The main purpose of PSS based PID is to produce an appropriate torque on the mechanical part of the generator and to supply the better damping of power system. The PSS based PID design has formulated an optimization problem based on various performance indices. To prove the applicability of this design, it has been validated on a SMIB power system under different values of disturbances. The advantage of this method is that the system excitation is going to be powerful to insert effective irrespective of disturbances. During transient condition the stabilizing signal is being produced by PSS. Power system stabilizer isa combination of lead lag compensator, wash out filter and KPSS. Itshows promise in many controlled environments that suffer from the classical problems of overshoot and resonance. Thisarticle is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the description of a (SMIB)powersystem.3.Roleofpowersystem stabilizer 4. Controlling mechanism by PID controller 5. Simulation and results 6. Conclusion of proposed work II. POWER SYSTEM A single machineconnected to an infinitebus through transmission line (SMIB) isconsidered in this study.The systemconsists of synchronous generatorconnected to a power grid (infinitebus) througha transmission line. The generator isequippedwith exciter Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). Fig. 1 shows the schematic line diagram of the Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system. Therefore, the turbine-governor dynamics is neglected. Phillips–Heffron block diagram is the linearized model of the SMIB power system. Here, a fourth order model has been modeled. The system parameters and the nominal operating point is given in Appendix. The modified Heffron-Phillip’s model comprises of six constants K1 to K6 and is related to the machine parameters and the primary work state of the machine.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6713 Figure.1. Heffron–Phillips block diagram for SMIB power system. To calculate the values of gain, the torque, terminal voltage and the stimulation coil equations should be liberalized. And by eliminating the Δiqs and the Δids and rewriting the equations on the basis of ΔE′q and Δδ, the coefficients are calculated. Therefore, the m o d i f i e d constants K can now be computed based on l o c a l measurements only. In this model, as Vs is not constant during linearization, three additional constants K1 to K3 are introduced at the torque, field voltage and terminal voltage junction points as shown in Fig.2. The action of the PSS is effective through the transfer function block GEP(s) as shown in Fig.2 between the electric torque and the reference voltage input with variation in the machine speed assumed to be zero. The expression for the transfer function GEP(s) is given by equation(1) Where EXC(s) is the transfer function of the excitation system. It can be of any exciter, as system operational conditions modification, the gain and phase characteristics of the transfer function GEP(s) change. Ideally, the PSS transfer function should be the reciprocal of GEP(s) forproviding aprescribed amount of damping with speed input. This would be strictly performing lead operation, which isnot physically realizable. Asensible approach is to own alead-lag circuit that gives the adequate compensation over the specific variation of frequencies in the range of (0.1-2) Hz. Using the modified K constants, stabilizers are designed using the tuning. The stabilizer considered is a simple lead-lag compensator with a washout filter. Table 1 Time Constant Parameter Magnitude Lead Time constant, T1 0.5 Lag Time constant, T2 0.05 Lead Time constant, T3 0.5 Lag Time constant, T4 0.05 Wash out Time Constant, Tw 10 Timeconstants T1-T4 areusedinleadlagcompensator,toprovideappropriatephaseleadcharacteristic.Forphaselagbetween exciter input and generator electrical torque, it’s a single order phase compensation circuit of frequency range of (0.1-2) HZ, provides compensation over entire frequency range. Function of washout block is to work under only during transient condition, during steady state condition constant Tw=0.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6714 Table 2 Gain constants III. POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER (PSS) A power system is said to be stable if it remains in a state of functional equilibrium under normal operating conditions and regain to an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. Figure.2. Functional block diagram of a synchronous generator excitation control system Security of the facility systemdepends on its ability to survive any disturbances, which can occur with none interruption within the services. Figure.3shows the practical diagramof a typical excitation system foranoutsizedsynchronousgenerator. For the effective damping of oscillations of the rotor/turbine shaft, power system stabilizers are used. The improvement of small signal stability could also be achieved through the facility system stabilizers. The input signal to the PSS may be rotor speed, rotor angle, accelerating power, or a combination of these signals. The output signal of PSS is used as a supplementary stabilizing signal. Anystabilizing signalshould turn out a torsion element in section with ∆ω,sopositivedampingcouldalsobe made. IV. PI CONTROLLER Figure 3 shows the block diagram of PSS based PI controller. Proportional-plus-integral controller consist of two terms producing an output which one is proportional to the input signal and other proportional to the integral of input signal. It improves the relative stability and steady state tracking accuracy. Figure.3.Block diagram of PSS-PI controller PD CONTROLLER Proportional- derivative controller produces an output which consists of two terms, where one is proportional to input signal and other proportional to the derivative of input signal. The PD controller increases the damping of the system which results in reducing the peak overshoot. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of PSS based PD controller. Figure.4.Block diagram of PSS-PD controller K1 1.0749 K2 1.2576 K3 0.3072 K4 1.7124 K5 -0.3988 K6 0.4657
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6715 PID CONTROLLER PID controller stabilizes the gain, reduces the steady stateerrorandpeakovershootofthesystem.Figure3showsthe block diagram of PSS based PID controller. Figure.4.Block diagram of PSS-PID controller V. PROPOSED ALGORITHM In the proposed MFO algorithm, it’s a population-based algorithm. Where candidate solutions are moths and the problem’s variables are the position of moths in the space. Therefore, the moths can fly in 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, or hyper dimensional space with changing their position vectors. Since the moths and flames are both solutions. The difference between them is the way we treat and update them in each iteration. The moths are actual search agents that move around the search space, whereas flames are the best position of moths that obtains so far. A logarithmic spiral as the main update mechanism of moths in this paper. However, any types of spiral can be utilized here subject to the following conditions: Spiral’s initial point should start from the moth Spiral’s final point should be the position of the flame. Fluctuation of the range of spiral should not exceed from the search space. Considering these points, I defined a logarithmic spiral for the MFO algorithm as follows: Spiral movement is the main component of the proposed method because it dictates how the moths update their positions around flames. The spiral equation allows a moth to fly “around” a flame and not necessarily in the space between them. Therefore, the exploration and exploitation of the search space can be guaranteed. The logarithmic spiral, space around the flame, and the position considering different t on the curve are illustrated as follows Figure.5. Logarithmic spiral Formula to update the number of flames
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6716 The MFO algorithm is three-tuple that approximates the global optimal of the optimization problems and defined as follows: I function that generates a random population of moths and corresponding fitness values. P function, which is the main function, moves the moths around the search space. This function receivedthematrix ofM and returns its updated one eventually. T function returns true if the termination criterion is satisfied and false if the termination criterion is not satisfied With I, P, and T, the general framework of the MFO defined. VI. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In order to demonstrate effectiveness of proposed PSS based PID, obtained dynamic responses are obtained by employing PID-PSS. It is clear from Fig. 7 - 8 that the deviation profilesobtained by applying PSS based PI,PD,PID are significantly damped with minimum peak error, the shortest settling time, and zero steady state error. It means that surpassing improvement in damping characteristics and stability measures is obtained by employing the PSS based PID. Figure.6. Simulation of PSS-PID Simulation of PSS based PID controller in an SMIB system with AVRexciter, field circuit, inertial load, with mechanical and electrical torque, PID provides a stabilizing signal to SMIB system. Kp,Ki,KdarevaluesofPIDcontroller,each value of gain is used to determine the waveform. Values of PID control play a vital role in determining overshoot, peak time, settling time. The fractional constants µ and are not integer ,they detect time of differentiation and integration. Figure .7. Simulation with PSS-PI controller SMIB system with PSS-PI controller as shown in fig 7 ,whereby change in rotor angle with respect to time ,oscillations are high and time taken to reach settling time is high.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6717 Figure .8. Simulation with PSS-PD controller SMIB system with PSS –PD controller as shown in fig 8 ,derivative control plays a vital role in reducing peak overshoot and damping out oscillations. Figure .9. Simulation with PSS-PD controller SMIB system with PSS –PID controller as shown in fig 9 ,integral and derivative control plays a vital role in reducing peak overshoot and damping out oscillations and attaining equlibrium point. VII. PERFORMANCE INDICES The common Performance indices are used in practice is as below, 1) Integral Square Error ISE=∫e 2 (t)dt 2) Integral of the absolute magnitude of error IAE=∫│e (t)│dt 3) Integral Time-absolute error ITAE=∫ t.│ e (t) │dt 4) Integral Time-Square error (ITSE) ITSE=∫ e2 (t) dt Here e(t) is the error response of a system. Generally limit of integration is from 0 to∞butintegrationuptoinfinityis not practical and hence limit ∞ is replaced by T which is chosen sufficiently large so that e(t) for t >T is negligible. Figure .10 Performance indices VIII.CONCLUSION This paper presents PSS based PID controller, optimized with MFO algorithm, to enhance damping of power systemlowfrequency oscillation. Dynamic characteristics of SMIB equipped with PI,PD,PID-PSS have been evaluated by time domain simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK investigation of numerical simulations shows that the application ofproposed PSS based PID is more insightful.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6718 Performance of controller are verified under sever disturbances. Since the PSS based PID outperforms the former stabilizers to obtain superior dynamic performance and to give more robustness to the uncertainties. Future scope of this research can be directed towards application of FOPID controller in flexible ac transmission system(FACTS)-based power oscillation damping (POD) controllers and its coordinated design with the FOPID-PSS. APPENDIX: The parameters of the studied SMIB power system are taken from literature [1] as below: Common system parameters: Rated (Base) operating frequency ( xb) = 314 rad/s. Rated complex power (Sb) = 160 MVA. Rated voltage (Vb) = 15 kV. Synchronous generator parameters Synchronous d-axis reactance (Xd) = 1.7 p.u. Synchronous q-axis reactance (Xq) = 1.64 p.u. Transient d-axis reactance (X0 d) = 0.245 p.u. Field open circuit time constant (T0 do) = 5.9 s. Generator moment of inertia (H) = 2.37. Damping coefficient (D) = 0. Voltage regulator – exciter parameters Exciter gain constant (KA) = 50. Voltage regulator time constant (TA) = 0.05 s. Transmission line parameters Transmission line resistance (Re) = 0.02p.u. Transmission line reactance (Xe) = 0.4 p.u. Nominal operating point Real power (P) = 136 MW. Reactive power (Q) = 83.2 MVAR. Terminal voltage (Vt) = 17.3 kV 16.6. Infinite bus voltage (Vinf) = 15 kV 0. Rotor angle (d) = 49.16. REFERENCES: [1] Anderson PM, Fouad AA. Power system control and stability. IEEE Press; 1994. [2] Kundur P. Power system stability and control. McGraw-Hills; 1994. [2]Demello FP, Concordia C. Concepts of synchronousmachinestabilityas effectedby excitationcontrol.IEEETransPower Apparatus Syst 1969;PAS88(4). [3]Talaq J. Optimal power system stabilizers for multi machine systems. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst (IJEPES) 2012;43:793–803. [4]Hassan Lokman H, Moghavvemi M, Almurib HAF, Muttaqi KM, Du H. Damping of low-frequency oscillations and improving power system stability via autotuned PI stabilizer using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic. Int J Electri Power Energy Syst (IJEPES). 2012;38:72–83.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6719 [5]Nechadi, Harmas MN, Hamzaoui A, Essounbouli N. A new robust adaptive fuzzyslidingmodepowersystemstabilizer. Int J Electri Power Energy System [6]Abd-Elazim SM, Ali ES. A hybrid particle swarm optimization and bacterial foraging for optimal power system stabilizers design. Int J Electri Power Energy Syst March 2013;46:334–41]. [7]Verle M. PIC Microcontrollers-Programming in C, mikroElektronika; 2009.Verle M. PIC Microcontrollers, mikroElektronika; 2008.Ibrahim. Microcontroller based applied digital control. John Wiley & Sons; 2006. [8]Lee S, Li Y, Kapila V. Development of a Matlab-Based Graphical User Interface Environment for PIC Microcontroller Projects. In: Proceedings of the 2004 ASEE, Education Annual Conference & Exposition; 2004. [9]IEEE Std. 421.5, IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies, IEEE Power Engineering Society; 2005. [10]Said S, Kahlout O, Ellithy K. First prize award received by Qatar University at IEEE PES Student Poster Contest at Transmission &Distribution Conference, Orlando, FL; May 2012, <http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/pes/sasc/awards.html>. [11]He Ping, Wen Fushuan, Ledwich Gerard, Xue Yusheng, Wang Kewen. Effects of various power system stabilizers on improving power system dynamic performance. Int J Electri Power Energy Syst (IJEPES) 2013;46:175–83. [12]Gurrala G, Sen I. Power system stabilizers design for interconnected power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2010;25(2). [13]Seyedali Mirjalili, 2015 ,Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm: A Novel Nature-inspired Heuristic Paradigm ,Elsevier ,page 228 to 249
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