This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of mainstreaming, or including students with disabilities in regular classrooms. It defines key terms like mainstreaming, inclusion, special education, and categories of disabilities. The main points covered are:
- Mainstreaming can benefit both students with disabilities and regular students by teaching acceptance and empathy. However, some students may not be able to keep up academically.
- It can be challenging for teachers who may not have training for working with students with disabilities. It also increases costs for schools.
- The document analyzes a case study of a student with Down syndrome named Peter who was successfully included in a regular classroom.
Special edcation concept,scope,objectives,principles pptSyed Tawseef
Special education refers to education designed for students who have disabilities or exceptional abilities that prevent them from benefiting from regular education programs. It provides specially designed instruction to meet their unique needs. Special education aims to help students with special needs adjust to their environment, understand their abilities, gain necessary skills for independent living, and utilize their talents to contribute to society. It seeks to do so through principles like meeting individual differences, zero rejection, free and appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, non-discriminatory evaluation, and parental participation.
The Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) program was initiated in 1974 to provide educational opportunities and support to children with disabilities. The program aimed to mainstream these children into society by developing their self-confidence. It provided financial assistance for books, uniforms, transportation, equipment, and teacher training. However, the program saw little success due to a lack of trained teachers, awareness of disability issues, equipment, and coordination between departments. The program was revised in 1992 to provide 100% assistance to schools integrating disabled students and fully fund NGOs implementing the program.
Scheme of integrated education for disabled childrenRamsheenaK
The Scheme of Integrated Education for Disabled Children was launched in 1974 by the Central Government to integrate disabled children into normal school systems. It was initially under the Department of Social Welfare but shifted to the Department of Education in 1982. The scheme covers children with locomotor disabilities, hearing and visual impairments, intellectual disabilities, and multiple disabilities. It provides allowances for books, uniforms, transport, readers, escorts, and equipment. Severely orthopedically handicapped children may be allowed an attendant. Boarding and lodging charges are also covered for eligible hostel residents.
The document discusses various strategies for adapting curriculum and instruction to meet the needs of students with disabilities or other special needs. It provides examples of curriculum adaptations including:
- Allowing partial participation, flexible timelines, and alternative assessments.
- Using multiple instructional techniques like small group or peer tutoring.
- Making curriculum accessible through accommodations to materials, tasks, support structures, and learning environments.
- Basing supports on individual student needs and activities rather than disability labels.
- Considering individual student goals and how to teach content with or without modification.
Inclusive education - Definition, concept and significance of Inclusive educa...Suresh Babu
Inclusive education - Definition, concept and significance of Inclusive education Significance of inclusive education for the education of all children in the context of right to education, Issues and problems in Inclusive education, Teacher preparation for Inclusive education – developing attitudes and competencies for inclusion.
Presentation on integration and inclusionHEMANT MAURYA
Integrated education involves exceptional children attending regular classes either part-time or full-time, with some specialized support. Inclusive education is broader, including all students regardless of physical, mental, economic, social, or other attributes. The key differences are that integrated education has its own criteria, is narrower in scope, and does not require formal planning or specialized infrastructure, staff, or curriculum. Inclusive education does not have set criteria, is broader, and formalizes planning with dedicated infrastructure, trained staff, and customized curriculum to cater to students' needs.
This document outlines 13 principles of inclusive education according to UNESCO. The principles are: education for all, togetherness, equality, participation, acceptance/zero rejection, individual differences, access, non-discrimination, change, positive attitude, need-based education, social security/relationships, and understanding. Inclusive education aims to increase participation and reduce exclusion of all students, especially those at risk of being marginalized, by responding to student diversity and providing accommodations so that all children can learn together.
Special edcation concept,scope,objectives,principles pptSyed Tawseef
Special education refers to education designed for students who have disabilities or exceptional abilities that prevent them from benefiting from regular education programs. It provides specially designed instruction to meet their unique needs. Special education aims to help students with special needs adjust to their environment, understand their abilities, gain necessary skills for independent living, and utilize their talents to contribute to society. It seeks to do so through principles like meeting individual differences, zero rejection, free and appropriate public education, least restrictive environment, non-discriminatory evaluation, and parental participation.
The Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) program was initiated in 1974 to provide educational opportunities and support to children with disabilities. The program aimed to mainstream these children into society by developing their self-confidence. It provided financial assistance for books, uniforms, transportation, equipment, and teacher training. However, the program saw little success due to a lack of trained teachers, awareness of disability issues, equipment, and coordination between departments. The program was revised in 1992 to provide 100% assistance to schools integrating disabled students and fully fund NGOs implementing the program.
Scheme of integrated education for disabled childrenRamsheenaK
The Scheme of Integrated Education for Disabled Children was launched in 1974 by the Central Government to integrate disabled children into normal school systems. It was initially under the Department of Social Welfare but shifted to the Department of Education in 1982. The scheme covers children with locomotor disabilities, hearing and visual impairments, intellectual disabilities, and multiple disabilities. It provides allowances for books, uniforms, transport, readers, escorts, and equipment. Severely orthopedically handicapped children may be allowed an attendant. Boarding and lodging charges are also covered for eligible hostel residents.
The document discusses various strategies for adapting curriculum and instruction to meet the needs of students with disabilities or other special needs. It provides examples of curriculum adaptations including:
- Allowing partial participation, flexible timelines, and alternative assessments.
- Using multiple instructional techniques like small group or peer tutoring.
- Making curriculum accessible through accommodations to materials, tasks, support structures, and learning environments.
- Basing supports on individual student needs and activities rather than disability labels.
- Considering individual student goals and how to teach content with or without modification.
Inclusive education - Definition, concept and significance of Inclusive educa...Suresh Babu
Inclusive education - Definition, concept and significance of Inclusive education Significance of inclusive education for the education of all children in the context of right to education, Issues and problems in Inclusive education, Teacher preparation for Inclusive education – developing attitudes and competencies for inclusion.
Presentation on integration and inclusionHEMANT MAURYA
Integrated education involves exceptional children attending regular classes either part-time or full-time, with some specialized support. Inclusive education is broader, including all students regardless of physical, mental, economic, social, or other attributes. The key differences are that integrated education has its own criteria, is narrower in scope, and does not require formal planning or specialized infrastructure, staff, or curriculum. Inclusive education does not have set criteria, is broader, and formalizes planning with dedicated infrastructure, trained staff, and customized curriculum to cater to students' needs.
This document outlines 13 principles of inclusive education according to UNESCO. The principles are: education for all, togetherness, equality, participation, acceptance/zero rejection, individual differences, access, non-discrimination, change, positive attitude, need-based education, social security/relationships, and understanding. Inclusive education aims to increase participation and reduce exclusion of all students, especially those at risk of being marginalized, by responding to student diversity and providing accommodations so that all children can learn together.
Characteristics of individuals with visual impairmentMero Sarade
1. Lowenfield identified three areas of cognitive development impacted by blindness or low vision: range and variety of experiences which must be gained through touch and hearing; ability to freely move in the environment which is restricted; and immediate interaction with and control over the environment which is limited without vision.
2. Visual impairments affect academic development, particularly in reading and writing.
3. Social behaviors are typically developed through observation, imitation, and feedback, which can be challenging without full vision. Behavior issues are not directly caused by visual impairment but it can have subtle influences.
The Programme of Action (POA) of 1992 aimed to implement the National Policy on Education (NPE) of 1986 in a revised manner. It envisioned conducting a common entrance exam on an all-India basis for admission to professional programs. Key features included promoting education for all through measures like equal access, adult literacy programs, vocational education, and emphasis on early childhood education, education for women and minorities. The policy strengthened primary, secondary and higher education as well as emerging areas like open universities and technical education.
The document discusses the meaning, nature, background and concepts of inclusive education in India. It provides details on key policies and initiatives over time that aimed to promote inclusive education, including the Persons with Disabilities Act of 1995. Barriers to inclusive education are explored, as well as factors that affect its implementation related to families, learners, peers, schools, teachers and the government. Approaches like community-based education, home-based education, and whole-school approaches are summarized as ways to enhance inclusive practices.
This document discusses continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE), including its aims, objectives, characteristics, and components. CCE aims to reduce student stress, make evaluation regular and comprehensive, and improve teaching and learning. It assesses students' scholastic development as well as co-scholastic areas like life skills, attitudes, interests, and physical health. CCE uses both formative and summative assessments periodically and continuously to evaluate students' cognitive, psychomotor, and affective development in a holistic manner. Progress reports are used to communicate student performance and guide future educational and career decisions.
The document discusses locomotor disabilities, which refer to restrictions in limb movement that cause problems moving from place to place. Locomotor disabilities can be caused by conditions like cerebral palsy, polio, amputation, spinal or head injuries, strokes, and other illnesses. They are characterized by poor motor control, coordination issues, awkward or limping gaits, pain with exercise, and frequent falling. Teachers should provide accommodations like accessible classrooms and notes, seating, scribes, and extra time on exams to support students with locomotor disabilities.
Guidance of children with special needs involves religious, preventive, and placement guidance services. Religious guidance promotes spiritual, moral, social, and physical development by teaching both modern education and religious practices. Preventive guidance aims to anticipate and avoid future problems by addressing issues like test anxiety. Placement services help assign students based on their personal adjustment through educational and vocational placement to ensure stable jobs. Follow-up and referral services provide specialized support for exceptional children with needs like speech defects.
This document discusses inclusive education, which promotes the full development of all learners regardless of their abilities or backgrounds. It outlines key principles of inclusive education like non-discrimination and equal opportunities for all students. The document also covers India's policies and initiatives to promote inclusive education from 1985 onwards. It discusses the needs, aims, challenges and strategies of implementing inclusive education effectively in schools. The roles of teachers in inclusive classrooms and reforms needed in curriculum, teaching methods, classroom design and addressing barriers are also described.
The document discusses special education in India, noting that while education was made compulsory up to age 14 by the constitution, significant efforts for disabled children only began in the 1970s. It now describes the major categories of special needs as physical, mental, and emotional handicaps. It provides details on the meaning and importance of special education, as well as methods and facilities for educating the blind, deaf, physically disabled, children with learning disorders, the emotionally disturbed, educable mentally retarded, and gifted children.
Difference Between Special Education, Integrated Education and Inclusive Education-
By- Dr. Manu Sharma
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Education, Dayalbagh Educational Institute((Deemed to be University) Dayalbagh Agra
A special education teacher works with students who need extra learning support outside the classroom. They modify lesson plans to meet students' abilities and needs. Special education teachers understand teaching methods for students with disabilities, communicate well, and are sensitive to students' special needs. They provide quality education for a wide range of disabilities and support families of students with disabilities. Special education teachers typically have a bachelor's degree in education with a minor in special education, and some obtain a master's degree. The average salary for an elementary special education teacher is $52,250.
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support inclusive classrooms. It outlines several ways that ICT can benefit students with disabilities and teachers, such as providing easy access to course materials, individualized learning, and alternative modes of communication. ICT allows for compensation uses like screen readers for the blind, as well as didactic uses to transform education approaches. The document also provides specific examples of how ICT can help students with visual impairments, cognitive impairments, and multiple learning difficulties. It concludes with suggestions to promote ICT use among people with disabilities, such as providing information in dual formats and encouraging open learning systems to offer ICT-oriented courses.
The concentric circles approach to organizing content involves introducing a subject matter over multiple years, with elementary knowledge provided in introductory years and more advanced knowledge added each subsequent year. A topic is broken into sub-topics that are allotted to different classes based on difficulty. This allows steady, gradual coverage of a topic from basic to full knowledge. It is considered a psychologically sound approach that maintains student interest through revision and presentation of small portions over time to create lasting impressions. Teachers must take care that topics are neither too long nor too short each year.
This document summarizes major historical changes that have impacted special education. It outlines key US laws including the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, amendments in 1986 extending rights to preschoolers, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, amendments to IDEA in 1997 and 2004, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. Each law expanded rights and protections for students with disabilities and their parents, increased access to accommodations and resources, and changed how special education is implemented.
Role of teacher in context of educationSoniya503112
1. Teachers play a vital role in education by imparting knowledge to students and shaping future generations.
2. In modern education, teachers take on many roles including being role models, guides, mentors, facilitators of learning, and social engineers who help build a stable society.
3. With technological advances, teachers also take on roles like online instructors and facilitators of distance education, while still being indispensable for inspiring students and developing their character.
This document discusses mainstream education for students with special needs, particularly those who are hearing impaired. It defines key terms like special education, mainstreaming, inclusion, and categories of hearing impairment. It also outlines common learning styles of hearing impaired students and the planning process for mainstreaming hearing impaired students, which involves assessment, teacher training, class placement, monitoring, and continuing support services. The overall goal is to modify practices and services to help special needs students develop to their maximum capabilities within mainstream education programs.
The document discusses research-based classroom management strategies for promoting an inclusive classroom community. It identifies strategies for creating a sense of community, facilitating friendships, using positive behavioral supports, and addressing the problems with exclusionary discipline policies. The purpose is to move away from punitive approaches and toward inclusive, community-building practices that support all students.
The document discusses the characteristics of gifted children across several domains. It notes that gifted individuals exhibit high functioning in cognitive, affective, physical and intuitive areas, and that characteristics vary between individuals. Key characteristics include precociousness in learning quickly and intensity in emotional and cognitive realms. Gifted children may display intensities in psychomotor, sensual, imagination, intellectual and emotional areas. The document provides detailed descriptions of characteristics in domains of general intellectual ability, specific academic fields, creativity, artistic abilities, leadership and affective traits.
This document summarizes a study that examines the level of self-determination in successful students with invisible disabilities in higher education compared to their non-disabled peers. The study aims to measure self-determination using a validated scale and interviews. Previous research suggests self-determination may be a key factor in the academic success of students with disabilities. However, more research is needed focusing specifically on students with invisible disabilities in higher education. The results could help institutions design support programs and allocate resources to develop self-determination in students.
The Stigma Must Be Broken For Disabled Students to Succeed.docxajakil1
An essay about the college experience with a disabillity. How we live with limited resources and schools are uneducated on this topic. It is intended to raise awareness to teachers and other college students.
Characteristics of individuals with visual impairmentMero Sarade
1. Lowenfield identified three areas of cognitive development impacted by blindness or low vision: range and variety of experiences which must be gained through touch and hearing; ability to freely move in the environment which is restricted; and immediate interaction with and control over the environment which is limited without vision.
2. Visual impairments affect academic development, particularly in reading and writing.
3. Social behaviors are typically developed through observation, imitation, and feedback, which can be challenging without full vision. Behavior issues are not directly caused by visual impairment but it can have subtle influences.
The Programme of Action (POA) of 1992 aimed to implement the National Policy on Education (NPE) of 1986 in a revised manner. It envisioned conducting a common entrance exam on an all-India basis for admission to professional programs. Key features included promoting education for all through measures like equal access, adult literacy programs, vocational education, and emphasis on early childhood education, education for women and minorities. The policy strengthened primary, secondary and higher education as well as emerging areas like open universities and technical education.
The document discusses the meaning, nature, background and concepts of inclusive education in India. It provides details on key policies and initiatives over time that aimed to promote inclusive education, including the Persons with Disabilities Act of 1995. Barriers to inclusive education are explored, as well as factors that affect its implementation related to families, learners, peers, schools, teachers and the government. Approaches like community-based education, home-based education, and whole-school approaches are summarized as ways to enhance inclusive practices.
This document discusses continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE), including its aims, objectives, characteristics, and components. CCE aims to reduce student stress, make evaluation regular and comprehensive, and improve teaching and learning. It assesses students' scholastic development as well as co-scholastic areas like life skills, attitudes, interests, and physical health. CCE uses both formative and summative assessments periodically and continuously to evaluate students' cognitive, psychomotor, and affective development in a holistic manner. Progress reports are used to communicate student performance and guide future educational and career decisions.
The document discusses locomotor disabilities, which refer to restrictions in limb movement that cause problems moving from place to place. Locomotor disabilities can be caused by conditions like cerebral palsy, polio, amputation, spinal or head injuries, strokes, and other illnesses. They are characterized by poor motor control, coordination issues, awkward or limping gaits, pain with exercise, and frequent falling. Teachers should provide accommodations like accessible classrooms and notes, seating, scribes, and extra time on exams to support students with locomotor disabilities.
Guidance of children with special needs involves religious, preventive, and placement guidance services. Religious guidance promotes spiritual, moral, social, and physical development by teaching both modern education and religious practices. Preventive guidance aims to anticipate and avoid future problems by addressing issues like test anxiety. Placement services help assign students based on their personal adjustment through educational and vocational placement to ensure stable jobs. Follow-up and referral services provide specialized support for exceptional children with needs like speech defects.
This document discusses inclusive education, which promotes the full development of all learners regardless of their abilities or backgrounds. It outlines key principles of inclusive education like non-discrimination and equal opportunities for all students. The document also covers India's policies and initiatives to promote inclusive education from 1985 onwards. It discusses the needs, aims, challenges and strategies of implementing inclusive education effectively in schools. The roles of teachers in inclusive classrooms and reforms needed in curriculum, teaching methods, classroom design and addressing barriers are also described.
The document discusses special education in India, noting that while education was made compulsory up to age 14 by the constitution, significant efforts for disabled children only began in the 1970s. It now describes the major categories of special needs as physical, mental, and emotional handicaps. It provides details on the meaning and importance of special education, as well as methods and facilities for educating the blind, deaf, physically disabled, children with learning disorders, the emotionally disturbed, educable mentally retarded, and gifted children.
Difference Between Special Education, Integrated Education and Inclusive Education-
By- Dr. Manu Sharma
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Education, Dayalbagh Educational Institute((Deemed to be University) Dayalbagh Agra
A special education teacher works with students who need extra learning support outside the classroom. They modify lesson plans to meet students' abilities and needs. Special education teachers understand teaching methods for students with disabilities, communicate well, and are sensitive to students' special needs. They provide quality education for a wide range of disabilities and support families of students with disabilities. Special education teachers typically have a bachelor's degree in education with a minor in special education, and some obtain a master's degree. The average salary for an elementary special education teacher is $52,250.
This document discusses the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to support inclusive classrooms. It outlines several ways that ICT can benefit students with disabilities and teachers, such as providing easy access to course materials, individualized learning, and alternative modes of communication. ICT allows for compensation uses like screen readers for the blind, as well as didactic uses to transform education approaches. The document also provides specific examples of how ICT can help students with visual impairments, cognitive impairments, and multiple learning difficulties. It concludes with suggestions to promote ICT use among people with disabilities, such as providing information in dual formats and encouraging open learning systems to offer ICT-oriented courses.
The concentric circles approach to organizing content involves introducing a subject matter over multiple years, with elementary knowledge provided in introductory years and more advanced knowledge added each subsequent year. A topic is broken into sub-topics that are allotted to different classes based on difficulty. This allows steady, gradual coverage of a topic from basic to full knowledge. It is considered a psychologically sound approach that maintains student interest through revision and presentation of small portions over time to create lasting impressions. Teachers must take care that topics are neither too long nor too short each year.
This document summarizes major historical changes that have impacted special education. It outlines key US laws including the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, amendments in 1986 extending rights to preschoolers, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990, No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, amendments to IDEA in 1997 and 2004, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004. Each law expanded rights and protections for students with disabilities and their parents, increased access to accommodations and resources, and changed how special education is implemented.
Role of teacher in context of educationSoniya503112
1. Teachers play a vital role in education by imparting knowledge to students and shaping future generations.
2. In modern education, teachers take on many roles including being role models, guides, mentors, facilitators of learning, and social engineers who help build a stable society.
3. With technological advances, teachers also take on roles like online instructors and facilitators of distance education, while still being indispensable for inspiring students and developing their character.
This document discusses mainstream education for students with special needs, particularly those who are hearing impaired. It defines key terms like special education, mainstreaming, inclusion, and categories of hearing impairment. It also outlines common learning styles of hearing impaired students and the planning process for mainstreaming hearing impaired students, which involves assessment, teacher training, class placement, monitoring, and continuing support services. The overall goal is to modify practices and services to help special needs students develop to their maximum capabilities within mainstream education programs.
The document discusses research-based classroom management strategies for promoting an inclusive classroom community. It identifies strategies for creating a sense of community, facilitating friendships, using positive behavioral supports, and addressing the problems with exclusionary discipline policies. The purpose is to move away from punitive approaches and toward inclusive, community-building practices that support all students.
The document discusses the characteristics of gifted children across several domains. It notes that gifted individuals exhibit high functioning in cognitive, affective, physical and intuitive areas, and that characteristics vary between individuals. Key characteristics include precociousness in learning quickly and intensity in emotional and cognitive realms. Gifted children may display intensities in psychomotor, sensual, imagination, intellectual and emotional areas. The document provides detailed descriptions of characteristics in domains of general intellectual ability, specific academic fields, creativity, artistic abilities, leadership and affective traits.
This document summarizes a study that examines the level of self-determination in successful students with invisible disabilities in higher education compared to their non-disabled peers. The study aims to measure self-determination using a validated scale and interviews. Previous research suggests self-determination may be a key factor in the academic success of students with disabilities. However, more research is needed focusing specifically on students with invisible disabilities in higher education. The results could help institutions design support programs and allocate resources to develop self-determination in students.
The Stigma Must Be Broken For Disabled Students to Succeed.docxajakil1
An essay about the college experience with a disabillity. How we live with limited resources and schools are uneducated on this topic. It is intended to raise awareness to teachers and other college students.
Universal Design for Postsecondary Students with DisabilitiesSarah Dutton
Postsecondary students with disabilities’ access to campus support services, trained faculty, and accommodations was examined in order to explore opportunities for applying universal design (UD) in postsecondary institutions. These students are not fully satisfied with the campus support services they receive and the accommodations available to them (Dowrick et al., 2005; Izzo et al., 2008; Reinschmiedt et al., 2013). Although specialized postsecondary programs for students with disabilities exist, these programs are not inclusive and limit students with disabilities’ access to a typical college experience in which they can interact with and learn from their peers (Papay & Bambara, 2012; Uditsky & Hughson, 2012). Training postsecondary campus support personnel and faculty in UD principles has the potential to alleviate some of the barriers to obtaining postsecondary education that students with disabilities face (Burgstahler & Moore, 2009; Dallas et al., 2014; Embry et al., 2005; Fang et al., 2006; Fleming, 2002; Hetzroni & Schrieber, 2004; Izzo et al., 2008; McGuire et al., 2006; Thomas & McKay, 2010).
Special Education Rights and Teacher Responsibilities.pptxJosephVanRiper
The document discusses several laws and policies related to special education learner rights in the United States. It outlines the key components of special education including specially designed instruction and related services. The main law discussed is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which established the right to free and appropriate public education. It also discusses the Every Student Succeeds Act and Assistive Technology Act. The responsibilities of educators are discussed including implementing evidence-based practices, conducting evaluations, and collaborating with others to develop individualized education plans.
informal and formal approaches for evaluation and identification of children...ANALUZFUENTEBELLA
This document discusses the process of assessing children with special needs from early childhood through preschool. It outlines six stages of the assessment process: 1) child find/case finding to locate children who may need services, 2) developmental screening to identify potential problems, 3) diagnosis for a more comprehensive evaluation, 4) individual planning of programs and interventions, 5) program monitoring, and 6) program evaluation. A diagram illustrates these six sequential stages, with descriptions of each stage focusing on identifying children's needs and determining eligibility for special education services to appropriately support their development.
Individuals With Disability Education Improvement Act EssayKimberly Jones
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) defines disabilities and ensures students with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education. It requires schools to provide special education and related services tailored to each student's needs through an Individualized Education Program. IDEA also mandates that students be educated in the least restrictive environment possible alongside their non-disabled peers to maximize their academic and social development.
The document discusses inclusion and inclusive practices in education. It defines inclusion as ensuring all children and young people, regardless of their background or situation, are able to fully participate in all aspects of school life. It identifies some key barriers to inclusion, such as physical barriers, lack of support and resources, and attitudes. The document emphasizes that inclusion is about providing equal opportunities and access, not treating all students the same. It also stresses the importance of including disabled students and removing barriers to their participation.
This document summarizes several major laws and concepts in special education, including the No Child Left Behind Act, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act. It discusses key ideas like inclusion, standards-based education, universal design for learning, differentiated instruction, response to intervention, and evidence-based practices. The major laws aim to provide students with disabilities access to free appropriate public education and ensure accountability for their learning progress.
This document discusses learning disabilities in college students. It defines learning disabilities and provides examples such as dyslexia, dyscalculia, and auditory processing disorder. It notes that 2.4 million college students, or 41% of students receiving special services, have specific learning disabilities. College disability resources can help students navigate college and succeed academically. While students with learning disabilities may need accommodations, they should be treated equally and aim to meet the same standards as other students. Support services can help with academics, career guidance, transportation, counseling and more. Faculty should be prepared to support learning disabled students in structured, positive learning environments.
A mini research investigating the challenges experienced by special needs students in a mainstream classroom, in Antigua and Barbuda, following the implementation of an initiative to prepare them for the Common Entrance Examinations (now called national Assessment)
Learning Disability vs. Learning Difference: How to Avoid Conflict in the Wor...Rob Crawford
This document discusses learning disabilities and differences in workplace and educational settings. It addresses the following key points:
1) There is a debate around using the term "learning disabilities" versus "learning differences", with some experts arguing the former is too broad.
2) For students, determining learning disabilities and qualifying for accommodations is becoming more difficult with changes to special education law.
3) Adults face even greater challenges getting workplace accommodations due to stringent documentation requirements to prove a disability substantially limits a major life activity.
4) Employers are generally unaware of learning disabilities and want dependable employees, so disclosing a learning disability risks negative consequences like lost opportunities. Functional approaches that acknowledge disabilities but focus on
The document summarizes key events and legislation in the history of special education in the United States. It discusses influential court cases like Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and PARC v. Pennsylvania in 1972 that paved the way for students with disabilities to receive public education. Major legislation like the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 guaranteed students with disabilities the right to free, appropriate public education. The document also discusses how societal views and the learning environment for students with disabilities have evolved over time.
1) An inclusive classroom is a general education classroom where students with and without disabilities learn together. It embraces diversity and recognizes that all students learn differently.
2) Inclusion focuses on the social aspects of education for students with disabilities by having them learn alongside their non-disabled peers. IDEA focuses on providing education in the least restrictive environment through IEPs and special services.
3) Arguments against full inclusion include concerns that not all students will receive an appropriate education and that teachers may not be able to meet all students' needs. Supporters argue inclusion benefits students socially and improves self-worth by allowing them to learn with peers.
This document provides an overview of key terms and legislative initiatives related to special education. It summarizes the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which requires free and appropriate public education for all students with disabilities. It also discusses key components of IDEAs such as individualized education programs (IEPs), least restrictive environments, procedural safeguards, and parental participation. Additionally, it reviews terms such as inclusion, differentiated instruction, universal design for learning, and evidence-based practices that are important for educating students with special needs.
This document provides an overview of key terms and legislative initiatives related to special education. It discusses laws such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which require schools to provide students with disabilities a free and appropriate public education. The document also summarizes components of IDEA such as individualized education programs (IEPs) and least restrictive environments, as well as terms like inclusion, differentiated instruction, and universal design for learning.
This document discusses inclusion, which is educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms with support services provided in the classroom rather than a separate setting. It outlines research showing both academic and social benefits of inclusion for students with and without disabilities, such as improved grades, social skills, and peer interactions. However, some research also suggests inclusion may negatively impact non-disabled peers' achievement. The document also notes legislation and court rulings supporting inclusion but recognizing the need for specialized services depending in a child's needs.
The document discusses the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and key concepts related to educating students with exceptionalities. IDEA is a federal law that ensures services for children with disabilities. It governs how early intervention, special education, and related services are provided for more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. The document also defines learning exceptionalities and provides examples. Inclusion, least restrictive environments, and assistive technology in relation to students with exceptionalities are also summarized.
The present descriptive study aimed to survey the Faculty of Education
students’ attitudes to handicapped individuals in Jordan, in a bid to explore
the need for programmes to change negative attitudes to this group. The
population of the study consisted of all the 123 students who registered in
the introduction to special education course in the summer course in the
academic year 2021-2021 or the first semester of the academic year 20212022
among bachelor’s degree majors of the Faculty of Education at the
Arab Open University/Jordan. The sample of the study consisted of 57
students, who were selected at random of the population. The tool applied
was that developed by Al-Qureiti for students’ attitudes to handicapped
individuals, which was adapted for Jordan’s environment by Darwish. It
consisted of 60 paragraphs of three sections on different aspects. On the
other hand, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T-test and one-way analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA) are adopted. It is found that there are statistically
significant differences at 0.05≥α attributed to taking the course. There are
similar statistically significant differences related to the gender factor, as
female are shown to have more positive attitudes than male.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) aims to provide students with disabilities equal access to education. It requires schools to develop Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) tailored to students' specific needs. IDEA identifies 13 disability categories that may qualify students for special education services and accommodations. While IDEA has increased educational opportunities for many students with disabilities, some argue it does not go far enough to ensure equal educational outcomes.
Similar to IRJET- Mainstreaming in Education Advantages and Disadvantages (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.