report about ionization

1. IONIZATION
SUB:ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIVERSITY OF ZAKHO
FACUALTY OF SCIENCE
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
Prepared by : Pairaw Abdulkhalq Aziz Class:A
Group:A
Supervisor: Dr.Nidhal

2. LIST OF CONTENT
• Introduction
• Ionization in liquid
• Ionization in gas
• Ionization energy
• The reference

3. INTRODUCTION
Ionization or ionisation, is the process by which an atom or a
molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or
losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other
chemical changes. Ionization can result from the loss of an
electron after collisions with subatomic particles, collisions with
other atoms, molecules and ions, or through the interaction with
electromagnetic radiation. Heterolytic bond cleavage and
heterolytic substitution reactions can result in the formation of
ion pairs. Ionization can occur through radioactive decay by the
internal conversion process, in which an excited nucleus transfers
its energy to one of the inner-shell electrons causing it to be
ejected.

4. IONIZATION IN LIQUID
• ionization often occurs in a liquid solution. For example,
neutral molecules of hydrogen chloride gas, HCl, react with
similarly polar water molecules, H2O, to produce positive
hydronium ions, H3O+, and negative chloride ions, Cl-; at
the surface of a piece of metallic zinc in contact with an
acidic solution, zinc atoms, Zn, lose electrons to hydrogen
ions and become colourless zinc ions, Zn2+

5. IONIZATION IN GAS
Ionization by collision occurs in gases at low pressures when
an electric current is passed through them. If the electrons
constituting the current have sufficient energy (the ionization
energy is different for each substance), they force other
electrons out of the neutral gas molecules, producing ion
pairs that individually consist of the resultant positive ion and
detached negative electron. Negative ions are also formed as
some of the electrons attach themselves to neutral gas
molecules. Gases may also be ionized by intermolecular
collisions at high temperatures.

6. IONIZATION ENERGY
• The ionization energy increases going from the left to the right of the
periodic table because elements toward the right of the table have
smaller radii; the higher number of protons in the nucleus exert a
greater force on the orbiting electrons, pulling them closer to the
nucleus. Ionization energies increase from the bottom of the periodic
table to the top because smaller atoms hold onto their electrons
more tightly than bigger atoms. The reasoning behind this concept is
that in bigger atoms, electrons orbit farther away from the nucleus;
therefore, the protons in the nucleus exert less of an attractive force
on the electrons. According to these general rules, helium is the
element with the highest ionization energy.

7. THE REFERENCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization
• https://www.britannica.com/science/ionization