The document describes the anatomy of the lower limb. It discusses the major muscles and structures in the anterior compartment of the thigh, including the quadriceps femoris muscle which is the largest in the human body and acts to extend the knee. It also describes the ligamentum patellae, sartorius muscle, psoas major, iliacus, pectineus, adductor longus, and tensor fascia lata.
The fascial compartments of thigh are the three fascial compartments that divide and contain the thigh muscles. The fascia lata is the strong and deep fascia of the thigh that surrounds the thigh muscles and forms the outer limits of the compartments. Internally the muscle compartments are divided by the lateral and medial intermuscular septa.
The fascial compartments of thigh are the three fascial compartments that divide and contain the thigh muscles. The fascia lata is the strong and deep fascia of the thigh that surrounds the thigh muscles and forms the outer limits of the compartments. Internally the muscle compartments are divided by the lateral and medial intermuscular septa.
Thigh - Anterior Compartment Anatomy contains many muscles and important Triangle the Femoral triangle. This slide gives you a diagramatic representation of the Ant.Compt and also Apllied anatomy facilitating Integrated Teaching.
In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur.
Above power point wil give detailed explanation aboutthe cubital fossa.knowledge of this cubital fossa is clinically very important for all clinicians.
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Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
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R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
4. Parts of lower limb
* Gluteal region
* Between iliac crest
superiorly and gluteal fold
inferiorly
* Thigh
* Between hip and knee
* Leg
* Between knee and ankle
* Foot
5.
6. Inguinal ligament
• Otherwise
– Paupart’s lig.
– Folded part of lower border of
Ext. obliqus abdominis
• Attachment
– Laterally
• ASIS
– Medially
• Pubic tubercle
7.
8. Superficial fascia
• Near inguinal region
• Has 2 layers
– Superficial fatty
– Deep membranous
• Deep layer attaches to the
deep fascia
– From pubic tubercle
– For 8 cm laterally
– Corresponds to crease line of
hip joint
– Known as Holden’s line
Contains :
Cutaneous nerves
Superficial arteries
Termination of Great
saphenous vein
Superficial inguinal lymph
nodes
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. Great saphenous vein
• Pierces the Saphenous
opening and joins femoral
• 4 cm below and lateral to
pubic tubercle
• Gets 3 tributaries before
piercing saphenous opening
– Superficial epigastric
– Superficial external pudendal
– Superficial circumflex iliac
16. Superficial lymph nodes
• Arranged into 2 groups
– Horizontal group
• Just distal to the inguinal ligament
– Vertical group
• Along terminal great saphenous v.
17. Fascia lata
• Superiorly
– Ant. Sup. Iliac spine
– Inguinal lig.
– Pubic tubercle
• Inferiorly
– Front and sides of knee
20. Iliotibial tract
• Thickened lateral part of fascia lata
• Attachment
– Superiorly
• Iliac crest
– Inferiorly
• Ant. sur of lateral condyle of tibia
• Gives insertion to
– Tensor fascia lata
– Gluteus maximus
22. Saphenous opening (fossa ovalis)
• Gap in the fascia lata
– covered by loose
connective tissue called
– cribriform fascia
• Cribriform fascia is
pierced by
– Great Saphenous vein
– Superficial branches of
the femoral artery
– Lymphatics
23. Structures passing through saphenous
opening
• Great saphenous vein
• Superficial epigastric
art.
• Superficial external
pudendal art.
• Lymph vessels
connecting
– Superficial nodes with
deep nodes
24. Intermuscular septa
• Fascia lata
– Connected to the linea
aspera by
• Medial intermuscular
septum
• Lateral intermuscular
septum
• Posterior intermuscular
septum
25. Contents of Anterior Compartment of thigh
• Muscles
– Quadriceps femoris
– Articularis genu
– Sartorius
– Tensor fasciae lata
• Nerve
– Femoral
• Artery
– Femoral
Collectively, the quadriceps muscle is the
largest in the human body.
Its purpose is to extend the knee.
28. Vastus lateralis
• O :
– upper end of intertrochanteric line
– Ant & low border of greater trochanter
– Lat margin of gluteal tuberosity
– Lat lip of linea aspera
• I :
– Lat. border of patella (through lig pat to
lat condyle of tibia)
• N S. : Femoral (Post. Div)
• Action : Extension of knee
vastus lateralis muscle is to extend the lower
leg and allow the body to rise up from a
squatting position
29. Vastus medialis
• O :
– Inter trochanteric line
– Spiral line
– Medial lip of linea aspera
– Medial supra condylar line
• I : medial border of patella
• N S. : Femoral (Post. Div)
• Action : Extension of knee
30. Vastus intermedius
• O : Ant & lat surface of shaft
• I : upper border of patella
• N S. : Femoral (Post. Div)
• Action : Extension of knee
31. • Vastus lateralis
-O –Greater trochanter and lateral
lip of linea aspera of femur
• Vastus medialis
-O – Intertrochanteric line and
medial lip of linea aspera of
femur
• Vastus intermedius
-O – Anterior and lateral surfaces
of body of femur
*Same for all 3
-I – base of patella
A – Extension of Knee
32. Ligamentum patellae
• Distal portion of the strong
quadriceps femoris tendon
• From lower end of patella to
tuberosity of tibia
• Pull of the quadriceps femoris
is transmitted to tibia
33. Articularis genu
• O:
– Ant sur lower part of
femur
• I:
– Upper part of synovial
membrane of knee joint
• A:
– Pulls synovial membrane
during knee extension
34. Sartorius
• O : Ant sup iliac spine
• I : Medial surface in
upper end of Tibia
• N S. : Femoral nerve
(Ant. Div)
• Action :
– Flexion of leg (knee)
– Flexion of thigh (hip)
– Abduction
– Lateral rotation
Upper part forms lateral boundary for femoral triangle
Middle third forms roof of the adductor canal
35.
36. Psoas major
• O – Ant. surface of
transverse processes of
Lumbar vertebrae
• I – lesser trochanter of
femur
• N S – ventral rami of L
1,2 & 3
• Action – flexion of thigh
37. Iliacus
• O : Iliac fossa, Inner
lip of Iliac crest,
Sacrum (lat part)
• I : lesser trochanter
of femur
• N S. : Femoral nerve
• Action : Flexion of
thigh
39. Pectineus
O - Superior ramus of
pubis
-I - Pectineal line of femur
-A – adducts and flexes
thigh
N: Femoral, obturator
40. • Adductor Longus
– O - Med portion of the
superior pubic ramus
– I - linea aspera of femur
– A - adducts, flexes, and
medially rotates the
femur
– Innervation: Obturator
nerve
41. Tensor fascia lata
• O : Ant part of outer lip of
iliac crest
• I : Into upper end of iliotibial
tract
• N S. : Sup gluteal nerve
• Actions :
– Maintain erect posture
– Extension of leg
– Medial rotation