Above power point wil give detailed explanation aboutthe cubital fossa.knowledge of this cubital fossa is clinically very important for all clinicians.
The sciatic nerves branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Sciatica refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve
Nerve roots: L4-S3.
Motor functions:
Innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh (biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus) and the hamstring portion of the adductor magnus (remaining portion of which is supplied by the obturator nerve).
Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) all the muscles of the leg and foot.
Sensory functions: No direct sensory functions. Indirectly innervates (via its terminal branches) the skin of the lateral leg, heel, and both the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot.
This presentation will give orientation to the basic anatomy of liver. The segmental anatomy of liver will give strong and basic anatomy knowledge to surgeons.
posterior abdominal wall is very important structure in abdomen.in this presentation we have to see detailed about posterior abdominal wall muscles .lumbar plexus and nerve supply of posterior abdominal wall .including autonomic sympathetic chain.
posterior abdominal wall is most important chapter in undergraduate curriculum.After read the above presentation you have to able describe about posterior abdominal wall structures like Muscles ,Bony part and Ligamental part. Then nervous innervation of Lumbarplexus and Autonomic nervous system of posterior abdominal wall including sympathetic chain
this presentation give detailed information about posterior compartment of arm.After read this presentation you have describe about muscles of posterior compartment of arm and blood supply and nervous innervation , action of posterior compartment.Also clinical importance of posterior compartment
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Introduction
• Overlies the back & side, of the lateral half of
the pelvis
• Extends (Boundaries)from the
– iliac crest - superiorly
– gluteal fold - inferiorly
– up to mid-dorsal line & natal cleft – medially
– an imaginary line joining the ASIS to the anterior
edge of the greater trochanter - laterally
4. Case scenario
• A 68 year old male presented with gait
disturbance due to weakness of his left leg &
foot as well as severe aching pain/electrical
shooting pain along his left posterolateral
thigh, leg and foot following intramuscular
injection in Gluteal region for post operative
pain.
5. • What is your diagnosis?
• Which nerve is injured?
• Which is the safe site for IM injection?
• Enumerate the other causes of sciatic nerve
injury.
6. Fascia
• Superficial fascia
– is thick and contains abundant subcutaneous
fat(more so in females)
– forms an efficient cushion for supporting the body
weight in the sitting posture
• Deep fascia
– is attached above to the iliac crest and behind to
the sacrum
7. Deep fascia
• Splits twice along the
iliac crest, 1st to enclose
tensor fasciae latae and
2nd to enclose gluteus
maximus, muscles
• Gluteal aponeurosis
– Between tensor fasciae
latae & gluteus maximus,
the deep fascia is thick
which covers the gluteus
medius
9. Contd…
• Sacrotuberous Ligament
– broad band of fibrous tissue extending from sides
of the sacrum and coccyx to the medial side of the
ischial tuberosity
• Sacrospinous Ligament
– triangular sheet of fibrous tissue which extends
from ischial spine to side of the sacrum and
coccyx
10. Contd…
• Sacrotuberous and
Sacrospinous ligaments
convert the greater
sciatic notch and lesser
sciatic notch into
greater sciatic foramen
and lesser sciatic
foramen, respectively
11. Contd…
• Greater sciatic foramen
is a gateway for
structures leaving the
pelvis and entering the
gluteal region
• Lesser sciatic foramen
is a gateway for
structures entering the
perineum
12. MUSCLES OF THE GLUTEAL REGION
• Major muscles
– (a) Gluteus maximus
– (b) Gluteus medius
– (c) Gluteus minimus
– (d) Tensor fasciae latae
• Minor muscles
– (a) Piriformis
– (b) Superior and inferior
gemelli
– (c) Obturator internus
– (d) Quadratus femoris
– (e) Obturator externus
13. Gluteus maximus
• Origin
– Gluteal surface of the
ilium behind posterior
gluteal line
– Outer slope of the dorsal
segment of ilium
– Dorsal surfaces of the
sacrum and ilium
– Side of coccyx
– Sacrotuberous ligament
14. Contd…
• Insertion
– 3/4th of the muscle into
the iliotibial tract
– 1/4th of the muscle into
the gluteal tuberosity
• Nerve supply – Inferior
gluteal nerve
• Actions - Chief extensor
of the hip joint, Assists
in getting up from
sitting position
16. Contd…
• Muscles
• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus minimus
• Reflected head of the rectus femoris
• Piriformis
• Obturator internus with two gemelli
• Quadratus femoris
• Obturator externus
• Origin of the four hamstrings from the ischial tuberosity
• Insertion of the upper or pubic fibres of the adductor
magnus
17. Contd…
• Vessels
• Superior gluteal vessels
• Inferior gluteal vessels
• Internal pudendal vessels
• Ascending branch of the medial circumflex
femoral artery
• Trochanteric anastomoses
• Cruciate anastomoses
• The first perforating artery
18. Contd…
• Nerves
• Superior gluteal (L4, 5, S1) as shown in Fig.
5.6
• Inferior gluteal (L5, S1, 2)
• Sciatic (L4, 5, S1, 2, 3)
• Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh (S1, 2, 3)
• Nerve to the quadratus femoris (L4, 5, S1)
• Pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4).
• Nerve to the obturator internus (L5, S1, 2)
• Perforating cutaneous nerves (S2, 3)
19. Contd…
• Bones and Joints
• Ilium
• Ischium with ischial tuberosity
• Upper end of femur with the greater
trochanter
• Sacrum and coccyx
• Hip joint
• Sacroiliac joint
20. Contd…
• Ligaments
• Sacrotuberous
• Sacrospinous
• Ischiofemoral
• Bursae
• Trochanteric bursa of gluteus maximus
• Bursa over the ischial tuberosity
• Bursa between the gluteus maximus and
vastus
• lateralis
24. SUPERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE
Root value: L4, L5 & S1
emerges through
Greater Sciatic foramen
above piriformis muscle
runs between gluteus
medius & minimus with
superior gluteal artery
supplies: Gluteus
medius & minimus,
Tensor facsiae latae &
Hip joint
25. INFERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE
Root value: L5, S1 & S2
emerges through
Greater Sciatic
foramen below
piriformis muscle
runs along with
inferior gluteal artery
supplies: Gluteus
maximus
26. SCIATIC NERVE
Root value: L4, L5, S1-S3
emerges through Greater
Sciatic foramen below
piriformis muscle
largest branch of
Lumbosacral plexus &
Thickest nerve in the
body
*NO BRANCHES ARE GIVEN
IN THE GLUTEAL REGION
Branches:Terminates as
TIBIAL NERVE & COMMON
PERONEAL NERVE
27. POSTERIOR FEMORAL CUTANEOUS
NERVE
Root value: S1, S2 & S3
emerges through
Greater Sciatic
foramen below
piriformis muscle
supplies:
Post. 2/3rd of Scrotum
(or) Labium majus
Posteroinferior
quadrant of Gluteal
region
28. NERVE TO OBTURATOR INTERNUS
Root value: L5, S1 & S2
emerges through
Greater Sciatic
foramen below
piriformis muscle
supplies: Gemellus
superior & Obturator
internus
30. PUDENDAL NERVE
Root value: S2, S3, & S4
emerges through Greater
Sciatic foramen below
piriformis muscle
Passes into lesser sciatic
foramen
no branch in gluteal
region
Branches: inferior rectal
nerves,perineal nerve,
dorsal nerve of the penis
31. SUPERIOR GLUTEAL ARTERY
largest branch of the
(posterior division)
Internal Iliac Artery
emerges through Greater
Sciatic foramen above
piriformis muscle
Branches: Superficial
Branch supplies Gluteus
maximus ,Deep branch
supplies Gluteus medius
& minimus and joins the
Trochanteric anatomosis
32. INFERIOR GLUTEAL ARTERY
from anterior division
of Internal Iliac Artery
emerges through
Greater Sciatic
foramen below
piriformis muscle
Branches: Muscular,
Cutaneous, Articular,
Cruciate anastomotic,
Coccygeal branches &
artery to Sciatic nerve
33. INTERNAL PUDENDAL ARTERY
Branch from anterior
division of Internal Iliac
Artery
emerges through Greater
Sciatic foramen below
piriformis muscle
No branch given in
gluteal region
It crosses the Ischial
spine & leaves the
Gluteal region and
Passes into Lesser Sciatic
foramen
35. Arterial anastomoses in the
Gluteal region
• Ensures blood circulation in case of occlusion
of an artery
Cruciate anastomosis
Trochantric anastomosis
Spinous anastomosis
36. Cruciate anastomosis
• Arterial anastomosis
present in lower gluteal
region/upper part of
the back of femur @
the level of middle of
lesser trochanter
• Arteries taking part are:
38. Spinous anastomosis
• Located at anterior superior iliac spine
• Arteries taking part are:
– Superficial & deep branch of external iliac artery
– Branches of sup. Gluteal artery
– Iliac branch of iliolumbar artery
– Ascending branch of lateral circumflex femoral
artery
44. Trendelenburg’s sign
• Purpose is to identify the weakness of hip
abductors
• In normal condition, the glutei of the
supported side raise the opposite
unsupported side of pelvis
• If the unsupported side of pelvis drops,
Trendelenburg's sign is positive
48. Pearls
• Powerful antigravity muscle ?
• Key muscle in Gluteal region ?
• Thickest nerve in the body ?
• Sciatic and pudendal nerve do not supply any
structure in the gluteal region – True/False
• What is Gower’s sign ?
• Safe site for IM Injection in gluteal region ?
