The document provides an overview of derivatives presented by group "The Trio" comprising of Neelam, Fatima, and Benish. It discusses the history and development of derivatives markets dating back to medieval times. It describes the key players in derivatives markets as hedgers, speculators, and arbitrageurs. Hedgers use derivatives to reduce risk, while speculators aim to profit from price movements. Arbitrageurs exploit temporary price differences across markets. The document also covers various types of derivatives including forwards, futures, and options contracts. It provides details on how these contracts work, their risk-return characteristics, and the current status of derivatives markets in Pakistan.

2. GROUP NAME:
THE TRIO
GROUP MEMBERS:
NEELAM
FATIMA
BENISH

3. INTRODUCTION TO
DERIVATIVES
Derivatives are the financial instruments which
derive their value from the value of the underlying
asset.

4. HISTORY:
 Derivatives markets can be traced back to middle ages. They
were developed to meet the needs of farmers and merchants.
First future exchange was established in Japan in 16th century.
The Chicago Board of Trade was established in 1848.The
international Monetary market was established in 1972 for
future trading in foreign currencies

5. Players in the derivatives market?
 Hedgers
 Speculators
 Arbitrageurs

6. HEDGER
 A hedger is someone who faces risk associated with
price movement of an asset and who uses derivatives
as means of reducing risk.

7.  Definitions
 long
position:
or owned
an
asset
which
is
purchased
 short position: an asset which must be delivered to a third party as a
future date, or an asset which is borrowed and sold, but must be
replaced in the future
 Hedging risk involves engaging in a financial transaction that
offsets a long position by taking an additional short position,
or offsets a short position by taking an additional long
position.

8. SPECULATOR
 Speculators use derivatives to bet on the future
direction of the markets. Their objective is to
gain when the prices move as per their
expectation.
 3 types based on duration
i. SCALPERS – hold for very short time (in
minutes)
ii. DAY TRADERS- one trading day
iii.POSITION TRADERS- long period (week,
month, a year).

9. ARBITRAGERS
 Arbitrageurs try to make risk-less profit by
simultaneously entering in to transactions in two or
more market.
 Arbitrageurs assist in proper price discovery and
correct price abnormalities.

10. NEXT PRESENTER
FATIMA

11. TYPES OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVE
Forward
Futures
Options

12. FORWARD CONTRACT
A forward is an agreement between two counterparties - a
buyer and seller. The buyer agrees to buy an underlying asset
from the other party (the seller). The delivery of the asset
occurs at a later time, but the price is determined at the time of
purchase.

13. FUTURES CONTRACT
A futures contract is an agreement that requires a
party to the agreement either to buy or sell something
at a designated future date at a predetermined price.
Futures contracts are categorized as either
commodity futures
or
financial
futures.
Commodity futures involve traditional agricultural
commodities (such as grain and livestock), imported
foodstuffs (such as coffee, cocoa, and sugar), and
industrial commodities.

14. WHO DO YOU USE FUTURES
CONTRACTS MARKETS?
Hedgers
Speculators

15. MECHANICS OF FUTURES TRADING
A futures contract is a firm legal agreement between a
buyer and an established exchange or its
clearinghouse in which the buyer agrees to take
delivery of something at a specified price at the end
of a designated period of time.
The price at which the parties agree to transact in the
future is called the futures price.
The designated date at which the parties must transact
is called the settlement date.

16. LIQUIDATING A POSITION
Most financial futures contracts have settlement dates
in the months of March, June, September, or
December.
The contract with the closest settlement date is called
the nearby futures contract.
The contract farthest away in time from the
settlement is called the most distant futures contract.

17. Choices of liquidation
A party to a futures contract has two choices on
liquidation of the position.
First, the position can be liquidated prior to the
settlement date.
The alternative is to wait until the settlement date.

18. DAILY PRICE LIMITS
The exchange has the right to impose a limit on the
daily price movement of a futures contract from the
previous session's closing price.

19. RISK AND RETURN CHARACTERISTICS OF
FUTURES CONTRACTS
Long futures: An investor whose opening position is the
purchase of a futures contract
Short futures: An investor whose opening position is the
sale of a futures contract.
The long will realize a profit if the futures price increases.
The short will realize a profit if the futures price decreases

20. NEXT PRESENTER
BENISH

21. OPTIONS
Option is basically an instrument that is traded at the derivative
segment in stock market. Option is a contract between the buyer
and seller to buy or sell a one or more lot of underlying asset at a
fixed price on or before the expiry date of the contract.

22. TYPES OF OPTIONS
There are mainly two types of option contact
that you can buy or sell at the stock market.
 Call Option
 Put Option

23. CALL OPTION
“ A call gives the holder the right to buy an asset at a certain
price within a specific period of time or certain date of time.”
 Certain price
 Certain date

24. PUT OPTION
“A put gives the holder the right to sell an asset at a certain
price within a specific period of time”.

25. OPTION PREMIUM
The premium is the price at which the contract trades. The
premium is the price of the option and is paid by the buyer to the
writer, or seller, of the option.
Option
premium
=
intrinsic
value
+
time
value

26. INTRINSIC VALUE
The intrinsic value of an option is the difference between the
actual price of the underlying security and the strike price of
the option.
Call option=underlying asset-strike price
Put option=strike price-underlying asset

27. TIME VALUE
It is determined by the remaining lifespan of the option, the
volatility and the cost of refinancing the underlying asset
(interest rates).
Time value = option price - intrinsic value

28. OPTIONS CONTRACTS
PRELIMINARIES
CALLS VERSUS PUTS
 Call options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to
buy a given quantity of some asset at some time in the future, at
prices agreed upon today. When exercising a call option, you “call
in” the asset.
 Put options gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell
a given quantity of an asset at some time in the future, at prices
agreed upon today. When exercising a put, you “put” the asset to
someone

29. STRIKE PRICE TERMINOLOGY
The type of option and the relationship between the spot price of
the underlying asset and the strike price of the option determine
whether an option is in-the-money, at-the-money or out-of-themoney.
Call option
Put option
In- the Money
Spot.>strike
Spot<strike
At-the-Money
Spot=strike
Spot=strike
Out-of the-Money
Sport<strike
Sport>strike

30. TRADING & PARTICIPANTS OF OPTIONS
Trading of option
Options are traded both on exchanges and in the over-the-counter
market.
Participant of options
There are four types of participants in options markets.
 Buyers of calls
 Seller of calls
 Buyer of puts
 Seller of puts

31. DERIVATIVES MARKET IN PAKISTAN

32. Derivatives Market in Pakistan
Commodity futures contracts have recently been
introduced from the platform of National Commodity
Exchange Limited Karachi. Currently they only trade
in Gold futures and plan to expand the contracts on
agricultural commodities and interest rates.
SBP took initiative in 2004 by granting Authorized
Derivative Dealers (ADD) license to five commercial
banks.

33. Need & Scope of Derivatives in Pakistan
Volatile financial markets due to:
1. Political Uncertainty
2. Monetary Policy
3. Fiscal Policy
4. Foreign Investment
5. War On Terror

34. THANK YOU ALL OF YOU