Introduction to biology of sharks and ray
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This document summarizes the biology of sharks and rays. It discusses their internal organs like the liver, which is rich in oil and provides buoyancy for sharks. It also covers their reproductive modes, which can include oviparity where eggs are laid and hatch outside the body, viviparity where live young are born, and ovoviviparity where eggs hatch inside the uterus. The document examines shark and ray reproductive organs like claspers and cloaca, as well as mating behaviors. Examples of different shark and ray species are provided for each type of reproductive mode and internal anatomy.
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The document summarizes the characteristics of different classes of fish. It discusses three main classes of fish: [1] Bony fish, which make up 95% of all fish and have skeletons made of bone; [2] Cartilaginous fish like sharks that have skeletons made of cartilage; and [3] Jawless fish like lampreys that do not have true jaws. The majority of fish fall under the class of bony fish.
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Bony fish powerpoint
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Fish locomotion Notes
There are several forms of fish locomotion. The most common is carangiform locomotion, where fish sweep their caudal fin from side to side to move forward. Angulliform locomotion is used by fish with eel-like bodies, who send waves along their body length to push against water and propel themselves. Some stiff-bodied fish use ostraciform locomotion, wiggling their fins slowly. A few fish use labriform locomotion, paddling with pectoral fins. Ballistiform locomotion involves sending waves along fins like the anal fin, allowing knifefish to swim backward by reversing wave direction.
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animal classification
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Fish swim using undulations of their body and fins. They have a network of muscles that contract and relax to create waves that travel down the body and propel the fish forward. Fins provide control, thrust, lift, and drag. Forces acting on the fish include thrust from parts of the body pushing against water and lift and drag forces. Fish also generate lift using their swim bladder by inflating or deflating it with oxygen to control buoyancy. Forces resisting the fish's movement include frictional, pressure, and form drag.
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There are several forms of fish locomotion. The most common is carangiform locomotion, where fish sweep their caudal fin from side to side to move forward. Angulliform locomotion is used by fish with eel-like bodies, who send waves along their body length to push against water and propel themselves. Some stiff-bodied fish use ostraciform locomotion, wiggling their fins slowly. A few fish use labriform locomotion, paddling with pectoral fins. Ballistiform locomotion involves sending waves along fins like the anal fin, allowing knifefish to swim backward by reversing wave direction.
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This document discusses bony fish, including their:
- Classification in the phylum Chordata and class Actinopterygii, with over 25,000 species.
- Key characteristics like presence of swim bladders, bones, bony scales, and fin rays.
- Two major subgroups based on tail type, skeleton composition, and scale features.
- Diverse body shapes adapted for different habitats like streams, coral reefs, or burrowing.
- Respiration via gills, circulation with a four-chambered heart, and buoyancy regulated by a swim bladder.
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This document provides an overview of fish classification and types. It discusses the three main classes of fish: Agnatha (jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays), and Osteichthyes (bony fish including over 20,000 species such as salmon and tuna). Key details are provided on characteristics like respiration, circulation, adaptations, and reproduction for the different fish classes. Examples of specific fish species are also mentioned like coelacanth, cichlids, pufferfish, and fugu.
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Tiga kalimat ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
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This document discusses bony fish, including their:
- Classification in the phylum Chordata and class Actinopterygii, with over 25,000 species.
- Key characteristics like presence of swim bladders, bones, bony scales, and fin rays.
- Two major subgroups based on tail type, skeleton composition, and scale features.
- Diverse body shapes adapted for different habitats like streams, coral reefs, or burrowing.
- Respiration via gills, circulation with a four-chambered heart, and buoyancy regulated by a swim bladder.
- Varied coloration serving functions like camouflage, communication, and pred
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This document provides an overview of fish classification and types. It discusses the three main classes of fish: Agnatha (jawless fish such as lampreys and hagfish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays), and Osteichthyes (bony fish including over 20,000 species such as salmon and tuna). Key details are provided on characteristics like respiration, circulation, adaptations, and reproduction for the different fish classes. Examples of specific fish species are also mentioned like coelacanth, cichlids, pufferfish, and fugu.
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Fishes have gills that extract oxygen from water. Water passes over the gills as fish swim, allowing oxygen to diffuse into blood vessels and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. There are three main classes of fish: jawless fish like lampreys and hagfish that lack jaws; cartilaginous fish like sharks that have skeletons made of cartilage; and bony fish, which is the largest class and have skeletons made of bone. Bony fish use a swim bladder to control their buoyancy and have scales and fins adapted for swimming.
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Cetaceans are aquatic mammals that include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. There are two sub-orders: baleen whales, which filter feed and have baleen plates rather than teeth, and toothed whales. Cetaceans are found in all oceans worldwide. They are carnivorous, warm-blooded mammals that give live birth and nurse their young. Major threats include becoming entangled in fishing gear, ship strikes, pollution, and habitat degradation. Conservation efforts aim to protect cetaceans whose populations are at risk.
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Fish are the gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups.
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The document discusses the platypus, a semi-aquatic egg-laying mammal found primarily in eastern Australia. It lives in the states of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. While it has a backbone making it a vertebrate, it lays eggs making it oviparous. Its diet consists mainly of shrimp, crayfish, larvae and worms. Some interesting facts are that it swims with its front feet and steers with its back feet, and can only stay underwater for 30 to 140 seconds.
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Sharks are cartilaginous fish that have a skeleton made of cartilage. They belong to the class Chondrichthyes and have 5 fins - dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal - that help with stabilization, lifting, steering, and forward momentum. Sharks have specialized anatomy like dermal denticles that reduce turbulence in water, multiple rows of replaceable teeth, electroreceptors and a strong sense of smell that help them survive as predators.
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Scales are an important part of the exoskeleton of most fish species. There are several different types of scales that evolved over time, including placoid, cycloid, ctenoid, cosmoid, and ganoid scales. Placoid scales are found in sharks and resemble teeth, while cycloid and ctenoid scales are thin and circular or spiny and found in bony fish. Scales provide protection and can be used to determine age and growth rates in fish, as well as provide information about extinct fish species and the diets of predatory animals.
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Amphibians
Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrates that live both on land and in water. They are divided into three subgroups: frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and wormlike caecilians. Amphibians have thin, moist skin and most lay eggs in water, where larvae called tadpoles develop before transforming into adult forms with lungs on land. Their lifecycle involves metamorphosis from egg to tadpole to four-legged adult.
Am starfish project
Starfish, also known as sea stars, are marine invertebrates that live in oceans around the world. They have between 5-44 arms that radiate from their central disc in a symmetrical pattern and come in a variety of colors. Starfish move slowly by crawling and climbing rather than swimming. They feed on mollusks like oysters and mussels by wrapping their arms around the shell and pulling until it opens. Despite their name, starfish are not fish - they have no brain, blood or internal skeleton.
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Whales are found in all the world's major oceans and come in many different types. The largest is the blue whale, which can grow over 100 feet long and weigh over 200 tons. Whales have various adaptations - blue whales have enormous hearts and circulatory systems, humpback whales breach and slap their flippers at the surface, and sperm whales dive to extreme ocean depths to hunt giant squid. There are over 70 species of whales that fall into families such as baleen whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
System digestive in reptiles
The gastrointestinal tract of reptiles begins at the mouth. While turtles and tortoises have beaks, snakes and lizards have teeth. Reptiles swallow food either whole or in large chunks after shaking or tearing. Snakes specially evolved glands that lubricate food and sometimes inject venom to immobilize prey before swallowing. The esophagus can store large prey until it passes to the stomach, which contains acid to break down food and kill live prey. Herbivorous reptiles have a large cecum and slower digestion to fully extract nutrients from plant material through hindgut fermentation.
4. determining age, growth and sex of fish and wildlife
This document discusses methods for determining age, growth, and sex in fish and wildlife. It describes how structures like scales, otoliths, and teeth can be used to estimate age by examining annual growth rings. Growth can be estimated by measuring structures at each age, tracking recaptured individuals over time, or back-calculating based on ring distances. Sex can be identified externally through morphology or coloration differences, or internally by examining gonads. This information is useful for understanding population dynamics, growth patterns, and managing harvest.
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This document provides information about aquatic mammals and their distribution. It discusses four main groups of aquatic mammals: cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (seals, sea lions and walruses), sirenians (manatees and dugongs), and polar bears and sea otters. It describes characteristics of aquatic mammals and provides examples of different species found in various marine environments around the world. The document also discusses the habitats and behaviors that allow aquatic mammals to survive in water.
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4. determining age, growth and sex of fish and wildlife
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17. Class Chondrichthyes Notes
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Introduction to biology of sharks and ray
- 2. Liver Internal organs of Mustelus lenticulatus Spiral intestine
- 4. Liver (deep water shark: rich with oil)
- 6. Reproductive modes of shark 1. Oviparous: Producing eggs that hatch after being ejected from the body of female parent 2. Viviparous Producing live young from within the body of the parent female Ovoviviporous :Producing eggs that hatch inside the uterus then give birth to the young (whale shark) 1. Shark Bony fish Internal fertilization
- 9. Scar on female body (love bite before mating)
- 10. Mating bite
- 11. Mating scar
- 12. Internal fertilization clasper cloaca Clasper (modified portions of the pelvic fins in male sharks, rays and chimaeras used for transferring sperm to the female Cloaca (a common opening for digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts in many fishes)
- 17. Viviparity (Live-bearing sharks) Pregnant female of Centrophorus
- 20. Bull shark
- 27. Whale shark; 350 pups
- 43. Oviparous
- 44. Egg cases of oviparous shark Photo credit : Dr. Keiichi Sato Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Japan Swellshark Zebra shark bambooshark
- 48. The egg case generally has tendrils and sticky filaments that aide in attaching the egg to some sort of substrate where the eggs incubate.
- 56. Smoothnose wedgefish. Mode of Reproduction (Rays) Viviparous: Producing live young from within the body of the parent female
- 58. Neotygon kuhlii
- 62. • Liver: Sharks have large livers that are particularly rich in oil. It is thought that this oil provides the animals with buoyancy, and helps to prevent them from sinking when they are stationary. Sharks which do not have air bladders are heavier than water. • Air bladder. Many bony fishes have air bladder in their body cavity. By adjusting the amount of gas it contains they are able to make their bodies weightless in the water. Other Information:
- 64. Heart (very small compare with TL)
- 67. • Intestines: Sharks have short, compact intestines which take the basic form of a spiral staircase arrange within a cylinder. This spiral valve-as it is known-varies in form from species to species • Bony fishes intestines vary in length according to the type of food that is eaten. Meat eaters generally have short intestines, and plant eaters long ones, sometimes elaborately folded
- 68. Spiral valve: Alopias supersiliosus