This document summarizes the key characteristics of 5 organisms: tilapia, milkfish, clam, crab, and snail. It describes how each organism obtains food, reproduces, its body plan, and stages of development. Tilapia and milkfish feed on plankton and aquatic plants/invertebrates. Clams and snails are filter feeders. Crabs are omnivorous. Reproduction involves external or internal fertilization and larval stages for most. The body plans include shells, claws, tails and other distinguishing structures. Development proceeds through embryonic, larval and juvenile stages to sexual maturity.
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
It is mainly a college presentation based on 'parental care in amphibia'. In this ppt, I discussed about parental care, basic facts of amphibia, the types and benefits of parental care taken by amphibia
It is mainly a college presentation based on 'parental care in amphibia'. In this ppt, I discussed about parental care, basic facts of amphibia, the types and benefits of parental care taken by amphibia
Assalam Alikum! here is the presentationn of PHYLUM PORIFERA. prepared to benefit you guys. material in slides is authentic 100%. Once you read the slides you will say ''OMG its soooooooo awesom dude!!''
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fish ecology and feed chain in aquatic enviromentwaleedelhawarry2
describe the aquatic ecosystem and different natural food and feeding habits of fish species, thus helping to quite clearly understand the requirements for successful fish farming
Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. Rotifers can be found in many freshwater environments and in moist soil, where they inhabit the thin films of water that are formed around soil particles.
Welcome to the fascinating world of reproduction in animals! In this chapter, we delve into the essential processes that ensure the continuation of life. Reproduction, the biological phenomenon that gives rise to new generations, comes in various forms. From the simple and efficient asexual reproduction to the complex and diverse realm of sexual reproduction, animals have evolved unique strategies to perpetuate their species.
As we journey through this chapter, we'll explore the mechanisms of asexual reproduction, where a single parent can give rise to offspring with identical genetic traits. On the other hand, sexual reproduction involves the intricate dance between male and female gametes, contributing to the creation of offspring with a blend of characteristics from both parents.
Get ready to unravel the mysteries of the male and female reproductive systems, understand the significance of gametes, and explore the miraculous process of fertilization. Join us as we venture into the captivating world of reproduction in animals, where life's intricate tapestry is woven through the delicate threads of birth, growth, and continuity.
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.
Animal morphoanatomy
1. Organism: TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)
How this animal obtains food?
Tilapia obtains ingest a wide variety of natural food organisms, including
plankton, some aquatic macrophytes, planktonic and benthic aquatic
invertebrates , larval fish, detritus , and decomposing organic matter . With
heavy supplemental feeding , natural food organisms typically account for 30
to 50 percnt of tilapia growth can be traced to ingestion of natural food
organisms. Tilapia are often considered filter feeders because they can
efficiently harvest plankton from the water.
How it reproduced?
In all Oreochromis species the male excavates a nest in the pond bottom
(generally in water swallower than 3 feet ) and mates with several females. After
a short mating rituals the females spawn on the nest (about 2 or 4 eggs per gram
of brood female ) the male fertilizes the eggs in her mouth (bucal cavity) until
they hatch . Fry remains in the females mouth trough yolk sac absorption and
often seek refuge in her mouth for several days after they begin to feed.
Body plan
It is laterally compressed, and it has a deep body with long dorsal fins, the front
part that of which have spines. Native coloration is dull greenish or yellowish,
and there may be weak bonding. Adult reach approximately 35 centimetres (14
in) in length up to 1.3 kg (2.5 lb) size and coloration may vary in captive and
naturalized populations due to environmental and breeding pressures.It lives up
to 11 years.
Stages of development
The first stage of embryo development is the stage of cleavage, which is when
a zygote undergoes meiotic cell divisions and in embryonic stem cells called
blastomeres. The period of blastula is the second stage of embryonic
development, presenting the blasts, whose blastomeres are formed by more than
64 cells and in the present study occurred after fertilization 6 hours.
ORGANISM: Bangus or Milkfish (Chanos chanos)
2. How this animal obtain food?
Milkfish take food mainly on the substrate. They ingest the surface layer of the
substrate together with the associated micro and meio-fauna (Blaber 1980) the
kind of food ingested vary by habitat and by fish size. Juvenilles from natural
habitats commonly take in bluegreen algae, diatoms, detritus, filamentous green
algae copepods and nematodes. The food items in milkfish grown in culture
ponds are similar to those of natural nursery grounds. Pond reared milkfish feed
mainly on either lablab (a complex mat of bluegreen algae, diatoms and
associated invertebrates) or lumut (mainly filamentous green algae). Milkfish
grow better in lablab than on lumot.
How it reproduce?
Milk fish breed near shore in clean , clear, saline, warm, and shallow waters
over sand or coral reefs. These spawning locations are closed as 6 km off shore
but are no more than 30 km off shore. Milkfish may spawn more than once a
year and spawning usually takes place during the night. Spawning is highly
seasonal and may be influenced by the lunar cycle.
Body plan
Elongated, moderate compressed; head pointed; eye large; mouth small, opens
at front, without teeth; 1 dorsal fin, at midbody; pelvics under dorsal fin; anal
fin small, well behind dorsal; large forked tail fin; scales small, smooth; lateral
line present, straight, entire length of body.
Stages of development
Adult occur in small to large schools near the coasts or around islands where
reefs are well developed. Eggs and larvae are pelagic up to 2-3 weeks. Older
larvae migrate onshore and settle in coastal wetlands (mangroves, estuaries)
during the juvenile stage, or occasionally enter freshwater lakes. Juveniles and
subadults return to sea where they mature sexually. Spawns only in fully saline
water. Larvae eat zooplankton ; juveniles and adult eat cyanobacteria.
ORGANISM: Clam (Venerupis philippinarum)
3. How this animal obtains food?
They lack head but most can react to changes in light and some, such as scallops,
have rudimentary eyes. Through a common food item, many are too small to be
useful as food, and not all species are considered palatable. All clams have two
calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinged structure with a flexible
ligament, and all are filter feeder.
How it reproduce
Eggs and sperm are release into the water seasonally, generally in mid-summer
when water is warm and planktonic food is abundant. After fertilization of an
egg, cellular division produces larvae and eventually tiny clams that settle to the
bottom. In a few species, the final stages is completed within the mantle cavity
of the parent.
Body plan
A clam`s shells consist of two (usually equal)valves, which are connected by a
hinge joint and a ligament that can be external or internal. The ligament provides
tension to bring the valves apart, while one or two adductor muscles can contract
to close the valves. Clams also have kidney, a heart, a mouth, a stomach, a
nervous system and an anus. Many have a siphon.
Stage of development
Certain kinds of clams, in early stages of life possesses a gland that produces a
threadlike material (byssus) that serves the anchor them to grains of sand or
rocks. Other types of clam lacks a byssal gland and use the foot to burrow into
the seabed as the clam grows, its wedge –shaped foot, which expanded and
contracts as it moves, becomes more important as a burrowing tool.
ORGANISM: Crabs (Liocarcinus vernalis)
4. How this organism obtains food?
Crabs are omnivores, feeing primarily on algae, and taking any other food,
including molluscs, worms, other crustaceans, fungi, bacteria and detritus,
depending on their availability and the crab species . for many crabs a mixed
diet of plant and animal matter result in the fastest growth and greatest fitness.
However some species are more specialized in their diets. Some eat plankton,
some eat primarily shellfish like clams, and some even catch fish.
How it reproduce?
Crabs attract a mate through chemical (pheromones), visual, acoustic, or
vibratory means. Pheromones are used by most fully aquatic crabs, while
terrestrial and semiterrestial crabs often used visual signals, such as fiddler crab
males waving their large claws to attract females. The vast number of
brachyuran crabs have internal fertilization and mate belly-to-belly. For many
aquatic species, mating takes place just after the female has moulted and is still
soft. Female can store the sperm for a long time before using it to fertilize their
eggs. When fertilization has taken place, the are release onto the female`s
abdomen, below the tail flap, secured with a sticky material . in this location,
they are protected during embryonic development. Females carrying eggs are
called “beried” since the eggs resembles round berries.
Body plan
Typically have a very short projecting tail (abdomen) , usually entirely hidden
under the thorax. Crabs are generally covered with a thick exoskeleton,
composed primarily of calcium carbonate, and armed with a single pair of
chelae (claws).
Stages of development
When development is complete, the male releases the newly hatched larvae into
the water, where they are part of the plankton. The release is often timed with
the tides. The free swimming tiny zoea larvae can float and take advantage of
water currents . They have a spines , which probably reduces the rate of
predation by larger animals. The zoea if most species must find food , but some
crabs provide enough yolk in the egg that the larval stages can continue to live
off the yolk. Each species has a particular number of zoeal stages, separated by
moults, before they change into a megalopa stage, which resembles an adult
crab, except for having the abdomen (tail) sticking out behind.
ORGANISM: Snail (Neptunea angulata)
How this organism obtain its food?
5. Snails tend to feed on a variety of items found in their natural habitat. What they
will actually consume depend on where they live and the species of snail that
they are. Some common items for their diet include plants, fruits, vegetables,
and algae plants that are decaying are often a good meal for them. Seeking for
calcium to get a thicker shell, snails usually will eat the dirt. Most snail species
are hervibors, which means they have only a plant diet, but some species are
carnivors or omnivors. You will like find snails around your garden as this
offers them plenty of fresh plants and leaves to eat. If you use herbicides or
pesbicides on your plants you many be causing the death of many snails without
even realizing it.
How it reproduce?
Snails will be able to reproduce differently than almost any other type of
creature. This begins with the build that all snails have. Snails are considered to
be a hermaphrodites. This means that every snails will have both male and
female reproductive organs. Most terrestrial gastropods are hermaphrodites.
The only snails that have not adapted this attribute are some freshwater and
marine species, specifically including apple snails and periwinkle. These two
types of snails still have separate male and female individuals.
Body plan
Head, foot, visceral mass, mantle,
Head foot- continuous muscular mass with sensory and feeding structures
associated with head and foot and locomotion. Visceral mass contains organs of
digestion, reproduction, circulation, excretion. Mantle covers visceral mass and
secretes shell, mantle cavity contains ducts for reproduction and excretion. Head
possess paired tentacles that may have terminal eyes.
Stage of development
Visceral mass asymmetrical because of torsion (twisting) during development
120o twist result in loss of right gill and positioning of anus to the right of the
head. Coiling of shell due to one side of snail growing faster than other not due
to torsion.