Phylum Chordata- Sub Phylum Vertebrata- Class Chondrichthyes By: Al-John Ahmad
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The document discusses the evolution and characteristics of cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes). It notes that this class includes sharks, rays, and chimeras, and that they have persisted largely unchanged for hundreds of millions of years, thriving as marine predators. An example of an extinct genus discussed is Cladoselache, a shark-like predator from the Devonian period. The largest predatory shark known, the now-extinct Megalodon, reached approximately 16 meters long.
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The document describes several groups of ancient jawed and jawless fishes:
- Ostracoderms were the oldest known craniates, dating back to the Ordovician and lacking jaws and paired fins.
- Acanthodians were early jawed fishes with cartilaginous skeletons and bony scales or spines.
- Placoderms were the first armored fishes with true jaws, some reaching large sizes. They are divided into orders including Arthrodira with jointed armor, Antiarchi with enclosed pectoral fins, and Petalichthyida typified by splayed fins.
Crossopterygians
Crossopterygians were lobe-finned fish that lived during the Devonian period and are believed to have evolved into the first land vertebrates through their fin structure resembling tetrapod limbs. They had pectoral and pelvic fins with joint structures like tetrapod legs which evolved into the legs of early amphibians, and their skull structure also shows similarities to Devonian amphibians like Ichthyostega.
17. Class Chondrichthyes Notes
Class Chondrichthyes includes cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, and skates. They have skeletons made of cartilage and possess movable jaws and teeth. Their skin is rough and sandpaper-like, made of scales with the same composition as teeth. Sharks have been largely unchanged for over 100 million years. The largest predatory fish ever was the ancient megalodon shark, which was twice the size of a great white shark.
Agnathan Fish Notes
The document discusses early fish evolution, including jawless fish like hagfish and lampreys. It describes key characteristics of hagfish, including that they have no backbone but are still considered vertebrates. It then discusses different classes of jawless fish like lampreys and ostracoderms, which were early armored fish. Placoderms followed as the first jawed fish.
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This document provides information on the general characteristics of fishes. It discusses:
1) Fishes are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that first evolved in the Silurian period and increased in number during the Devonian period.
2) They have a streamlined body with scales or plates, paired and unpaired fins, breathe through gills, and vary greatly in size.
3) Fishes are classified into three classes - Placodermi, Elasmobranchii, and Osteichthyes - based on their skeleton composition and other features.
Class chondrichthyes zoorepowt(1)
The document discusses the class Chondrichthyes, which includes cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, rays, and skates. Key characteristics include a cartilaginous skeleton, placoid scales, ventral mouth and nostrils, jaws, paired appendages, and male claspers. The class contains two subclasses: Elasmobranchii containing sharks and rays/skates, and Holocephali containing chimaeras. Elasmobranchii have a four-chambered heart and seasonal reproduction cycles, while Holocephali have smaller mouths bounded by three lips and tooth plates instead of scales.
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Back bone present)
Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Class Myxini (Hagfish)
Class Cphalospidomorphi (Lamprey)
Supraclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Ctenophora
Comb jellies, or ctenophores, are zooplankton with radial symmetry and up to 4 inches long. They move using rows of cilia combs and have transparent, globe or egg-shaped bodies over 95% water with an open center. They are voracious predators that use sticky tentacles to capture zooplankton, consuming up to 10 times their weight daily. Ctenophores reproduce externally as hermaphrodites, with planktonic larvae developing from external fertilization.
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The document describes several groups of ancient jawed and jawless fishes:
- Ostracoderms were the oldest known craniates, dating back to the Ordovician and lacking jaws and paired fins.
- Acanthodians were early jawed fishes with cartilaginous skeletons and bony scales or spines.
- Placoderms were the first armored fishes with true jaws, some reaching large sizes. They are divided into orders including Arthrodira with jointed armor, Antiarchi with enclosed pectoral fins, and Petalichthyida typified by splayed fins.
Crossopterygians
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17. Class Chondrichthyes Notes
Class Chondrichthyes includes cartilaginous fish such as sharks, rays, and skates. They have skeletons made of cartilage and possess movable jaws and teeth. Their skin is rough and sandpaper-like, made of scales with the same composition as teeth. Sharks have been largely unchanged for over 100 million years. The largest predatory fish ever was the ancient megalodon shark, which was twice the size of a great white shark.
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The document discusses early fish evolution, including jawless fish like hagfish and lampreys. It describes key characteristics of hagfish, including that they have no backbone but are still considered vertebrates. It then discusses different classes of jawless fish like lampreys and ostracoderms, which were early armored fish. Placoderms followed as the first jawed fish.
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This document provides information on the general characteristics of fishes. It discusses:
1) Fishes are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that first evolved in the Silurian period and increased in number during the Devonian period.
2) They have a streamlined body with scales or plates, paired and unpaired fins, breathe through gills, and vary greatly in size.
3) Fishes are classified into three classes - Placodermi, Elasmobranchii, and Osteichthyes - based on their skeleton composition and other features.
Class chondrichthyes zoorepowt(1)
The document discusses the class Chondrichthyes, which includes cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, rays, and skates. Key characteristics include a cartilaginous skeleton, placoid scales, ventral mouth and nostrils, jaws, paired appendages, and male claspers. The class contains two subclasses: Elasmobranchii containing sharks and rays/skates, and Holocephali containing chimaeras. Elasmobranchii have a four-chambered heart and seasonal reproduction cycles, while Holocephali have smaller mouths bounded by three lips and tooth plates instead of scales.
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Back bone present)
Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Class Myxini (Hagfish)
Class Cphalospidomorphi (Lamprey)
Supraclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Ctenophora
Comb jellies, or ctenophores, are zooplankton with radial symmetry and up to 4 inches long. They move using rows of cilia combs and have transparent, globe or egg-shaped bodies over 95% water with an open center. They are voracious predators that use sticky tentacles to capture zooplankton, consuming up to 10 times their weight daily. Ctenophores reproduce externally as hermaphrodites, with planktonic larvae developing from external fertilization.
Protochordates
Protochordates have two subphyla: urochordates and cephalochordates. Urochordates include sea squirts and related invertebrate groups, while cephalochordates are represented by amphioxus. Amphioxus is considered the most basal chordate and shares several anatomical similarities with the larval stage of lampreys, including a dorsal nerve cord, brain, myomeres, and filter feeding behavior, though amphioxus lacks a heart and organized kidney.
Sharks skates and rays
Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks, skates, and rays. They are characterized by having cartilage rather than bone for their skeletons. This provides flexibility but less density than bone. They have jaws, paired fins, and placoid scales. Sharks have a streamlined body and most must continuously swim to breathe and pump water over their gills. Skates and rays have flattened bodies adapted for bottom living while rays like manta rays have enlarged pectoral fins and reduced other fins.
Outline of classification of protochordates
Protochordate is an informal category of animals. This group is composed of the Phylum Hemichordata and the Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
The Origin of Vertebrates
This document summarizes the evolution of vertebrates from their earliest ancestors to modern forms. It describes the key traits that unite each major group, from non-vertebrate chordates like tunicates and lancelets, to the earliest jawless fish like hagfish and lampreys, to jawed fish groups like sharks and bony fish. It outlines the major transitions from marine to freshwater habitats and the evolutionary innovations in skeletal and sensory systems that occurred in the main vertebrate lineages over 500 million years.
Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
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It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
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Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
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Three biologists - Ernst Haeckel in 1894, Robert Whittaker in 1959, and Carl Woese in 1977 - independently classified living organisms into taxonomic groups called kingdoms. Whittaker classified life into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Pisces is one of the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom. Pisces refers to fish, which are aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits and have a tough scaly skin and gills. Modern fish classes include cartilaginous fish like sharks and bony fish.
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Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
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The document describes key characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It includes information on their anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Some key points are:
- Molluscs are soft-bodied or shelled animals including snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopuses.
- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
- Life cycles typically involve a trochophore larva, veliger larva and indirect development to adulthood.
Poisonous glands of fishes
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Protochordates have two subphyla: urochordates and cephalochordates. Urochordates include sea squirts and related invertebrate groups, while cephalochordates are represented by amphioxus. Amphioxus is considered the most basal chordate and shares several anatomical similarities with the larval stage of lampreys, including a dorsal nerve cord, brain, myomeres, and filter feeding behavior, though amphioxus lacks a heart and organized kidney.
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Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks, skates, and rays. They are characterized by having cartilage rather than bone for their skeletons. This provides flexibility but less density than bone. They have jaws, paired fins, and placoid scales. Sharks have a streamlined body and most must continuously swim to breathe and pump water over their gills. Skates and rays have flattened bodies adapted for bottom living while rays like manta rays have enlarged pectoral fins and reduced other fins.
Outline of classification of protochordates
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The Origin of Vertebrates
This document summarizes the evolution of vertebrates from their earliest ancestors to modern forms. It describes the key traits that unite each major group, from non-vertebrate chordates like tunicates and lancelets, to the earliest jawless fish like hagfish and lampreys, to jawed fish groups like sharks and bony fish. It outlines the major transitions from marine to freshwater habitats and the evolutionary innovations in skeletal and sensory systems that occurred in the main vertebrate lineages over 500 million years.
Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Mollusca
Second-largest phylum in number of species- over 100,000 described.
Ecologically widespread- marine, freshwater, terrestrial (gastropods very successful on land)
Variety of body plans (therefore, many classes within the phylum)
Variety in body size- from ~1 mm to ~18 m (60 feet). 80% are under 5 cm, but many are large and therefore significant as food for man.
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Crustaceans are a large phylum of arthropods including crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods and krill. They mostly live in water and have a body divided into two parts - a fused head and thorax called the cephalothorax, and an abdomen. They have many specialized jointed appendages including walking legs, swimming legs, and feeding appendages. Crustaceans have a variety of feeding methods from predation to filter feeding. They reproduce sexually with external fertilization and females carry eggs until hatching.
Larval forms and their significance in arthropoda
This presentation is all about the larval forms being found in phylum arthropoda. It starts with the introduction of phylum arthropoda and then detailed information about the larval forms and their significance. i have included total 9 larval forms in this presentation.
Cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous fishes first appeared in the fossil record 420 million years ago during the Devonian Period. They are characterized by having a cartilaginous skeleton with no bone, movable jaws with teeth, and lateral fins. There are nearly 1000 living species including sharks, rays, and skates. The largest species ever was Megalodon, an ancient shark that was over 50 meters long. Cartilaginous fishes have specialized systems like ampullae of Lorenzini that allow them to detect electric fields. They reproduce through internal fertilization.
Pisces
Three biologists - Ernst Haeckel in 1894, Robert Whittaker in 1959, and Carl Woese in 1977 - independently classified living organisms into taxonomic groups called kingdoms. Whittaker classified life into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Pisces is one of the characteristics of the Animalia kingdom. Pisces refers to fish, which are aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits and have a tough scaly skin and gills. Modern fish classes include cartilaginous fish like sharks and bony fish.
HAGFISH AND ITS ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Hagfishes are a primitive class of jawless fish called Myxini. They are classified as vertebrates despite lacking a backbone or paired appendages. Hagfishes have a cartilaginous shell that is considered the beginnings of a skull. They are primarily scavengers that consume dead fish and marine worms near the ocean floor. The slime produced by hagfishes when threatened has potential commercial uses, such as in protective clothing and armor, automobile parts, and disposable diapers due to its strength and flexibility. The skins of some hagfish species are used to produce leather goods.
Bony fish
Osteichthyes are bony fish that have skeletons made of bone, scales, gills, and lungs or a swim bladder. They are the largest class of vertebrates and include ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish. Osteichthyes have an exoskeleton and move through the water using rhythmic contractions of muscle bands. They have various organ systems for digestion, respiration, circulation, senses, reproduction, and regulating their internal environment.
Classification of reptilia
This document provides a classification of reptiles based on their anatomical features. It discusses the five subclasses of reptiles: Anapsida, Euryapsida, Parapsida, Synapsida, and Diapsida. Within Diapsida are two superorders - Lepidosauria containing lizards and snakes, and Archosauria containing crocodilians. Key characteristics are described for each order, including turtles within Anapsida, lizards and snakes within Lepidosauria, and crocodilians. Temporal bone structure is an important distinguishing feature between subclasses.
Class Osteichthyes
This document provides a detailed overview of the classification and characteristics of bony fishes. It discusses the key subclasses of bony fishes including Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes) and Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes). Actinopterygii contains the vast majority of fish species and is further divided into several superorders and orders. The document also describes the anatomy, physiology and behaviors of bony fishes, highlighting their diverse distribution in aquatic habitats worldwide.
Origin and evolution of reptiles
The document summarizes the evolution and history of reptiles. It states that reptiles arose from amphibians around 350 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The earliest reptiles were small insect-eating lizards. Reptiles then diversified and became the dominant land vertebrates by the Permian period. During the Mesozoic era, various reptile groups flourished, especially dinosaurs which appeared in a wide variety of forms. However, most dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, likely due to an asteroid impact that caused climate change. Despite this mass extinction, modern reptile orders like turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles survived
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
Phylum mollusca
The document describes key characteristics of the phylum Mollusca. It includes information on their anatomy, physiology and taxonomy. Some key points are:
- Molluscs are soft-bodied or shelled animals including snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopuses.
- They have a mantle, visceral mass, and in most cases a shell secreted by the mantle.
- Major classes include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods, chitons and others.
- Life cycles typically involve a trochophore larva, veliger larva and indirect development to adulthood.
Poisonous glands of fishes
Poisonous glands are specialized glands found in some fish and amphibians that secrete a venomous or poisonous mucus. These glands occur in the skin of cartilaginous fish or are associated with spines and fins of bony fish. The glands use a holocrine secretion method to release their toxic venom, which functions as a protective device and kills bacteria on bottom-dwelling fish. Some poisonous fish include porcupinefish, boxfish, and goatfish, while venomous fish like stingrays, catfish, stonefish, and butterfly cod have venom glands associated with their spines that can inflict painful wounds.
Aquatic adaptations of mammals
Aquatic mammals have undergone several anatomical adaptations for living in aquatic ecosystems. They include streamlined bodies, fins or flippers for propulsion, insulating blubber, and circulatory systems that optimize oxygen retention and delivery. Sensory adaptations allow them to navigate, hunt, and communicate underwater using echolocation. Over time, mammals independently colonized aquatic habitats through evolutionary changes like the development of tail flukes, dorsal fins, baleen plates, and other structures suited for an aquatic lifestyle.
larval forms of crustaceans
The document summarizes the various larval forms found in different orders of crustaceans. It describes the nauplius, metanauplius, cypris, protozoaea, zoaea, alima, megalopa, mysis and phyllosoma larvae. Each larval form has distinct morphological features adapted for different habitats and feeding mechanisms. The larval stages are significant in studying the evolution and relationships between crustacean groups.
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Klas Chondrichthyes (ikan tulang rawan) terdiri dari 2 subklas, Elasmobranchii dan Holocephali. Elasmobranchii meliputi ikan hiu dan ikan pari dengan ciri-ciri seperti rangka tulang rawan dan sisik berbentuk plak. Holocephali hanya memiliki satu ordo, Chimaeriformes, dengan ciri insang tertutup operkulum dan sirip berduri. Beberapa contoh spesiesnya adalah Hydrolagus colliei, Hexanch
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Habitat PISCES Di hampir semua “genangan” air yang berukuran besar baik air tawar, air payau dan air asin
Pisces
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Ppt Vertebrata
Media ini membahas vertebrata dengan menggunakan gambar interaktif dan video. Media ini dibuat untuk tugas akhir semester untuk mata kuliah media dan teknologi pembelajaran biologi. Media ini membahas tentang pengenalan vertebrata, karakteristik kelas-kelasnya seperti ikan, amfibi, reptil, burung, dan mamalia beserta peranannya. Di akhir media terdapat evaluasi berupa teka-teki silang dan pilihan ganda.
Common Problems of Tortoises SDT&TS
Common health problems in tortoises include upper respiratory infections from mycoplasma bacteria, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism from calcium deficiency, intestinal impactions from ingesting gravel, cystic bladder calculi from inappropriate diets, retained follicles in females, and herpesvirus infections. Diagnosis involves physical exam, radiographs, endoscopy, cultures, and biopsies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, calcium and vitamin supplementation, fluid therapy, endoscopic procedures, and surgery.
Subphylum cephalochordata
Amphioxus adalah hewan chordata primitif berbentuk lanset yang hidup di dasar laut. Memiliki sistem organ sederhana seperti sistem pencernaan, peredaran darah, saraf dan reproduksi. Sistem peredaran darahnya tertutup tanpa jantung, darah dipompa oleh kontraksi pembuluh darah.
Introduction to biology of sharks and ray
This document summarizes the biology of sharks and rays. It discusses their internal organs like the liver, which is rich in oil and provides buoyancy for sharks. It also covers their reproductive modes, which can include oviparity where eggs are laid and hatch outside the body, viviparity where live young are born, and ovoviviparity where eggs hatch inside the uterus. The document examines shark and ray reproductive organs like claspers and cloaca, as well as mating behaviors. Examples of different shark and ray species are provided for each type of reproductive mode and internal anatomy.
Bioekologi ikan bolo bolo (atherinomorus lacunosus) di area mangrove kepulaua...
Tiga kalimat ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
Dokumen tersebut membahas bioekologi ikan Bolo-bolo (Atherinomorus lacunosus) di Kepulauan Karimunjawa, termasuk hubungan panjang berat, faktor kondisi, tingkat kematangan gonad, fekunditas, dan nisbah kelamin ikan tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan di ekosistem mangrove di bagian barat kepulauan tersebut.
Biologi Perikanan - Penentuan Umur Ikan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian umur ikan dan fase pertumbuhan ikan. Secara umum, umur ikan ditentukan berdasarkan lamanya ikan hidup sejak menetas hingga dewasa, dan terdapat berbagai metode untuk menentukan umur ikan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.
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Modul ini membahas daur hidup hewan yang mengalami metamorfosis, termasuk hewan yang mengalami metamorfosis sempurna dan tidak sempurna. Metamorfosis sempurna melibatkan empat tahap, sedangkan tidak sempurna melibatkan tiga tahap. Modul ini menjelaskan ciri-ciri dan contoh hewan untuk masing-masing jenis metamorfosis.
Aves 2
Sistem peredaran darah pada burung terdiri atas jantung dan pembuluh darah. Jantung terdiri atas empat ruang yang memisahkan darah beroksigen dan berkarbondioksida, mencegah campurannya. Peredaran darah burung merupakan peredaran darah ganda yang terdiri atas peredaran darah kecil dan besar.
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Similar to Phylum Chordata- Sub Phylum Vertebrata- Class Chondrichthyes By: Al-John Ahmad
The great white shark++
The Great White Shark has existed for over 11 million years and evolved from Carcharodon Megalodon. As the largest known predatory fish, it lives in coastal waters and can reach depths of 4,200 feet. While it has been known to attack humans, such incidents are rare, and the shark will typically eat seals, sea lions, and other fish. The Great White can be found in temperate and tropical oceans worldwide.
Shark evolution
Shark evolution has been studied through their fossil record, as shark teeth are mineralogically stable and can provide details about species. The oldest shark fossils date back 455 million years to scales, while the Devonian era saw sharks becoming truly abundant. Ancient sharks such as Cladoselache differed from modern sharks in having rounded snouts, mouths in front, and equally sized tail lobes. Neoselachian sharks expanded 100 million years ago, inhabiting a variety of habitats as nearshore predators. Modern sharks demonstrate a diversity of forms like cow sharks and hammerheads.
Fishes Zoology Report
The first vertebrates were jawless fishlike animals that appeared over 500 million years ago. They had cartilaginous internal skeletons. Ostracoderms had bony armor. Early vertebrates evolved in both marine and freshwater environments. Modern fish classes include cartilaginous Chondrichthyes like sharks and bony Osteichthyes including Sarcopterygii with lungs and Actinopterygii with ray fins, including most common fish species.
Biology of coral,beauty of sea.
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phylum mollusca
The document provides information about the phylum Mollusca. It discusses that Mollusca is the second largest phylum and includes animals such as snails, squids, clams, and octopuses. It then summarizes the key characteristics of several mollusc classes, including Bivalvia (clams and mussels), Gastropoda (snails), and Cephalopoda (octopuses and squids). The document also describes some unique adaptations of molluscs and their life cycles.
"INVERTEBRATE" mollusca-3
The document summarizes the class Cephalopoda, including their key anatomical features and subclasses. It describes the two living subclasses, Nautiloidea and Coleoidea. Nautiloidea contains the pouch-bearing nautilus, while Coleoidea contains cuttlefish, squids, octopuses, and extinct groups like ammonites and belemnites. Coleoideans have advanced sensory abilities and jet propulsion but internal or reduced shells. The document outlines the diversity of cephalopods past and present.
Reptalia 1.pptx
Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates that first adapted to life on land. They are classified as belonging to the class Reptilia, which includes over 10,000 species ranging from snakes and lizards to crocodiles and turtles. Reptiles are divided into three main groups based on skull structure: anapsids having a solid skull roof; parapsids having one skull opening; and diapsids having two skull openings. Diapsids are the most diverse and include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, as well as modern reptile orders like squamates, crocodilians, turtles, and the tuatara.
Reptalia 1.pptx
Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates that first adapted to life on land. They are classified as belonging to the class Reptilia, which includes over 10,000 species ranging from snakes and lizards to crocodiles and turtles. Reptiles are divided into three main groups based on skull structure: anapsids having a single opening; parapsids having one opening; and diapsids having two openings. Diapsids are the most diverse and include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, as well as orders like squamates, crocodilians, turtles, and the sole living tuatara species.
Coral taxonomy
This document provides information on the taxonomy of corals. It begins by introducing the phylum Cnidaria, which includes corals. It then describes key characteristics of Cnidaria and provides a classification system, dividing the phylum into four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa. Most of the document focuses on describing the class Anthozoa, which contains corals and is further divided into subclasses and orders. For each group, example genera are provided. Key characteristics and taxonomic groups of important soft coral orders are also summarized.
A survery of kingdom animalia
Chordates are classified into 3 subphyla: Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata. Cephalochordata and Urochordata are invertebrates while Vertebrata includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. All chordates share structures like a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail. The subphylum Urochordata includes tunicates that are marine filter feeders while Cephalochordata includes lancelets that have elongated segmented bodies and retain their notochord. Vertebrates are distinguished by having a head, brain, vertebrae,
The vertebrates
Vertebrates are chordates that have a backbone or spine replacing their notochord as they develop. They are divided into several classes: Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish like sharks), Osteichthyes (bony fish), Amphibia (amphibians), Reptilia (reptiles), Aves (birds), and Mammalia (mammals). Vertebrates are characterized by features like an internal skeleton, vertebral column, cranium, and organ systems like respiratory, circulatory, and digestive. The major groups of vertebrates first appeared between 550-150 million years ago.
TELEOSTOMI
includes the acanthodians, bony --fishes, and their tetrapod offspring.
Teleostomes give rise to the teleosts (Teleostei).
ACANTHODII “Spiny forms”
The name is derived from the Greek root acantha (Ακανθα), which refers to a spine
Generally small fish but could be as long as 2 meters
Called spiny forms
The first fishes to have jaws
Numerous fins (both in-line and paired), most of which were supported at the anterior end by a large spine.
Basal gnathostomes that shared a suite of characters with the Osteichthyes and the Chondrichthyes (e.g. gills cover by an operculum, placoid-like scales, etc.)
Osteichthyes “bone” and “fish”
Bony Fish
At least some bone in their skeleton and/or scales.
·Operculum-Cover for the gill openings.
Some have lungs·
Lepidotrichia-slender bony rods or “rays”
Swim Bladders to adjust depth in the water. ·
Two classes:
Actinopterygians
Sarcopterygians
Actinopterygii “Ray-finned”
-dominant aquatic vertebrates since the mid-Paleozoic.
Fish Biologists
Chondrosteans
Holosteans
Teleosts
TWO DIVISIONS:
Palaeonisciformes
Neopterygii
Palaeonisciformes “primitive ray- finned fishes”
-Probably the earliest bony fishes.
-Includes living paddlefish,sturgeon and bichir (Africa)
-Marine and FW forms
-Characterized by...
heterocercal tail
The base of each scale was made of bone,the middle of dentin and the surface with an enamel-like substance called ganoine. Hence the name ganoid scales.
primitive forms with lungs to gulp air in oxygen-poor Devonian FW habitats
Neopterygii “advanced ray-finned fishes”
Replaced Palaeonisciformes as dominant fish group in early Mesozoic
Great range of morphologies and inhabit variety of habitats worldwide; trend toward invasion of SW habitats
Loss of ganoine scales and shortening of tail (homocercal tail)
Primitive living Neopterygians include gars and bowfins (former Holosteans)
Most recent group= Teleosts - 20,000 species; represent vast majority of living fishes
Sarcopterygii “fleshy-finned fish”
Second group of bony fishes
fins evolved into tetrapod limbs
Surviving sarcopterygian
lungfishes (dipnoans)-tropical streams
Coelacanths-e deep waters of the Indian Ocean
Choanae- external nostrils opening internally to the mouth through holes
Scale types of bony fishes
Fish tail types
Actinistia (Coelacanths)-first appeared in the Middle Devonian and survived into the Late Mesozoic
Latimeria- deep oceanic shelves of 100–400 meters
braincase - divided by a hingelike joint transversely across the top of the skull
vertebral centra – tiny
notochord is- prominent
swim bladder –doesn't serve in respiration but is filled with fat.
Lobefins-hold and position the fish within feeding currents
Anatomy & Physiology - Giant Clam & fish
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of giant clams and fish. It begins with an introduction to clams, noting that they first appeared 510 million years ago and can range in size from microscopic to giant clams weighing 200kg. It then discusses the key characteristics of clams, including their two calcareous shells, ability to filter feed, and use of siphons. For fish, it outlines their three main classes - Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes - and provides details on the external anatomy, senses, fins, skin, scales, coloration, muscles, body shapes, and adaptations of different fish types.
Mollusca.pptx
This document provides information about the phylum Mollusca. It discusses the 7 main classes of molluscs:
1) Monoplacophora - Contains only the genus Neopilina and is considered a "living fossil".
2) Aplacophora - Wormlike molluscs without a shell.
3) Polyplacophora - Contains chitons which have 8 overlapping shell plates.
4) Scaphopoda - Marine molluscs known as tusk shells that burrow into sediments.
5) Gastropoda - The largest class containing snails and slugs.
6) Bivalvia - Contains clams, oyst
cnidarians.pptx
Cnidarians are a phylum of aquatic animals that include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones. They have radial symmetry and tentacles surrounding a central mouth. Their bodies are made of two layers and they use stinging cells called cnidocytes for defense and hunting. Cnidarians reproduce both sexually and asexually. They play important ecological roles like building coral reefs but some species' stings can harm humans.
Mollusca of India and need for conservation
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Spinner shark final
The spinner shark is a species of requiem shark found in warm temperate and tropical waters. It has a slender body with a long, narrow snout and is gray above with a conspicuous white band on its sides. As an elasmobranch, its skeleton is made of cartilage. It is viviparous, bearing 3-15 pups, and hunts in schools, feeding on small pelagic fishes. It is known for its distinctive feeding technique of making vertical spins that break the water's surface. Though commonly mistaken for similar species like the blacktip shark, it can be identified by the dark tip on its anal fin. The spinner shark faces threats from fishing and is classified as vulnerable
CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATES ANIMALS.pptx
Vertebrates are animals that possess a vertebral column or notochord at some point in their life. They evolved from a common ancestor around 600 million years ago and include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, bony fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and jawless fishes. Vertebrates are classified into these 7 classes based on their anatomical and physiological features such as their skeleton, body temperature regulation, reproductive strategies, and more.
Prehistoric creatures by VK9
The document provides information about 12 different prehistoric creatures that lived in different eras from 460 million years ago to 65 million years ago. It describes each creature's type, size, diet, predators, and time period. Some of the creatures discussed include the giant mosasaur, a large marine reptile that was one of the top predators in the late Cretaceous seas, the giant orthocone, a jet-propelled cephalopod mollusk that was the largest animal on Earth 460 million years ago, and Hesperornis, a flightless bird that used its teeth to catch fish rather than wings.
Marine Mammals
Marine mammals include cetaceans, sirenians, and carnivores that rely on the ocean for existence. They are warm-blooded, breathe air, bear live young, and nurse with milk. Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises that communicate and echolocate. Sirenians such as manatees and dugongs graze on aquatic plants. Carnivores include three families of pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walrus), polar bears, and two families of otters. Physiological adaptations allow marine mammals to dive, thermoregulate, and locomote in water. Many species face threats and some are endangered.
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Phylum Chordata- Sub Phylum Vertebrata- Class Chondrichthyes By: Al-John Ahmad
- 1. WESTERN MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE& MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY & NATURAL SCIENCES ZOO-LEC 160 ANIMAL SYSTEMATICS MARCH 13, 2014
- 2. • The Class Chondrichthyes has two subclasses: –Elasmobranchii, which includes the sharks and rays. –Holocephali: the chimaeras: ratfish and ghostfish.
- 3. 16.1
- 5. • Modern Chondricthyes include the sharks, rays and Chimeras. • The Chondrichthyes’ well-developed jaws, highly developed sense organs, powerful swimming ability and streamlined shape have enabled them to thrive as marine predators for more than 350 million years, as other groups have come and gone. • There are just under 1000 living species, all of which have cartilaginous skeletons, even though they are descended from ancestors that had bone.
- 6. • The Chondrichthyes are an ancient group that although not as diverse as the bony fishes have persisted largely unchanged for hundreds of millions of years. • The oldest unambiguous Chondrichthyans are found in the Early Devonian (Devonian -- 416-360 mya). although there are older fossils of scales.
- 7. • One of the best known extinct genera is Cladoselache a pelagic marine predator from the Devonian. • It was shark-like in appearance. About 2 meters long with a large gape and three-pronged teeth. As in modern sharks the teeth were arranged on a ligamentous band in a whorl- shaped arrangement.
- 8. • Cladoselache had two dorsal fins, each preceded by a large spine. • It also possessed paired pelvic and pectoral fins as in modern sharks, but the fins were much more broad based than in later sharks. • The tail was symmetrical externally, but internally asymmetrical with the notochord extending into the upper lobe of the tail.
- 9. Cladoselache picture http://www.dinosoria.com/poissons/cladoselache_03.jpg Cladoselache Cladoselache lacked the rostrum (snout) of modern sharks
- 10. • By the Jurassic (200-146 mya) sharks of modern appearance had evolved. Several genera from that era are still extant. • The most distinctive feature of modern sharks is the rostrum or snout that overhangs the mouth. • Less prominent, but also of major importance was the evolution of solid calcified vertebrae. • Finally, the teeth are covered with thicker more complex enamel than in earlier sharks.
- 11. • Megalodon (Carcharodon megalodon) is another extinct shark species that is the largest predatory shark known. • Megalodon occurred from 28-1.5 mya and at approximately 16m long (and with a mass estimated at 47 metrics tonnes) it resembled a massive great white shark and was the top ocean predator of its era.
- 12. “Megalodon (gray and red) with the whale shark (violet), great white shark (green), and a human (blue) for scale. Note: The maximum size attained by C. megalodon is indicated by the 20 m scale.” From Wikipedia. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Megalodon_scale1.p ng/220px-Megalodon_scale1.png