Introduction of surveying_Surveying, Civil Engineering

Prepared By
Prof. Ashish Makwana
Civil Engg. Dept.
Prof. Ashish Makwana 1

PRESENTATION
OUTLINE…
• Surveying - Introduction
• Objectives/Purposes of Surveying
• Uses of Surveying
• Primary Divisions of Surveying
• Classification of Surveys
• Principle of Surveying
Prof. Ashish Makwana 2

SURVEYING
• Surveying is the art of determining the relative
positions of points on, above or beneath the
surface of the earth.
• The relative positions are determined by measuring
horizontal distances, vertical distances,
horizontal angles and vertical angles accurately
using various surveying instruments.
• Levelling is a branch of surveying dealing with
determination of relative heights of the point on
the surface of the earth in a vertical plane.
3Prof. Ashish Makwana

OBJECTIVES/PURPOSES OF
SURVEYING
• To take measurements, to determine the relative
positions of the points on, above or beneath the
surface of the earth.
• To determine areas and volumes.
• To mark the positions of the proposed structures
on the ground. E.g. building, canal, road.
• To prepare a map or plan to show the relative
positions of the objects on the surface of the earth.
• To fix the boundaries of districts, states and
countries.

USES OF SURVEYING
• To prepare a topographical map which shows
natural features of a country such as rivers, streams,
lakes, hills, valleys forests.
• To prepare a cadastral map which show the
boundaries of fields, plots.
• To prepare contour map to know the topography
of the area to find out the best possible site for dam,
canals, buildings, roads, railways, bridges.
• Route surveys are conducted to fix the alignment
of road, railway, canal, electric tower line,
tunnel, bridge on the ground.

• To plot irregular boundaries of plots and existing
structures on paper.
• To lay particular slope for water supply, drainage,
gas line or road.
• To carry out survey on lakes, rivers and sea to
study the bed profile.
• Finding out level difference between various
points on the ground surface.
• Military survey is used for determining points of
strategic importance.
• Mine survey is used for the exploring mineral
wealth.
• City survey is used for planning streets, water
supply systems, sewers.
• Remote sensing is useful to determine agricultural
soil, forest cover, water bodies. 7Prof. Ashish Makwana

Plan
• A plan is the graphical
representation, to
some scale of the
features on, near or
below the surface of
the earth as projected
on a horizontal plane.
Map
• If the scale of the
graphical
representation on a
horizontal place is
small, the plan is called
a map.
• A plan is drawn on a
large scale.
• Scale: 1 cm = 10 m or
< 10 m
• A map is drawn on a
small scale.
• Scale: 1 cm = 100 m or
> 100 m.

Plan
• On a plan, generally
horizontal distances
and directions are
shown.
Map
• On a topographic map,
vertical distances are
also shown by contour
lines.
• A plan is drawn for
small area.
• E.g. - Plan of house
- Plan of bridge
• A plan is drawn for
small area.
• E.g. - Map of Gujarat
- Map of India
- Map of Baroda

PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF
SURVEYING
• Surveying can be divided in to two groups.
1. Plane surveying
2. Geodetic surveying

Primary divisions of Surveying 11Prof. Ashish Makwana

Plane surveying
• It is the type of
surveying in which the
mean surface of the
earth is considered as
a plane and the
spheroidal shape is
neglected.
Geodetic surveying
• It is the type of
surveying in which the
spherical shape of the
earth is taken into
account.
• All survey lines are
considered as straight
and all triangles are
considered as plane
triangles.
• All survey lines are
considered curved and
all triangles are
considered as spherical
triangles.

Plane surveying
• It is used for the survey
of relatively small
areas, i.e. less than 250
km2.
Geodetic surveying
• It is used for large
area.
• The standard of
accuracy is low.
• The standard of
accuracy is high.
• The directions of plumb
lines at various points are
assumed to be parallel
to one another.
• The directions of plumb
lines at various points
are not parallel to one
another.
• It is useful for
engineering,
architectural,
commercial, scientific
purposes.
• It is useful to obtain
accurate maps of wide
areas and to establish
control points for all
other surveys. 13Prof. Ashish Makwana

CLASSIFICATION OF
SURVEYS
• Based upon the nature of field of survey.
• Based upon object of survey.
• Based upon instrument used.
• Based upon the method employed.

Sr.
No.
Type of Survey Characteristics
1. Land Surveys
Conducted on the earth’s
surface.
2.
Marine, navigational and
hydrographic surveys
Conducted on water bodies
like ocean, river.
3. Astronomical surveys
Conducted to study thee
position and movement of
celestial bodies.
Classification of Surveys based upon the
nature of field of survey

Sr.
No.
1. Archaeological Surveys
Conducted for unearthing
relics of antiquity.
2.
Geotechnical and
geographical Surveys
Conducted for determining
the different strata in the
earth’s crust.
3. Mine Surveys
Conducted for exploring
mineral wealth and to guide
mining operations.
4. Military surveys
Conducted for military
purpose.
object of survey

Sr.
No.
5. Control Surveys
Conducted for establishing a network
of control points which serve as
reference frame work.
6. Route Surveys
Conducted to determine the alignment
of highway, railway, canal, pipelines,
transmission lines.
7.
Engineering
Surveys
Conducted for collecting data for
engineering purposes like design of
dam, road, bridges.
8.
Construction
Surveys
Conducted for location of
construction works, giving line, fixing
grades.
object of survey

Sr.
No.
9.
Topographic
Surveys
Conducted to determine the nature of
features of hills, river, lakes, towns,
villages, buildings, roads, railways.
10.
Cadastral
Surveys
Conducted to determine the details of
boundaries of fields, houses and other
private and public properties.
object of survey

Sr.
No.
1. Chain Surveys
Chain or tape is used for linear
distance measurement.
2.
Compass
Surveys
Compass is used for measurement of
horizontal angles.
3.
Plane table
surveys
Plane table is used for preparing plan
of given area and collecting details.
4.
Theodolite
Surveys
Theodolite is used for measuring
vertical and horizontal angles.
5.
Tacheometric
surveys
Tachometer is used for measuring
horizontal and vertical distance.
Classification of Surveys based upon
instrument used

Sr.
No.
6.
Photographic
and aerial
surveys
Photographs taken from higher
altitude are used for collecting the
details of earth’s features.
7.
Electronic
distance
measurement
surveys
Device working on the principle of
electronic distance measurements is
used for determining the distance
between two indivisible objects.
8. Remote sensing
Data collected from satellites are used
for determining the positions of
earth’s features.
Classification of Surveys based upon
instrument used

Sr.
No.
1.
Triangulation
surveys
The area is covered with a network of
triangles and details are collected.
2. Traverse surveys
The area is covered by a series of
survey lines forming traverse and
details are collected.
method employed

PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING
The two fundamental principles of surveying are:
• To work from whole to part.
• To fix positions of new points by at least two
independent processes.

1. To work from whole to part.
• This principal states that it is essential to first
establish control points with high precision.
• They are further subdivided into smaller areas, with
slightly less precision.
• The object of this system is to prevent the
accumulation of errors.
• According to this
principle, first of all,
control points A, B, C
are fixed with great care
and the framework
ABC is prepared.

• A, B, C = Control Points
• P, Q, R, X, Y, Z = Minor
Control Points
• ΔABC = Main framework
• Δ XYZ = Subsidiary
framework
• The main framework is subdivided into small triangles
PQR and XYZ, by the method of triangulation
• The details within these triangles are surveyed with less
accuracy.
• The idea of working from whole to the part is to prevent
the accumulation of errors and to control and localise
minor errors.

2. To fix positions of new points by at least two
independent processes.

• The fixation of a new point in relation to the point
already located can be done by either linear
measurement or angular measurement or both linear
and angular measurements. For example, various
possible methods of locating a point R, with respect
to points P and Q (ref. previous slide figure.)
a) Distances PR and QR are measured.
b) Angle QSR is a right angle and distances QS and
SR are measured.
c) Angle PQR and distance QR are measured.
d) Angle PQR and QPR are measured.
e) Angle PQR and distance PR are measured.

THANK YOU

Introduction of surveying_Surveying, Civil Engineering

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