Surveying in civil engineering have a intergral part. This contain from basic to advanced information and concepts in a easy way with pictures.

1. BASICS OF SURVEYING

2. WHAT IS SURVEYING
• Surveying is the engineering of determining
the relative positions of objects (distinctive
features) on, above or beneath the surface of
earth by means of direct or indirect
measurements of distance, direction and
elevation. It also establishes the points in the
field by predetermined angular and linear
measurements.

3. OBJECT OF SURVEYING
• The aim of surveying is to prepare a
map, to show the relative positions
of the object on the surface of the
earth. The map is drawn to some
suitable scale. It show the natural
features of the country such as
towns, villages, roads, railways,
rivers, etc.

4. USES OF SURVEYING
• 1-To prepare a topographical
map which show the hills,
village, rivers, valleys, towns,
forest, etc. of a country.

5. USES OF SURVEYING
• 2-To prepare a cadastral map
showing the boundaries of
fields , houses and other
properties.

6. USES OF SURVEYING
• 3- To prepare an engineering
map which show the details
of engineering works such as
roads, railways, irrigation,
canal, reservoirs.

7. USES OF SURVEYING
• 4- To prepare a military map
showing the road and railway
communication with different
parts of country. Showing the
different strategic points
important for defence of
country.

8. USES OF SURVEYING
• 5- To prepare the contour map –
To determine the capacity of a
reservoir and to find the best
possible routes for roads,
railways, etc.

9. USES OF SURVEYING
• 6- Geological Map – Showing
areas including underground
resources.

10. USES OF SURVEYING
• 7- To prepare an archaeological
map including places where
ANCIENT relics exists.

11. Types of Surveying
• 1. Primary Surveying :-
• Plane Surveying
• Geodetic Surveying

12. • 2. Secondary Surveying
• Based on Instrument
• Chain Survey
• Compass Survey
• Plane Table Survey
• Theodolite Survey
• Tachometric Survey
• Photographic Survey

13. • Based on Methods
• Triangulation Survey
• Traverse Survey

14. • Based on Objects
• Geological Survey
• Mine Survey
• Archeological Survey
• Military Survey

15. • Based on Nature of field
• Land Surveying
• Topographical Survey
• Cadastral Survey
• City Survey
• Engineering Survey
• Marine Surveying
• Astronomical Surveying

16. Surveying Instruments
• Surveying instruments are tools or devices
used by surveyors to measure and gather data
about the Earth’s surface and its features.
These instruments help in determining
positions, distances, angles, elevations, and
other relevant information for mapping and
construction purposes.

17. Surveying Chains

18. ARROWS

19. PEGS

20. RANGING RODS

21. PLUMB BOB

22. CROSS STAFF

23. OPTICAL SQUARE

24. PRISM SQUARE

25. PRISMATIC COMPASS

26. SURVEYOR’S COMPASS

27. THEODOLITE

28. TOTAL STATION
• A total station is an advanced surveying
instrument that combines electronic
theodolite and distance measuring
capabilities. It is used to measure angles,
distances, and elevations with high accuracy.
Total stations are commonly used in land
surveying, construction layout, and mapping.

29. TOTAL STATION

30. PLANE TABLE

31. DUMPY LEVEL

32. LEVELING STAFF

33. AT A GLANCE
• 1. Measuring tape To measure linear
distances
• 2. Chain To measure linear distances
with precision
• 3. Arrow To mark a single chain distance
• 4. Peg To fix points on the ground To mark
the terminal points of survey lines on the
ground

34. • 5. Ranging rods To mark the position of
stations To sight the stations To range straight
lines
• 6. Plumb bobTo establish a vertical line
• 7. Cross StaffTo set out a right angle from a
survey line
• 8. Optical Staff To set out a right angle
from a survey line

35. • 9. Prism Square To set out a right angle
from a survey line
• 10. Site Square To set out a right angle
from a survey line
• 11. Prismatic Compass To find the bearing
of traversing To find included angles
• 12. Surveyor’s Compass To find a bearing and
angles between two survey lines in a traverse

36. • 13.LevelTo establish relative heights of points
with the help of leveling staff
• 14. Leveling Staff To determine the
height difference between two points To
measure the height or depth of a point with
respect to the datum

37. • 15. Theodolite To measure the angle
between two pre-decided visible points in
either a horizontal or vertical plane.
• 16. Total Station To measure horizontal
angle To measure vertical angle To measure
slope distance

38. • 17. Tripod To support surveying instruments
like a compass, level, theodolite, or total station
• 18. Plane table To provide a solid and level
surface to make field drawings
• 19. Alidade To sight a distant object and
establish a line of sight in a plane table surveying
• 20. Plumbing fork For centering of alidade in
plane table surveying

39. • 21. Spirit Level To level the table in plane
table surveying
• 22. Trough Compass To set the
orientation towards magnetic north in plane
table surveying
• 23. Drawing Paper To note field points on
paper in a plane table surveying

40. Latest advancement in surveying

41. Photogrammetry
• Photogrammetry is a technique of surveying
and mapping by using photographs or aerial
images. Photogrammetry instruments are
used to measure distances, angles, and
positions from overlapping images. This
technique is particularly useful for large-scale
mapping, topographic surveys, and creating
orthophotos.

42. Laser Scanner
• A laser scanner is a device that emits laser
beams and captures the reflected data to
create detailed 3D models of the surrounding
environment. Laser scanners are used in
surveying for high-precision mapping, as-built
documentation, and capturing accurate
measurements of complex structures or
terrains.

43. TOTAL STATION

44. ELECTRONIC DISTANCE METER