Introduction of process control
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This document defines process control and its key components. Process control regulates variables to produce a product of desired quality and quantity efficiently. It involves inputs like mass or energy applied to a process, and outputs like the delivered product. Control is achieved through elements like control valves, transmitters, and primary measuring elements. There are different types of control including continuous, sequential, and batch. Feedback can be positive, reinforcing errors, or negative, minimizing errors to the extent possible depending on the controller algorithm.
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This document discusses instrumentation and control systems. It provides information on common devices used to measure process variables like pressure, temperature, and flow rate. These include transducers, sensors, and transmitters. It also discusses final control elements like control valves and how they are used to manipulate process variables. The document explains the characteristics of different types of control valves and how their flow properties are defined by equations. It also covers topics like pneumatic control systems, calibration of instruments, and algorithms for digital PID control.
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Control system is a combination of various elements connected as a unit to direct or regulate itself or any other system in order to provide a specific output is known as a Control system.
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1.Controlled process: The part of the system which requires controlling is known as a controlled process.
2. Controller: The internal or external element of the system that controls the process is known as the controller.
3. Input: For every system to provide a specific result, some excitation signal must be provided. This signal is usually given through an external source. So, the externally provided signal for the desired operation is known as input.
TYPES OF DISTURBANCE:
1.an internal disturbance is generated within the system. 2.an external disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.
Types of Control System:
1.Open loop control systems in this control system the
output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison
with the input.
2.Closed loop control systems in this control system the
actuating error signal, which is the difference between
the input signal and the feedback signal, is fed to the
controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output
of the system to a desired value.
PID
The PID control scheme is named after its three correcting terms, whose constitutes the manipulated variable (MV). The proportional, integral, and derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID controller.
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1.Controlled process: The part of the system which requires controlling is known as a controlled process.
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3. Input: For every system to provide a specific result, some excitation signal must be provided. This signal is usually given through an external source. So, the externally provided signal for the desired operation is known as input.
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1.an internal disturbance is generated within the system. 2.an external disturbance is generated outside the system and is an input.
Types of Control System:
1.Open loop control systems in this control system the
output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison
with the input.
2.Closed loop control systems in this control system the
actuating error signal, which is the difference between
the input signal and the feedback signal, is fed to the
controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output
of the system to a desired value.
PID
The PID control scheme is named after its three correcting terms, whose constitutes the manipulated variable (MV). The proportional, integral, and derivative terms are summed to calculate the output of the PID controller.
contents:
Ziegler-Nichols Closed-loop method.
Instrument Symbols.
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This document describes a project to maintain and calibrate an I/P and P/I converter setup. The setup is used to understand electronic and pneumatic signal conversion. It consists of I/P and P/I converters, pressure gauges, an air regulator, and a digital calibrator. The document provides details on the components, including descriptions of a current source, air filter regulator, pressure gauges, and I/P converter. It explains the working principles and applications of the setup for process control. The overall purpose is to study the linearity, hysteresis, accuracy and repeatability of the I/P converter.
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1. Process control refers to methods used to control process variables when manufacturing a product. Modeling the process is important for understanding how to control it.
2. The basic elements of a process control loop include a measurement, controller, actuator, and process. Common signals are the process variable and manipulated variable.
3. Common types of controllers are on-off, proportional, integral, derivative, and PID. On-off is simple but ineffective. Proportional reduces offset but has steady state error. Integral eliminates offset but can oscillate. Derivative reduces oscillations. PID combines all three for optimal control.
4. Cascade control uses
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Use of different types of Controllers in Chemical Industry.pptx
Controllers -Controller is a device that takes a decision in order to maintain the steady state of the system on the basis of error signal.
Controllers are the need of the controls system
To supress the effect of external disturbance in order to maintain the steady state
To maintain the stability of the system.
To optimize the process in order to increase the profits.
Error signals are input to the controller.
Controller takes decision in the form of decision signal as ideal valve opening and hence corresponding air pressure is given in the form pneumatic signal.
Error = hsp -h = Setpoint variable (Controlled variable) – Measured variable.
Decision signal is in terms of pneumatic signal to the valve.
1.Liquid level control – Proportional action Controller (P action)
2.Gas pressure control - Proportional action Controller (P action)
3.Vapor pressure control –
For fast response PI controller , for slow response PID controller.
4. Flow Conrol-Proportional Integral Controller (PI action)
5. Temperature control – Proportional integral derivative controller (PID action)
6. Composition control – Proportional integral derivative controller (PID action)
In this Seminar report I mentioned all types of controllers that used in chemical industries for various purpose.
Controllers are need of control system to control different types of process and operation in the plant so it is difficult to choose controllers because it reduces effort and gives safety to the plant so in this seminar report i study important examples in which controllers are used.
I also mentioned introduction of control loop because its helps us to understand the behavior of controller in process.
3.CONTROL ACTIONS.pptx
This document discusses various process control concepts including controller modes and actions. It describes:
- Proportional, integral, and derivative control modes and how they work individually. The proportional mode reduces error but causes offset. Integral mode eliminates offset but can cause overshoot. Derivative mode responds to the rate of error change.
- Composite control modes like PI, PD, and PID that combine the individual modes. PI eliminates offset and handles load changes. PD handles fast changes but does not remove offset. PID is most powerful but complex.
- Issues like integral windup where the integral term grows unchecked and causes control loss must be addressed using techniques like back-calculation or clamping.
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Introduction of process control
- 2. Process • It is defined as:- • Physical or chemical change of matter. • Energy conversion • E.g, change in pressure, temperature, speed, electrical, potential, etc. • A process in a collection of vessels, pipes, fitting, gauges etc. is built for the purpose of producing product or group of products.
- 3. Process control • The regulation or manipulation of variables influencing the conduct of a process in such a way as to obtain a product of desired quality and quantity in an efficient manner.
- 4. • Input to process: Mass or energy applied to the process. • Output of process: The product delivered by the process. This is a dynamic variable. • Supply: Source of mass energy input to process. • Control Valve: Consists of the final actuator and final controlling elements. This is the forward controlling elements which directly changes the value of the manipulated variable. • Load: Anything that affects the value of the controlled variable under a constant supply input
- 5. • Open Loop: Control without feedback. Open loop can not cope upsets. Example of open of open loop. Automatic dishwasher, automatic water sprinkling system, a control loop with the controller in manual. • Primary Element: The measuring element that quantitatively converts the measured variable energy into a from suitable for measurement. • Transmitter: A transducer which responds to a measured variable by means of a sensing element, and converts it to a standardized transmission signal which is a function only of the measured variable.
- 6. Types of control:- • Continuous • Sequential • Batch (1) Continuous: Continuous control is used on continuous process. (2) Sequential: Sequential is often referred to as ON/Off control. (3) Batch: Batch control is a combination of sequential and continuous control.
- 7. • Positive Feedback: It can be defined as the control action in which the error is reinforced until a limit is eventually reaches. • Negative Feedback: It can be defined as the control action in which the error is minimized made as small as possible, depending on the algorithm of the controller.
- 8. Thank you