Interferential therapy involves using two medium frequency alternating currents delivered through electrodes placed on the skin. The interference of these currents produces a low frequency amplitude-modulated current that can penetrate deep tissues without the pain of direct low frequency stimulation. It is used to relieve pain, increase blood flow, reduce swelling, and stimulate muscle and soft tissue healing. Parameters like amplitude-modulated frequency, current intensity, and treatment duration are adjusted based on the condition and desired physiological effects.
Electrical stimulation involves using a medium-frequency current to stimulate nerves and muscles. Specifically, it uses a 2500 Hz sinusoidal alternating current delivered in bursts at 50 Hz intervals of 10 ms on and 10 ms off. This Russian current protocol of 10 seconds on, 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 cycles over 10 minutes was found to be effective for generating muscle fatigue. The stimulation aims to synchronously depolarize sensory and motor fibers, activate fast motor units, and strengthen muscles through electrically evoked contractions against an external load.
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.
Sinusoidal current is an alternating current that produces smooth, rhythmic muscle contractions at 50 Hz. It is produced from mains electricity reduced to 60-80 volts using a step-down transformer. This current stimulates both motor and sensory nerves, causing tetanic muscle contraction and tingling sensation. It is often used over large areas to relieve pain through sensory stimulation and reduce edema through rhythmic muscle pumping. Sinusoidal current is similar to faradic current but provides deeper penetration and is less irritating, making it well-suited for nervous clients.
Microwave diathermy is a therapeutic modality that uses electromagnetic waves to generate heat in tissues for treating musculoskeletal conditions. It works by causing movement of ions and water molecules when its high frequency waves are absorbed by tissues. The document discusses the physics behind microwave diathermy, its applications and effectiveness in treating conditions like muscle strains and joint injuries, appropriate treatment parameters, safety considerations and precautions for its use.
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. It delivers a monophasic twin peak waveform with a high voltage up to 500 volts and short pulse duration to stimulate nerves and tissues. HVPGS can be used to promote wound healing, reduce edema, manage pain, and stimulate muscle. It provides physiological effects like increasing range of motion and blood flow. Treatment duration is typically 15-30 minutes per session and can be repeated daily.
This document provides an overview of low frequency currents used in electrotherapy. It discusses the history of electrotherapy including contributions from Galvani, Faraday, and others. It describes the main types of currents - direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. Specific low frequency currents are explained such as faradic current, interrupted direct current, and TENS. The physiological effects and therapeutic indications of low frequency currents are outlined. Contraindications and precautions for electrotherapy are also reviewed.
This document discusses ultrasound and electrotherapy. It describes how ultrasound uses mechanical vibration to generate heat in tissues. Different coupling methods like gels or immersion can be used depending on the treatment area. Electrotherapy can stimulate muscles or nerves to help with conditions like pain, edema, or muscle atrophy. Electrical currents are used to induce muscle contraction or stimulate sensory nerves according to the gate control or descending pain theories of treatment. Placement of electrodes can target specific tissues or structures.
Electrical stimulation involves using a medium-frequency current to stimulate nerves and muscles. Specifically, it uses a 2500 Hz sinusoidal alternating current delivered in bursts at 50 Hz intervals of 10 ms on and 10 ms off. This Russian current protocol of 10 seconds on, 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 cycles over 10 minutes was found to be effective for generating muscle fatigue. The stimulation aims to synchronously depolarize sensory and motor fibers, activate fast motor units, and strengthen muscles through electrically evoked contractions against an external load.
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.
Sinusoidal current is an alternating current that produces smooth, rhythmic muscle contractions at 50 Hz. It is produced from mains electricity reduced to 60-80 volts using a step-down transformer. This current stimulates both motor and sensory nerves, causing tetanic muscle contraction and tingling sensation. It is often used over large areas to relieve pain through sensory stimulation and reduce edema through rhythmic muscle pumping. Sinusoidal current is similar to faradic current but provides deeper penetration and is less irritating, making it well-suited for nervous clients.
Microwave diathermy is a therapeutic modality that uses electromagnetic waves to generate heat in tissues for treating musculoskeletal conditions. It works by causing movement of ions and water molecules when its high frequency waves are absorbed by tissues. The document discusses the physics behind microwave diathermy, its applications and effectiveness in treating conditions like muscle strains and joint injuries, appropriate treatment parameters, safety considerations and precautions for its use.
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. It delivers a monophasic twin peak waveform with a high voltage up to 500 volts and short pulse duration to stimulate nerves and tissues. HVPGS can be used to promote wound healing, reduce edema, manage pain, and stimulate muscle. It provides physiological effects like increasing range of motion and blood flow. Treatment duration is typically 15-30 minutes per session and can be repeated daily.
This document provides an overview of low frequency currents used in electrotherapy. It discusses the history of electrotherapy including contributions from Galvani, Faraday, and others. It describes the main types of currents - direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. Specific low frequency currents are explained such as faradic current, interrupted direct current, and TENS. The physiological effects and therapeutic indications of low frequency currents are outlined. Contraindications and precautions for electrotherapy are also reviewed.
This document discusses ultrasound and electrotherapy. It describes how ultrasound uses mechanical vibration to generate heat in tissues. Different coupling methods like gels or immersion can be used depending on the treatment area. Electrotherapy can stimulate muscles or nerves to help with conditions like pain, edema, or muscle atrophy. Electrical currents are used to induce muscle contraction or stimulate sensory nerves according to the gate control or descending pain theories of treatment. Placement of electrodes can target specific tissues or structures.
This document discusses T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), a non-invasive pain management technique. It stimulates nerves under the skin to reduce pain signals according to the gate control theory. T.E.N.S. has efficacy rates of 50-80% for controlling chronic and acute pain, such as post-surgical or injury pain. Different T.E.N.S. techniques like high frequency, low frequency, and brief intense stimulation are described along with their parameters and applications. Placement of electrodes and contraindications are also covered.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that were developed in the 1960s. They involve half or full wave rectified alternating currents with pulse durations of 10 milliseconds. There are different types of diadynamic currents based on whether they use half wave or full wave rectification and the patterns of current application. They can help relieve pain through various mechanisms and are used to treat conditions like soft tissue injuries, neuralgias, and circulatory disorders. Proper dosing and electrode placement are important to obtain benefits while avoiding risks like skin damage.
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
This document provides information on transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), interferential therapy (IFT), and paraffin wax bath therapy. It describes how each therapy works, including parameters and modes. It outlines indications and contraindications. For TENS, it discusses waveform, frequency, pulse width, amplitude and types (conventional, acupuncture-like, brief intense, burst mode). For IFT, it explains the interference of two medium frequencies. For paraffin wax bath, it describes the unit, application methods, and physiological effects of increased heat and circulation.
This document discusses pulsed shortwave therapy (PSWT), which delivers pulsed electromagnetic energy in short pulses with time gaps between. PSWT uses a similar 27.12MHz frequency as traditional shortwave diathermy but with lower mean power of 2-5W. It results in non-thermal tissue heating through effects on cell membranes and ion transport. PSWT is shown to increase healing factors like white blood cells in wounds and reduce edema and inflammation. Treatment doses and contraindications are provided. PSWT is compared to traditional shortwave diathermy, with PSWT having non-thermal rather than thermal effects.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
1) Galvanic current is a steady direct current that can have pulse durations between 1-300 ms, though 100 ms is most common, and requires 30 pulses per minute.
2) There are two types - constant galvanic current which moves in one direction at a constant strength, and modified galvanic current which is interrupted direct current.
3) Galvanic current can cause muscle contraction, stimulate sensory and motor nerves, and increase blood flow and skin redness. It is also used in cosmetics for skin cleansing and nourishing through iontophoresis.
Microwave diathermy involves irradiating tissues with electromagnetic radiation between 300-30000 MHz. It can heat tissues effectively to a depth of around 3-4 cm due to strong absorption by water molecules. Common frequencies used are 2450, 915, and 433.9 MHz. Therapeutic effects include pain relief, reduced muscle spasm, and increased tissue extensibility. Treatment involves 20 minutes of mild, comfortable warmth applied daily or every other day. Contraindications include malignant tissues, metal implants, and pregnancy.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRSSreeraj S R
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that aims to provide pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and stimulating the pain gate mechanism and/or opioid system. TENS works through several mechanisms including activation of pain-gating mechanisms in the spinal cord and stimulation of the descending pain suppression system and endogenous opioid release. Different TENS waveforms, frequencies, pulse widths and intensities can be used depending on the type of pain and desired effects. Common types of TENS include conventional high frequency TENS and acupuncture-like low frequency TENS. Care must be taken with electrode placement and TENS is generally contraindicated for those with pacemakers or heart conditions.
IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross.
It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema.
Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized.
Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two.
Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.
Russian current is a form of electrical stimulation using alternating current delivered in 2.5kHz bursts with a 50Hz burst frequency and 50% duty cycle. It was developed by Russian scientist Kots who found it improved strength in athletes. As a result, this stimulation pattern became known as Russian current. It is used clinically to contract and strengthen muscles, typically with 10 seconds on, 50 seconds off bursts to avoid fatigue. The main effects are increased muscle force through central nervous system adaptation and physical muscle growth.
A faradic current is a short duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 50-100 Hz. It produces a biphasic, asymmetrical and spiked waveform. Faradic currents are used to produce near normal tetanic-like muscle contractions and relaxations. When applied to nerves and muscles, it causes sensory stimulation, muscle contraction, reduced swelling and pain, and increased metabolism. Faradic current is indicated for muscle reeducation, maintaining range of motion, loosening adhesions, and replacing orthosis. It involves placing electrodes on muscles or nerve trunks and gradually increasing and decreasing intensity to cause contraction and relaxation.
Short Wave Diathermy (SWD) is a treatment that uses electromagnetic energy to produce deep heating in joints and soft tissues. This form of heat can be applied to deeper structures than other forms of heat treatment.
This document discusses microwave diathermy, which uses electromagnetic radiation between shortwave and infrared waves to generate heat deep in tissues for therapeutic purposes. It notes that microwave diathermy does not penetrate as deeply as shortwave diathermy due its higher frequency and shorter wavelength. The document provides details on microwave generators using 2450MHz frequency, applicators, absorption and penetration in different tissues, therapeutic effects, common applications for pain relief and increased circulation, as well as contraindications and treatment parameters.
Laser therapy uses low-level lasers that emit coherent light to induce biological effects in tissues. It was first developed in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in 2002 to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. Lasers are classified based on their power output and potential hazards, with classes 1 and 2 being safe for therapeutic use. Common types include helium-neon and gallium arsenide lasers. Physiological effects include reducing pain and inflammation, promoting tissue healing, and recovery from nerve injuries through various cellular mechanisms like increased ATP and growth factor production.
Interferential therapy involves applying medium frequency alternating currents between 1000-10,000 Hz to the body. It is produced by the interference of two medium frequency currents, creating a beat frequency current that can penetrate tissues more easily than direct or low frequency currents. The beat frequency current flows maximally along diagonal paths through the tissues. Interferential therapy can be used to reduce pain, increase blood flow and reduce edema. It has various applications for pain relief, muscle stimulation and stress incontinence. Care must be taken with proper electrode placement and settings to avoid potential dangers like burns. Research studies have shown interferential therapy can help reduce fibromyalgia pain and improve sleep quality.
1. Interferential stimulation uses two alternating currents at different frequencies to generate interference currents that can effectively stimulate deep tissues with less discomfort than other forms of electrical stimulation.
2. The quadripolar technique positions four electrodes around the painful area so that the interference currents branch off at 45 degree angles, maximizing treatment within this area.
3. Interferential stimulation units allow adjustment of settings like intensity, beat frequency, mode, and time to customize treatment for conditions like pain, spasm, edema, and delayed union.
This document discusses T.E.N.S. (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), a non-invasive pain management technique. It stimulates nerves under the skin to reduce pain signals according to the gate control theory. T.E.N.S. has efficacy rates of 50-80% for controlling chronic and acute pain, such as post-surgical or injury pain. Different T.E.N.S. techniques like high frequency, low frequency, and brief intense stimulation are described along with their parameters and applications. Placement of electrodes and contraindications are also covered.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that were developed in the 1960s. They involve half or full wave rectified alternating currents with pulse durations of 10 milliseconds. There are different types of diadynamic currents based on whether they use half wave or full wave rectification and the patterns of current application. They can help relieve pain through various mechanisms and are used to treat conditions like soft tissue injuries, neuralgias, and circulatory disorders. Proper dosing and electrode placement are important to obtain benefits while avoiding risks like skin damage.
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
This document provides information on transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), interferential therapy (IFT), and paraffin wax bath therapy. It describes how each therapy works, including parameters and modes. It outlines indications and contraindications. For TENS, it discusses waveform, frequency, pulse width, amplitude and types (conventional, acupuncture-like, brief intense, burst mode). For IFT, it explains the interference of two medium frequencies. For paraffin wax bath, it describes the unit, application methods, and physiological effects of increased heat and circulation.
This document discusses pulsed shortwave therapy (PSWT), which delivers pulsed electromagnetic energy in short pulses with time gaps between. PSWT uses a similar 27.12MHz frequency as traditional shortwave diathermy but with lower mean power of 2-5W. It results in non-thermal tissue heating through effects on cell membranes and ion transport. PSWT is shown to increase healing factors like white blood cells in wounds and reduce edema and inflammation. Treatment doses and contraindications are provided. PSWT is compared to traditional shortwave diathermy, with PSWT having non-thermal rather than thermal effects.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
1) Galvanic current is a steady direct current that can have pulse durations between 1-300 ms, though 100 ms is most common, and requires 30 pulses per minute.
2) There are two types - constant galvanic current which moves in one direction at a constant strength, and modified galvanic current which is interrupted direct current.
3) Galvanic current can cause muscle contraction, stimulate sensory and motor nerves, and increase blood flow and skin redness. It is also used in cosmetics for skin cleansing and nourishing through iontophoresis.
Microwave diathermy involves irradiating tissues with electromagnetic radiation between 300-30000 MHz. It can heat tissues effectively to a depth of around 3-4 cm due to strong absorption by water molecules. Common frequencies used are 2450, 915, and 433.9 MHz. Therapeutic effects include pain relief, reduced muscle spasm, and increased tissue extensibility. Treatment involves 20 minutes of mild, comfortable warmth applied daily or every other day. Contraindications include malignant tissues, metal implants, and pregnancy.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) SRSSreeraj S R
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) is a method of electrical stimulation that aims to provide pain relief by exciting sensory nerves and stimulating the pain gate mechanism and/or opioid system. TENS works through several mechanisms including activation of pain-gating mechanisms in the spinal cord and stimulation of the descending pain suppression system and endogenous opioid release. Different TENS waveforms, frequencies, pulse widths and intensities can be used depending on the type of pain and desired effects. Common types of TENS include conventional high frequency TENS and acupuncture-like low frequency TENS. Care must be taken with electrode placement and TENS is generally contraindicated for those with pacemakers or heart conditions.
IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross.
It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema.
Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized.
Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two.
Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.
Russian current is a form of electrical stimulation using alternating current delivered in 2.5kHz bursts with a 50Hz burst frequency and 50% duty cycle. It was developed by Russian scientist Kots who found it improved strength in athletes. As a result, this stimulation pattern became known as Russian current. It is used clinically to contract and strengthen muscles, typically with 10 seconds on, 50 seconds off bursts to avoid fatigue. The main effects are increased muscle force through central nervous system adaptation and physical muscle growth.
A faradic current is a short duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 50-100 Hz. It produces a biphasic, asymmetrical and spiked waveform. Faradic currents are used to produce near normal tetanic-like muscle contractions and relaxations. When applied to nerves and muscles, it causes sensory stimulation, muscle contraction, reduced swelling and pain, and increased metabolism. Faradic current is indicated for muscle reeducation, maintaining range of motion, loosening adhesions, and replacing orthosis. It involves placing electrodes on muscles or nerve trunks and gradually increasing and decreasing intensity to cause contraction and relaxation.
Short Wave Diathermy (SWD) is a treatment that uses electromagnetic energy to produce deep heating in joints and soft tissues. This form of heat can be applied to deeper structures than other forms of heat treatment.
This document discusses microwave diathermy, which uses electromagnetic radiation between shortwave and infrared waves to generate heat deep in tissues for therapeutic purposes. It notes that microwave diathermy does not penetrate as deeply as shortwave diathermy due its higher frequency and shorter wavelength. The document provides details on microwave generators using 2450MHz frequency, applicators, absorption and penetration in different tissues, therapeutic effects, common applications for pain relief and increased circulation, as well as contraindications and treatment parameters.
Laser therapy uses low-level lasers that emit coherent light to induce biological effects in tissues. It was first developed in the 1960s and approved by the FDA in 2002 to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. Lasers are classified based on their power output and potential hazards, with classes 1 and 2 being safe for therapeutic use. Common types include helium-neon and gallium arsenide lasers. Physiological effects include reducing pain and inflammation, promoting tissue healing, and recovery from nerve injuries through various cellular mechanisms like increased ATP and growth factor production.
Interferential therapy involves applying medium frequency alternating currents between 1000-10,000 Hz to the body. It is produced by the interference of two medium frequency currents, creating a beat frequency current that can penetrate tissues more easily than direct or low frequency currents. The beat frequency current flows maximally along diagonal paths through the tissues. Interferential therapy can be used to reduce pain, increase blood flow and reduce edema. It has various applications for pain relief, muscle stimulation and stress incontinence. Care must be taken with proper electrode placement and settings to avoid potential dangers like burns. Research studies have shown interferential therapy can help reduce fibromyalgia pain and improve sleep quality.
1. Interferential stimulation uses two alternating currents at different frequencies to generate interference currents that can effectively stimulate deep tissues with less discomfort than other forms of electrical stimulation.
2. The quadripolar technique positions four electrodes around the painful area so that the interference currents branch off at 45 degree angles, maximizing treatment within this area.
3. Interferential stimulation units allow adjustment of settings like intensity, beat frequency, mode, and time to customize treatment for conditions like pain, spasm, edema, and delayed union.
This document provides an overview of interferential current therapy. It discusses the history and principles of interferential current, including how two alternating medium frequency currents intersect to produce amplitude modulation at a low frequency. It describes parameters like frequency, dosage, sweep patterns and techniques like bipolar and quadripolar application. The physiological effects of interferential current like pain relief, muscle stimulation and increased blood flow are explained. Indications, contraindications and precautions for its use are also summarized.
The document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its principles, working mechanisms, and applications. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents simultaneously to generate low frequency interference currents in the body. Key points include:
- IFT uses medium frequencies between 1000-10,000 Hz to generate low frequency currents from 50-150 Hz. This allows for deeper, more comfortable current penetration.
- IFT can be applied using bipolar, static quadripolar, or vector scan quadripolar methods depending on the treatment area and desired effects.
- Physiological effects include pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow, and edema reduction depending on the frequency used.
Medium frequency currents between 1000-10000 Hz are used therapeutically for pain management and wound healing. Rebox, Russian, and interferential currents are types of medium frequency currents. Interferential currents use two medium frequencies (e.g. 4000 Hz and 3900 Hz) that interfere in tissues to produce a low frequency beat current for deep tissue treatment without skin irritation. Common applications include pain, muscle spasm, edema, and delayed bone healing.
Interferential Current or therapy for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of interferential current for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices on the uses of IFT in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
Interferential therapy involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents intersecting in the body to produce a low frequency interference current. This current is able to penetrate deeper into tissues than direct current, allowing for pain relief and muscle stimulation. The interference current is modulated to create a beat frequency effect. Different electrode types and application methods exist to target specific areas. Physiological effects include reducing pain, increasing blood flow and muscle stimulation. Treatment parameters like frequency, duration and method of application are chosen based on the condition and treatment goals.
Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents between 4000-5100 Hz to generate low frequency interference currents between 1-100 Hz at targeted tissue depths. This allows for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow and lymphatic drainage without the limitation of skin resistance. Electrodes are placed diagonally over the area of interest and current intensity is gradually increased until felt by the patient. Contraindications include coagulation issues, arterial disease, infections and pacemakers. Typical applications are for pain, swelling, muscle stimulation and tissue healing.
Interferential therapy involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents through tissues simultaneously. This causes the currents to interfere with each other, producing a low frequency interference current. The interference current has characteristics of low frequency stimulation and can be used therapeutically. Proper positioning of electrodes is important to ensure the interference effect occurs in the desired treatment area. Parameters like amplitude, frequency, and sweep time can be adjusted to achieve different physiological effects for various indications. Common electrode types used include plate and vacuum electrodes.
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS) BY MINED ACADEMYMINED ACADEMY
1. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-invasive pain relief method that uses low electric currents delivered through electrodes placed on the skin to inhibit pain signals sent to the brain.
2. There are three main types of TENS - conventional/high TENS, acupuncture-like/low TENS, and intense TENS - which differ in their electric pulse characteristics and mechanisms of pain relief.
3. TENS provides pain relief through gate control theory mechanisms like segmental inhibition of nociceptive neurons in the spinal cord as well as extra-segmental activation of descending pain inhibitory pathways from the brain.
1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes.
2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz.
3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), a type of electrical stimulation treatment. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents to generate a low frequency interference current in the tissues for therapeutic effects. It provides pain relief and motor stimulation while avoiding skin irritation experienced with other currents. IFT is indicated for various painful conditions and edema and uses specific frequencies for different treatments, like 1-10Hz rhythmic mode for reducing swelling. Precautions include avoiding direct electrode contact and proper placement to ensure current passes through tissues as intended.
The document summarizes the features and benefits of the MY TENS device, which is designed for home use transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) therapy. Key points:
- MY TENS is certified for safety and designed for easy home use without complicated settings. It provides a preset operating program to effectively treat most pain conditions.
- The device has an ergonomic design that allows for simple, flexible application to any part of the body. It also ensures the electrical signal is transmitted intact from the device to the patient.
- MY TENS can be discreetly used in public as it can be placed under clothes. It is also affordable and reusable through replacement of consumable parts.
Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency beating effect deeper in the tissues. It can provide analgesic, anti-inflammatory and muscle stimulation effects. IFT is applied using electrode pads or probes placed on the skin over the treatment area. Parameters like frequency, intensity, and application time can be modified based on the condition being treated. Common indications include pain, muscle spasm, edema, and post-surgical issues. Proper application and monitoring of settings is needed to provide benefit safely.
The document discusses piezo shockwave therapy technology from Elvation Medical GmbH. It summarizes their single and double layer piezo shockwave technology which can achieve penetration depths up to 100mm and peak pressures up to 82MPa. It then discusses the efficacy of focused shockwave therapy and its ability to stimulate tissue healing. The remainder discusses the PiezoWave2 device which uses piezoelectric focusing to precisely target therapy and its applications for musculoskeletal pain and wound healing.
This document provides information on different electrotherapy modalities including TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation), IFT (interferential therapy), UST (ultrasound therapy), SWD (short wave diathermy), and WAX. It defines each modality, describes their mechanisms and effects, appropriate frequencies and intensities used, electrode placement, indications, contraindications, and examples of common conditions treated. TENS uses low frequency electrical currents to reduce pain through gate control theory and pain modulation. IFT delivers two interfering currents to generate a beat frequency deep in tissues for pain relief. WAX involves applying molten paraffin wax to provide localized heat therapy for conditions like arthritis.
Similar to Interferential Therapy (IFT).Class.pptx (20)
X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895. They are produced when a solid target like copper or tungsten is bombarded with electrons with kinetic energies in the kilo electron volt range, emitting electromagnetic radiation. The common device used to produce x-rays is a Coolidge tube, which contains a cathode filament and anode target metal. When a voltage is applied, cathode rays hit the target at a 45 degree angle, producing invisible x-rays over a spectrum of wavelengths. X-rays are used in medicine for diagnostic imaging due to their ability to pass through matter and be captured on photographic plates.
8. ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM (Biomedical Physics).pdfDR NIYATI PATEL
Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in 1865 through theoretical considerations, while Hertz confirmed their existence experimentally in 1888. Hertz's experiment was based on the fact that an oscillating electric charge radiates electromagnetic waves, supplying energy from its kinetic energy. The orderly distribution of electromagnetic radiations according to their wavelength or frequency is called the electromagnetic spectrum, which has a wide range of wavelengths from 10-14 m to 6 × 106 m. The spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. These different types of electromagnetic waves have various uses including in communication technologies, medical treatments and diagnoses, food preservation, and more.
SOUND, TYPES OF SOUND, INTERFERENCE OF SOUND, CALCULATION OF VELOCITY OF SOUND IN AIR, NEWTON'S FORMULA, LAPLACE'S FORMULA, DOPPLER EFFECT, ECHO, RESONANCE, MAGNETO STRICTION & PIEZO ELECTRIC PRODUCTION OF SOUND, APPLICATION OF SOUND
This document defines malaria and discusses its transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, diagnosis, and management. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites and characterized by periodic fevers. P. falciparum can cause potentially fatal malaria. Complications include tropical splenomegaly syndrome, nephropathy, and anemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears to identify parasites and antigen testing. Management consists of antimalarial drugs like quinine, addressing complications, and specific treatment for children and pregnant women in high-risk areas.
This document defines mental retardation as sub-average general intelligence that manifests during early development, resulting in diminished learning capacity and difficulty adjusting socially. It describes several clinical features of mental retardation including family history, home environment factors, physical anomalies, and delays in development. It also discusses intelligence quotient (IQ) tests which assess verbal and non-verbal abilities to determine a patient's mental age and classify their level of retardation. The causes of mental retardation include both prenatal factors like genetic conditions and perinatal factors like infections, while management involves counseling, education, rehabilitation, and treatment of behavioral issues.
The document discusses normal growth and development from conception through childhood. It describes the stages of growth from the ovum and embryo stages through infancy, childhood and adolescence. It outlines the factors that can affect growth and development such as genetics, hormones, nutrition, socioeconomic status and intellectual stimulation. Key growth parameters like weight, height and head circumference are provided for each stage of development. Milestones for gross motor, fine motor, social and language development are also outlined. Abnormal growth such as low birth weight, microcephaly and macrocephaly are defined and their potential causes discussed.
Tetanus is caused by a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria that enters the body through wounds or burns. It causes muscle spasms by blocking motor neuron synapses in the central nervous system. Symptoms range from lockjaw to generalized painful muscle spasms. Treatment involves wound care, antibiotics, medications to control spasms, and supportive care like ventilation for severe cases. Prevention centers on immunization and proper wound management.
Measles is an acute viral respiratory illness characterized by fever, cough, conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash. It most commonly affects children between ages 3-5 years. The virus is highly infectious and spreads through direct contact or droplets. Clinical features include a prodromal stage with fever and Koplik's spots, followed by an exanthematous rash that begins behind the ears and spreads all over the body. Complications can include pneumonia, otitis media, and blindness. Prevention is through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Chickenpox is primarily a disease of children caused by the varicella zoster virus. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. The infection causes a rash that starts on the back and chest and spreads to the face and limbs, going through macule, papule and vesicle stages before forming scabs. Complications can include bacterial skin infections or, rarely, pneumonia, encephalitis or congenital abnormalities in newborns. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like pruritus and treating secondary infections with antibiotics or antivirals. Vaccination provides effective prevention.
Diphtheria is caused by a bacterial infection of the respiratory tract or skin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a toxin. The bacteria do not invade deeply but multiply locally, causing tissue necrosis and formation of a pseudomembrane. The toxin can also enter the bloodstream and cause neurological or heart complications. Symptoms vary depending on the site of infection but may include throat swelling, difficulty breathing, and skin lesions. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected sites. Treatment involves antitoxin administration, antibiotics, and supportive care such as airway management for laryngeal infections. Complications can affect the heart or nerves if not properly treated.
The document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines key terms like vaccination, immunization, seroconversion, and seroprotection. It outlines the national immunization schedule from birth through adolescence according to both the universal immunization program and the Indian association of paediatrics. The schedule includes vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, Hib, measles, mumps, rubella, and typhoid. The document also discusses the route of administration for different vaccines and possible adverse effects.
This document discusses several vitamin deficiencies including vitamins A, D, C, and B1. It provides details on the roles of these vitamins, signs and symptoms of deficiencies, diagnostic testing, and treatment approaches. Vitamin A is important for vision, growth, and reproduction. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets, a softening of the bones. Scurvy is caused by vitamin C deficiency and results in issues with collagen production. Beriberi is a thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency that can impact the heart or nerves. Treatment for the deficiencies involves supplementation with the respective vitamins.
This document discusses malnutritional disorders in infants and children. It describes kwashiorkor and marasmus as the two main types of protein-energy malnutrition. Kwashiorkor mainly affects children aged 1-3 years and is characterized by edema, skin changes, fatty liver and hypoalbuminemia. Marasmus mainly affects children under 1 year of age and results in severe wasting and loss of muscle mass. The management of severe malnutrition involves immediate resuscitation, restoration of weight and nutritional rehabilitation over several weeks.
The femoral nerve originates from the lumbar plexus and innervates muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh. Causes of femoral neuropathy include pelvic or femoral fractures, hip dislocations, spinal issues, and diabetes. Symptoms include sensory loss and weakness of the quadriceps and hip flexors. Special tests like the slump test and prone knee bending test isolate compression of the femoral nerve. Electromyography can help evaluate the severity and location of nerve damage. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery in severe cases.
This document discusses tibial neuropathy, including its anatomy, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, types of injuries, and treatment options. The tibial nerve arises from the L4, L5, S1 and S2 nerve roots and supplies motor innervation to the gastrocnemius, soleus, and other calf and foot muscles. Common causes of tibial neuropathy include injection palsy, penetrating leg injuries, tarsal tunnel syndrome, and Morton's neuroma. Signs and symptoms involve sensory loss and weakness of the innervated muscles. Investigations may include MRI, EMG, and nerve conduction studies. Treatment involves conservative options like physical therapy or surgical procedures like nerve grafting or tendon transfers.
The obturator nerve arises from the lumbar plexus and supplies motor innervation to several adductor muscles of the thigh. It can be injured due to hip dislocation, pelvic fracture, or compression by a mass. Injury results in sensory loss in the thigh and paralysis of the adductor muscles. This causes the patient to walk with a narrow base and have loss of hip adduction range of motion. Treatment involves physiotherapy like electrical stimulation and stretching exercises to prevent deformities while the nerve regenerates over months. Special tests like Tinel's sign and slump test can help evaluate an obturator nerve injury.
The common peroneal nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve that innervates muscles of the lower leg and foot. Common peroneal neuropathy can result from compression of the nerve due to trauma, fractures, immobilization, or other causes. This leads to weakness of ankle dorsiflexors and foot everters, sensory loss, and a foot drop gait. Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies and EMG. Treatment may include immobilization, physical therapy, splinting, and tendon transfers in severe cases.
This document discusses sciatic neuropathy, including its anatomy, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, types of injuries, and treatments. The sciatic nerve is the thickest nerve in the body and originates from the lumbosacral plexus, supplying muscles in the lower limb. Causes of sciatic neuropathy include pelvic fractures, hip dislocations, and compression by tumors. Signs include sensory loss and muscle paralysis below the knee, resulting in foot drop and gait abnormalities. Investigations include MRI, EMG, and nerve conduction studies. Treatments focus on preventing contractures and foot drop through electrical stimulation, splinting, and customized footwear.
Force is a push or pull that can change the motion of an object. There are three laws of motion defined by Newton:
1) An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
2) The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the direction of the net force.
3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Forces can be balanced or unbalanced. Balanced forces cancel each other out while unbalanced forces result in changes to motion.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. PREPARED BY :- NIYATI PATEL
INTERFERENTIAL THERAPY
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2. INTRODUCTION
Interferential current was developed in the
1950s by Dr Hans Nemec in Vienna, and
became increasingly popular in the UK during
the 1970s.
So it is also known as Nemec’s current.
Interferential current is the waveform produced
by the interference of two medium frequency
currents are used to produce a low frequency
effect.
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3. Two medium frequency currents which are slightly
out of phase, passed through the tissues
simultaneously, where they are set up so that their
paths cross and in simple terms they interfere with
each other.
This interference gives rise to an interference or
beat frequency which has the characteristics of a
low frequency stimulation.
Two medium-frequency currents are used to produce
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4. Principle of Interferential Therapy
The basic principle of Interferential Therapy (IF) is
to utilize the strong physiological effects of low
frequency electrical stimulation of muscle and
nerve tissues at sufficient depth without the
associated painful and somewhat unpleasant side
effects of such stimulation.
Interference produced by two currents in the
tissues is called the beat frequency.
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5. The resistance (impedance) of the skin is inversely
proportional to the frequency of the stimulation.
In other words, the lower the stimulation frequency,
the greater the resistance to the passage of the
current
i.e. Z = 1/2𝜋fC
The skin impedance at 50Hz is approximately 3200
ohms whilst at 4000Hz it is reduced to
approximately 40 ohms.
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6. Medium frequency currents of around 4000Hz
, while able to stimulate motor and sensory
nerves, encounter a much lower skin
impedance.
These two waveforms are delivered through
two sets of electrodes through separate
channels in the same stimulator.
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7. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
These currents are of medium frequency i.e.
4000 or 5000 Hz that rhythmically increases and
decreases in amplitude at low frequency.
One current is normally of fixed frequency, for
example at 4000Hz, and the other current is
adjustable, for example between 4000 and
4200Hz.
The two currents summate or cancel out each
other in a predictable manner, producing the
resultant amplitude-modulated
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9. A : 4000Hz (carrier frequency)
B : 3900Hz
produces a resultant ‘interferential current’
C : Amplitude modulated frequency of 100Hz
4000
4000
3900
3900
100
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10. PRINCIPLES OF WAVE INTERFERENCE
CONSTRUCTIVE
DESTRUCTIVE
CONTINUOUS
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11. Principles of wave interference: Combined
Effects
Constructive interference: when two
sinusoidal waves that are exactly in phase
or one, two or three wavelengths out of
phase, the waves supplement each other in
constructiveinterference
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12. Principles of wave interference: Combined
Effects
Destructive interference: when the two
waves are different by half wavelength (of
any multiple) the result is cancellation of
bothwaves
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13. Principles of wave interference: Combined
Effects
Continuous Interference: Twowaves slightly
outof phase collide and form a single wave
with progressively increasing and
decreasing amplitude
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14. TYPES OF ELECTRODES
Three types of electrodes :
1. Plate electrode
2. Vacuum electrode
3. Combined
electrode
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15. PLATE ELECTRODE
Made of conducting rubber which are
comfortable and long lasting
larger plates electrodes give more
comfortable treatment and deeper effect
Smaller electrodes are used for a localized
effect, but this effect is more superficial
Attached to the patient by means of straps to
assure a good contact and greater tolerance
of treatment
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16. VACUUM ELECTRODE
Made from a vacuum unit plug into a rubber
suction cup connected to a machine
capable of producing a vacuum,
Suction should not be constant because it
can be uncomfortable and causes bruising
Wet sponges are placed in the cups and
moisten the edges of the cups for better
adherence,
Excellent for treating flat smooth areas for
example back or aplump knee
Not indicated for treatment of the hairy areas
because can’t get an airtightseal
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18. COMBINED ELECTRODE
all four contacts are embedded in some
insulating material and can be applied as one
pad
there are different sizes (small, medium and
large) for different surfaces to be treated
limited by the low intensity of current that can
be tolerated so general effect is small
if possible, use larger separate plate
electrodes!!
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19. METHOD OF APPLICATION
Two methods,
1. QUADRIPOLAR application
2. BIPOLAR application
3. QUADRIPOLAR method with
AUTOMATIC VACTOR SCAN
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21. QUADRI-POLAR TECHNIQUE.
The four electrodes are positioned around the
target treated area so that each channel runs
perpendicular to the other and the current crosses
at a midpoint.
The interference effect branch off from the center
of the treated area in the shape of a four leaf
clover.
Tissues within this area receive the maximal
treatment effect .
The electrodes are positioned in a coplanar
arrangement to treat a flat surface .
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24. The maximum AMF is obtained in the
intersection of the two applied alternating
currents. (point of superimposition)
Balance control : to allow the output of one
channel to be increased while decreasing the
other.
USE : for selective stimulation of deeper lying
tissue.
and highly suitable for shoulder, knee,
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25. QUADRIPOLAR [4EL]
4 electrodes supplied by two channels.
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26. BIPOLAR [2EL]
In this mode, the AMF is generated inside the
equipment and supplied to the patient through
two electrodes.
This method makes it very easy to localise the
area of stimulation because the AMF is
present in the entire region between the two
electrodes.
USE : suitable for the treatment trigger points,
26
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27. Disadv. of bipolar mode is more sensory
stimulation, since the low freq. current is
already produced by the machine, and has to
go through the skin and it is unpleasant
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29. QUADRIPOLAR METHOD USING
AUTOMATIC VECTOR SCAN
4EL 45 OR 4EL 90
In this technique, the intensity of the alternating
currents is varied.
As a results, a point of superimposition rotates
within the area of intersection enlarging the area of
effective treatment.
USE : suitable when the point to be treated can not
be exactly localised.
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30. TREATMENT PARAMETERS
AMPLITUDE MODULATED FREQUENCY
FREQUENCY SWEEP
CURRENT INTENSITY
TREATMENT DURATION
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31. FREQUENCY
Excitable tissues can be stimulated by low
frequency alternating currents. Although to
some extent, all tissues in this category will be
affected by a broad range of stimulations, it is
thought that different tissues will have an
optimal stimulation band,
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32. These are detailed frequencies below:
Sympathetic Nerve 1-5Hz
Parasympathetic Nerve 10-150Hz
Motor Nerve 10-50Hz
Sensory Nerve 90-100Hz
Nociceptive fibers 90-150Hz
Smooth Muscle 0-10Hz
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33. SWEEP FREQUENCY
Nerves will accommodate to a constant signal &
a sweep (or gradually changing frequency) is
often used to overcome this problem.
The sweep (range) should be appropriate to the
desired physiological effects, The mode of
delivery of the selected sweep varies with
machines.
The most common application is the 6 second
rise and fall between the pre-set frequencies.
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34. SWEEP FREQUENCY
For example, if a 10-25 Hz range has been
selected, the machine will deliver a changing
frequency, starting at 10 Hz, rising to 25Hz
over a 6 second period.
Once this upper limit has been achieved, the
frequency will once again fall, over a 6 second
period to its starting point at 10Hz.
This pattern is repeated throughout the
treatment session.
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36. Other patterns of sweep can be
produced on many machines
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37. CURRENT INTENSITY
The intensity of the current is dependent on the
desired physiological effect and the tissue to be
stimulated.
In general the current could be administered at
sensory level, motor level, or noxious level.
Use an intensity of current which produces a strong
but comfortable prickling without a muscular
contraction.
Steps to follow:
1) Increase current until the patient feels a definite prickling, and
leave for one minute for it to decrease
2) Increase current again until the patient reports a slight
muscular contraction, then decrease until contraction stops.
may teach the patient to increase intensity periodically
in order to obtain longer lasting pain relief
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38. DURATION OF TREATMENT
IFC usually applied for 10-15 minutes
treatment at a normal intensity should not be given to
one area for longer than 20 minutes
if more than one area is to be treated è total time
should not exceed 30 min.
Vary widely according to the usual clinical
parameters of acute/chronic conditions & the type of
physiological effect desired.
Acute conditions 5-10 minutes
Chronic conditions 20-30 minutes
**too long a Rx makes pt. unacceptably tired later in
the day!**
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39. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT
in most cases, treatment every other day (i.e.
3x/wk.) is ideal
treatment less than twice/week is usually a
waste of time
a course of 12 treatments is given
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40. WAVEFORMS
TRIANGULAR –acute condition
RECTEANGULAR- sub acute condition
TRAPEZOIDAL-chronic condition
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41. Uses of Interferential Therapy
The are 5 main clinical uses for which IF appears
to be beneficial:
1- Relief and management of acute and chronic
pain.
2- Muscle stimulation
3- Increased blood flow
4- Reduction of edema
5- Stimulating of soft tissues healing and repair.
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42. 1. Relief of Pain
important because pain produces spasm, unnatural
movement, and production of more strain.
IF current is used management of acute and chronic
pain of different origin specially Post traumatic pain
Sympathetically maintained pain as in shoulder hand
syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy and Reynolds
disease
*IFC is not effective in post-traumatic pain in the acute
stages!! It is effective in cases of chronic pain with or
without swelling.
set F at 80-100Hz which gives analgesic effect with a
vasodilatory effect on the tissues.
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43. Mechanisms of Pain control by interferential therapy
Stimulation with the higher frequencies about
100Hz at sensory level stimulation stimulate the
pain gate mechanisms & thereby mask the pain
symptoms.
Stimulation with lower frequencies up to 10Hz at
motor level intensities can be used to activate the
opoid mechanisms, again providing a degree of
relief.
Decrease activity of the sympathetic ganglion and
sympathetic nerves in cases of sympathetically
maintained pain.
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44. 2. Muscle contraction Stimulation
Stimulation of the motor nerves to induce
contraction of muscle can be achieved with a
wide range of frequencies (10-50Hz). Clearly,
stimulation at low frequency (e.g. 1-10Hz) will
result in a series of twitches, with stimulation at
50Hz will result in a tetanic contraction. The
choice of treatment parameters will depend on
the desired effect.
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45. 2. Muscle contraction Stimulation
If IF is used as neuromuscular stimulation, it can
be used for:
Relaxation of muscle spasm.
Prevention and retardation of disuse atrophy.
Muscle re-education.
Maintenance of range of motion.
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46. 3. Increase blood flow
Increased vasodilatation is noticed following
interferential current due to Its effect on
parasympathetic nerve fibers for increased blood
flow.
IC is used in treatment of circulatory disorders,
Depressing the activity of certain cervical and
lumbo-sacral sympathetic ganglia in patients with
increased arterial constrictor tone so increased
circulation a in Raynaud’s disease.
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47. 4. REDUCTION OF SWELLING & EDEMA
important because organization of the exudate
leads to the formation of adhesions and
impairment of function
set F at 1-30Hz which causes
a. electroporation (increased permeability of the
cell membrane, which helps ion movement to and
from cells)
b. increase in venous and lymphatic flow, and
increase tone of tissues and vessels which aid in
the relief of edema
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48. Chronic post-traumatic edema can be reduced
by the use of IF. This effect is attributed to
milking of the venous and lymphatic return
through electrically evoked contraction.
progress Rx by setting beat F at 1-15Hz or a
sweep of 10-25 Hz which causes vasodilation,
and has a vigorous pumping effect which will
increase the physiologic mechanisms for the
absorption of the exudate.
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49. 5. Stimulating soft tissues healing and repair
IF improve accelerate ossification and is used
to enhance fracture healing.
IF current also is used to accelerate wound
healing by improving cellular function and
increasing cell proliferation.
-
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50. Contraindications
1)Arterial disease
-the stimulatory effect of the current could
produce emboli
2) Deep Vein Thrombosis
-in the acute phase, it is possible to dislodge the
thrombi or increase the inflammation of the
phlebitis
3) Infective conditions
-could spread the infection or exacerbate due to
the stimulatory effects of the current
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51. `
4) Pregnant Uterus
-not safe for fetus
-may however use for S.I. joint strain during pregnancy
if IFC placed superficially over S.I. ligaments
5) Danger of haemorrhage
-stimulating effect can cause an Ý in bleeding
6) Malignant tumors
-direct stimulation of tumor is CI, but reffered pain from
cancer or metastasis can be treated
7) Artificial pacemakers
-a demand unit must sense the electrical activity of the
heart, thus avoid an electric device that may interfere
with it
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52. 8) Large open wounds
-these will cause concentration of the current
and distortion of the IF field
9) Dermatological conditions
-IFC may exacerbate any dermatological
condition in the area being treated
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53. Set-up and Application
The usual steps for preparation of patient and the
apparatus during electrical stimulation are followed.
Apply the electrodes to the treated.
Turn on the apparatus by activating the power switch.
Select the appropriate beat frequency based on the
goal of treatment.
Use the appropriate sweep frequency for this
treatment protocol.
Set the duration of the treatment by adjusting the
timer.
Start the treatment by pressing the start button.
Slowly increase the intensity until the appropriate
current level is obtained and guided by the patient’s
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54. Precautions
care should be taken to maintain the suction at a
level below that which causes damage or
discomfort to the patient.
For patients who have febrile conditions, the
outcome of the first treatment should be monitors.
Patients who have epilepsy, advanced
cardiovascular conditions or cardiac arrhythmias
should be treated in consultation with the
appropriate medical practitioner.
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55. REFERENCES
1. Electrotherapy - evidence-based practice,
by Sheila kitchen, 11th edition, pg no. 287-300
2. Physical agents in rehabilitation – from
research to practice
3. Clayton’s Electrotherapy – theory and practice,
ninth edition, pg no. 107-111.
4. Physical principles explained by low n reed,
pg no. – 128.
5. Therapeutic modalities in rehabilitation, by
William E. Prentice, 3th edition
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