Measles is an acute viral respiratory illness characterized by fever, cough, conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash. It most commonly affects children between ages 3-5 years. The virus is highly infectious and spreads through direct contact or droplets. Clinical features include a prodromal stage with fever and Koplik's spots, followed by an exanthematous rash that begins behind the ears and spreads all over the body. Complications can include pneumonia, otitis media, and blindness. Prevention is through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

1. MEASLES
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2. DEFINITION
Measles is an acute viral respiratory
illness.
It is characterized by a prodrome of fever
(as high as 105°F) and malaise, cough and
conjunctivitis followed by a
maculopapular rash
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3. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Age – mostly children between ages of 3 and 5
years, rare during first 6 months of life because of
transferred passive immunity from mother.
• Incubation period – 8–10 days.
• Period of infectivity – From onset of prodromal period
to 4 days after appearance of rash.
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4. TRANSMISSION
• Highly infectious and spread by direct
contact or droplet infection.
• Patients suffering from measles shed
virus from their respiratory tract during
the prodromal period and for 24–48
hours after the rash appears
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5. CLINICAL FEATURES
• PRODROMAL STAGE (4-5 DAYS)
• FEVER
• CATARRH (CONJUCTIVITIS, PHOTOPHOBIA)
• KOPLIK’S SPOTS
• LARYNGEAL INVOLVEMENT – HOARSENESS &
LARYNGEAL STRIDER
• GI – PERSISTENT VOMITTING & DIARRHEA
• FLEETING RASHES - URTICARIA
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6. • EXANTHEMATOUS STAGE
• RASH- ON 5TH DAY  RED MACULES
APPEAR BEHIND EAR, HAIR LINE & POST
PART OF CHEECKS  SPREAD RAPIDLY IN
FEW HRS ALL OVER BODY FACE
SWOLLEN IN SEVERE
• MUCOUS MEMBRANE  CONJUNCTIVITIS,
RHINITIS, STOMATITIS, LARYNGITIS,
TRACHEITIS AND BRONCHITIS
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7. • STAGE OF DEFERVESCENCE
• Temperature falls by crisis in 24 to 48
hours.
• Rash fades from face downwards in same
sequence as its appearance and leaves brown
staining
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8. COMPLICATION
• Secondary bacterial otitis media
• Pneumonia
• Laryngo-trachea-bronchitis
• Hepatitis
• Blindness
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9. POST MEASLES STATE
• results from powerful immunosuppressive effect which
alters immunity and the tissue destructive effect of
measles.
• Clinical features.
• (a) Growth retardation and diarrhoea
• (b) Gingivostomatitis
• (c) Corneal ulcers mainly in malnourished children.
• (d) Other uncommon complications – Gangrene of tips of
fingers and toes, possibly abortion or prematurity if infection
occurs during pregnancy.
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10. MANAGEMENT
• Frequent fluid intake.
• Paracetamol for fever.
• Irrigation of eyes with boric lotion.
• Cough linctus to suppress the dry cough.
• Antibiotics such as amoxicillin
• Vitamin A  prevents eyes complication & reduced
respiratory infection
• Antiviral  Ribavirin & Acyclovir
• Antifungal Therapy  Fluconazole
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11. PREVENTION
• (a) Active immunization – Single dose of attenuated
live-virus vaccine for all children at the beginning of
second year of life  Measles vaccine
• (b) Passive immunization -- Immunoglobulin is
useful in debilitated patients in contact of measles
patients followed in 3 months by vaccine  MMR
Vaccine
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