The document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines key terms like vaccination, immunization, seroconversion, and seroprotection. It outlines the national immunization schedule from birth through adolescence according to both the universal immunization program and the Indian association of paediatrics. The schedule includes vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, Hib, measles, mumps, rubella, and typhoid. The document also discusses the route of administration for different vaccines and possible adverse effects.

1. IMMUNIZATION
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL
Terminologies
1. Vaccination: Process of inoculating the vaccine/antigen
2. Immunization: Process of inducing immune response which may be humoral or cellular
3. Seroconversion: Change from antibody negative state to antibody positive state.
4. Seroprotection: A stage of protection from disease, due to the presence of detectable antibody
5. Antibody titer: The reciprocal of the highest serum dilution at which antibody has been detected.
Prerequisites
 Each time a vaccine is given, the doctor should explain to the mother the nature of vaccine, the
number of doses needed, the disease likely to be prevented, anticipated adverse reactions and due
date for the next session of immunization.
 Advise the mother and baby to wait for an hour before leaving the center to watch for adverse
reactions.
National immunization schedule (NIS)  Universal immunization program (UIP)
AGE VACCINES
Birth BCG (BACILLE CALMETTE GUERIN) ,OPV (ORAL POLIO VIRUS)
6 weeks DTP1 (DIPHTHERIA-TETENUS-PERTUSSIS) ,OPV1, HBV1 (HEPATITIS
B VIRUS)
10 weeks DTP2, OPV2, HBV2
14 weeks DTP3, OPV3, HBV3
9 months Measles
16-24 months DTP, OPV
5-6 years DT/DTP
10 years TT (TETENUS TOXOID)
16 years TT
For pregnant women – early in pregnancy – TT,
One month after TT- TT2
Indian association of paediatrics (IAP)
AGE VACCINES
Birth BCG, OPV0, HBV1
6 weeks DTP1, OPV1, HBV2,Hib1 (Haemophilus influenza type b)
10 weeks DTP2, OPV2, Hib2
14 weeks DTP3, OPV3, Hib3
9 months Measles
15-18 months DTP B1, OPV B1, Hib B1, MMR (Measles, mumps, rubella)
2 years Typhoid (Re vaccination every 3-4 years)
5 years DTP B2, OPV B2
10 years TT
16 years TT

2. IMMUNIZATION
P/B :- DR NIYATI PATEL
Route of vaccination
Vaccine Route
BCG - BACILLE CALMETTE GUERIN Intradermal
OPV - ORAL POLIO VIRUS Oral
HBV - HEPATITIS B VIRUS Intramuscular
DTP - DIPHTHERIA-TETENUS-PERTUSSIS Intramuscular
Hib - Haemophilus influenza type b Intramuscular
Measles Subcutaneous
MMR - Measles, mumps, rubella Subcutaneous
TT – TETANUS TOXOID Intramuscular
Typhoid Intramuscular
Adverse effects of vaccine
1. Anaphylaxis  acute decompensation of circulatory system, hypovolemic shock,
laryngospasm/edema, acute respiratory distress
2. Hypotensive- hyporesponsive episode  acute paleness, transient decreased level / loss of
consciousness, decrease/loss of muscle tone
3. Incessant cry  within 48 to 72 hours of immunization, excessive inconsolable crying
4. Toxic shock syndrome  within 30 min to few hrs, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, septic shock
5. Lymphadenitis  within 2 to 6 months – firm to soft axillary lymphadenitis 1.5 to 3 cm size