This document discusses ultrasound and electrotherapy. It describes how ultrasound uses mechanical vibration to generate heat in tissues. Different coupling methods like gels or immersion can be used depending on the treatment area. Electrotherapy can stimulate muscles or nerves to help with conditions like pain, edema, or muscle atrophy. Electrical currents are used to induce muscle contraction or stimulate sensory nerves according to the gate control or descending pain theories of treatment. Placement of electrodes can target specific tissues or structures.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
Therapeutic Ultrasound for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of therapeutic ultrasound for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices of therapeutic ultrasound in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
Here is all about laser therapy. These slides contain all about laser in the field of healthcare and treatment. Role of laser in the physical therapy field. I hope these slides helps you to learn more about laser therapy and its benefits.
Microwave diathermies (MWDs) are electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitting systems that are used by physiotherapists for thermotherapy treatment. This presentation will give an overview about Microwave diathermy to all physiotherapy clinicians, students & teaching faculties
Here is all about laser therapy. These slides contain all about laser in the field of healthcare and treatment. Role of laser in the physical therapy field. I hope these slides helps you to learn more about laser therapy and its benefits.
Microwave diathermies (MWDs) are electromagnetic (EM) radiation emitting systems that are used by physiotherapists for thermotherapy treatment. This presentation will give an overview about Microwave diathermy to all physiotherapy clinicians, students & teaching faculties
Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound in the physiotherapy management of musculo...Ayobami Ayodele
Efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound in the physiotherapy management of musculoskeletal disorders. Despite several decades of us, the efficacy or effectiveness of therapeutic ultrasound as a physiotherapy modalities is still questionable.
Industrial Applications of Ultrasound - class 9 - physics (sound)Christ University
This is an amazing ppt with narration, which tells us about the industrial applications of ultrasound . which is in the class 9 ncert textbooks . it takes us a little deeper into the concept to understand it deeply.
this ppt material is about physiotherapy techniques in animal, this is all about how we can aid our pets with physiotherapy treatment for their wealth.
IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross.
It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema.
Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized.
Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two.
Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.
Interferential Current or therapy for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of interferential current for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices on the uses of IFT in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
A motor point is a specific skin area where the targeted muscle is best stimulated with the smallest amount of current amplitude and the shortest pulse duration
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. Introduction
Ultrasound (US) is a form of MECHANICAL energy, not electrical energy and therefore
strictly speaking, not really electrotherapy at all but does fall into the Electro Physical Agents
grouping. Mechanical vibration at increasing frequencies is known as sound energy. The
normal human sound range is from 16Hz to something approaching 15-20,000 Hz (in
children and young adults). Beyond this upper limit, the mechanical vibration is known as
ULTRASOUND. The frequencies used in therapy are typically between 1.0 and 3.0 MHz
(1MHz = 1 million cycles per second).
4. Treatment Area
US heats a limited area
About the size of a catsup
packet
Treatment area should be 2 to
3 times the size of the ERA
For larger areas, divide the
treatment area into smaller
zones
6. Coupling Methods
Ultrasonic energy cannot pass through the air
A coupling medium is required
Medium should be water-based
Coupling method should confirm to the body area
The body area should be clean and relatively hair-free
7. Direct Coupling
Gel or Creams
Only use approved coupling
agents
Apply liberally to area
Remove air bubbles by passing
sound head over area (before
power is increased)
8. Direct Coupling
Move the sound head s-l-o-w-
l-y
4 cm/sec
Moving the head faster
decreases heating
If the patient describes
discomfort, decrease the
output intensity
9. Coupling Ability of Various Media
Substance Transmission
Saran Wrap 98
Lidex ge, fluocinonide (.05%) 97
Thera-Gesic 97
Mineral oil 97
US Transmission gel 96
US Transmission lotion 90
Chempad-L 68
Hydrocortisone powder (1%) 29
Hydrocortisone powder (10%) 7
Eucerin cream 0
Myoflex 0
White petrolatum gel 0
10. Immersion Technique
Used to treat irregularly
shaped areas
The limb is immersed in a
tub of degassed water
If tap water is used,
increase the output
intensity by 0.5 w/cm2
Transducer is held appx.
1” from the body part
Avoid the formation of air
bubbles
11. Pad (Bladder) Method
A mass of conductive gel
Commercial pads
Self-made bladders
Conforms to the treatment
area
Commercial pads help limit
the size of the treatment
area
12. Electrode Placement
•Electrodes may be placed:
–On or around the painful area
–Over specific dermatomes, myotomes, or
sclerotomes that correspond to the painful area
–Close to spinal cord segment that innervates an
area that is painful
–Over sites where peripheral nerves that
innervate the painful area becomes superficial
and can be easily stimulated
–Over superficial vascular structures
–Over trigger point locations
13. –Over acupuncture points
–In a crisscrossed pattern around
the point to be stimulated so the
area to be treated is central to
the location of the electrodes
–Bipolar application resulting in
similar physiologic effects
beneath each electrode
–Monopolar setup both an
active and dispersive pad set up
causing higher current density at
the active electrode
–Quadripolar technique
14. Physiologic Response To
Electrical Current
•Electricity can have an effect on each
cell and tissue it passes through
–Type and extent is dependent on the type of
tissue, its response characteristics, and the
nature of current applied
•Reactions can be:
–Thermal
–Chemical
–Physiologic
15. •Can be used to:
–Creating muscle contraction through
nerve or muscle stimulation
–Stimulating sensory nerves to help in
treating pain
–Creating an electrical field in biologic
tissues to stimulate or alter the healing
process
–Creating an electrical field on the skin
surface to drive ions beneficial to the
healing process into or through the skin
16. Therapeutic Uses of
Electrically Induced Muscle
Contraction – High-volt
Currents
•Muscle re-education
•Muscle pump contractions
•Retardation of atrophy
•Muscle strengthening
•Increasing range of motion
•Reducing Edema
17. Muscle Re-Education
•Muscular inhibition after surgery or injury is
primary indication
•A muscle contraction usually can be forced
by electrically stimulating the muscle
•Provides artificial use of inactive synapses
•Restore normal balance to system as
ascending sensory info is reintegrated into
movement patterns
•Patient feels the muscle contract, sees the
muscle contract, and can attempt to
duplicate this muscular response
18. Muscle Pump Contractions
•Used to duplicate the regular muscle
contractions that help stimulate
circulation by pumping fluid and blood
through venous and lymphatic
channels back to the heart
•Can help in reestablishing proper
circulatory pattern while keeping
injured part protected
•Sensory level stimulation has been
shown to decrease edema in sprain
19. Retardation of Atrophy
•Electrical stimulation reproduces
physical and chemical events
associated with normal voluntary
muscle contraction and helps to
maintain normal muscle function
•No specific protocol exists
clinician should try to duplicate
muscle contraction associated with
normal exercise routine
20. Increasing Range of
Motion
•Electrically stimulating a muscle
contraction pulls joint through
limited range
•Continued contraction of muscle
group over extended time appears
to make contracted joint and
muscle tissue modify and lengthen
21. The Effect of Non-contractile
Stimulation on Edema
•Sensory level direct current used as a driving
force to make charged plasma protein ions in
interstitial spaces move in the direction of
oppositely charged electrode
•Cook et al. hypothesized that
1) the electrical field facilitated movement
of charged proteins into lymphatic channels
2) Electrical field caused indirect stimulation
of autonomic nervous system, stimulating
release of adrenergic substances, increasing
smooth muscle activity and lymph
22. Therapeutic Uses of
Electrical Stimulation of
Sensory Nerves –
Asymmetric Biphasic
Currents (TENS)
•Gate Control Theory
•Descending Pain Control
•Opiate Pain Control