The document discusses brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), which allow direct communication between the human brain and external devices to restore sensory functions and control prosthetic devices. Major historical milestones and the different types of BCIs, including invasive and non-invasive methods, are highlighted, along with their advantages and limitations. The document concludes that while promising, BCI technology faces challenges such as high costs, ethical concerns, and the need for further advancement.

1. Brain-Computer
Interface
Presented By: Jaahnvi Patel

2. Over View
 Introduction.
 What is BCI?
 Major Historical Evens.
 Component of BCI.
 Signal Extraction Techniques.
 Types of BCI
 Advantages
 Limitation in Implementation
 Conclusion.
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3. Introduction
 A BCI is a collaboration in which a brain accepts & controls a
mechanical device as a natural part of its representation of the body.
 Computer brain interface are designed to restore sensory function,
transmit sensory information to the brain, or stimulate the brain
through artificially generated electrical signals.
 BCI often called Mind Machine Interface(MMI) or Direct Neural
Interface (DNI).
 It is technology to communicate human brain directly to a computer
without any physical contact.
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4. What is Brain Computer
Interface (BCI)?
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 BCI is a direct Neural Interface or Brain-Machine Interface.
 Direct communication pathway between a brain and an external
device.
 BCI is a fast growing emergent technology in which researchers aim
to build a direct channel between the human brain and the
computer.
BCI- The Ultimate in
Human Computer
Interfacing

5. Major Historical Events.
 In 1924, Hans Berger, a German Neurologist was the first to record
human brain activity by means of EEG.
 In 1970, Research on BCI began at the University of California Los
Angeles (USA).
 1978, A proto type was implanted into a man blinded in adulthood.
 Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuro prosthetic
device implanted in humans appeared in the mid 1990s.
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6. Major Historical Events.
 2005, Matthew Nagle was one of the first person to use a BCI
to restore functionality lost due to paralysis.
 2013, Duke University researchers successfully connected the
brain of two rates with electronic interfaces that allowed them
to directly share information, in the first-ever direct brain –to
brain interface.
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7. Component of BCI
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Generation of signals from brain
Preprocessing,
Feature extraction,
Classification,
Device control.

8. Signal Extraction Techniques
◆ Different neuroimaging methods are used to derive
meaningful interpretations from the brain signals which are
captured by microelectrodes:
 EEG - Electro encephalography
 ECoG - Electro cortico graphy
 MEG - Magneto encephalo graphy
 BOLD - Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (signal)
 MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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9. Types of BCI
Invasive:
inside grey matter of brain
Partially Invasive:
inside the skull but outside the grey
matter
Non Invasive:
outside the skull, on the scalp
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10. Invasive BCI
 Electrode inserted directly
into grey matter
 Highest quality signal can
obtain
 But are prone to scar-tissue
build-up
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11. Partially Invasive BCIs
 Implanted inside the skull but rest
outside the grey matter of the brain
 Produce better resolution signals than
non-invasive BCIs where the bone
tissue of the cranium deflects and
deforms signals
 Carry lower risk of forming scar-tissue
in the brain than fully-invasive BCIs.
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12. Non-Invasive BCIs
 Low signal quality due to electrodes
are not directly interact with neurons
 It is safest as no surgery required.
 EEG is widely used for this technique
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13. Area of implementation
 Medical science
 Enabling disabled people, Vision and hearing.
 Paralysis treatment.
 Prosthetic devices (legs, hands etc.).
 Provide a means of communication to completely paralyzed
patients.
 Surgically implanted devices used as replacement for paralyzed
patients
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14. Advantages
BCIs will help creating a Direct communication between a human or
animal ‘Brain’ and ‘Computers’.
Allow paralyzed people to control prosthetic limbs with their mind.
Transmit visual image to the mind of a blind person, allowing to see.
Transmit auditory data to the mind of a deaf person, allowing them to
hear.
Allow a mute person o have their thoughts displayed & spoken by
computer.
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15. Disadvantage
 Research still in beginning sage.
 The current technology is crude.
 Ethical issue may prevent its development.
 Electrode outside of the scull can detect very few electric
signals from the Brain.
 Electrode placed inside the skull create scar tissue in the brain.
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16. Limitation in Implementation
 COST require for BCI is very high.
 It is Risky, because it operates with brain.
 Effective BCI technique requires invasive method.
 Requires magnetically shielded room and special kind of helmet.
 It is SLOW
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17. Conclusion
 BCI is highly promising.
 Provide high standard of living.
 Extend our limits as BCI technology further advances, brain tissue
may one day give way to implanted silicon chips thereby creating
a completely computerized simulation of the human brain.
 For future, we can predict that, superhuman artificial intelligence
would not far behind.
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18. Thank
you
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