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- 1. RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Autonomous) Departmentof electronics and communication engineering SEMINAR ON BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE (NEURALINK) By M.UDAY KUMAR (17981A04B8) ECE-C
- 2. ABSTRACT A Brain ComputerInterface (BCI) provides a communication path between human brain and the computer system. With the advancement in the areas of information technology and neurosciences, there has been a surge of interest in turning fiction into reality. The major goal of BCI research is to develop a system that allows disabled people to communicate with other persons and helps to interact with the external environments. This area includes components like, comparison of invasive and noninvasive technologies to measure brain activity
- 3. CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • HISTORY •EARLY WORK • BCI STRUCTURE • WORKING • BCI TYPES • FUTURE OF BCI • APPLICATIONS • CONCLUSION
- 4. INTRODUCTION • A brain–computerinterface is called as neuralink • Brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device.
- 5. HISTORY • The historyof brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) starts with Hans Berger's discovery of the electrical activity of the human brain and the development of EEG • Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes • In 1924 Berger was the first to record human brain activity by means of EEG. Berger was able to identify oscillatory activity, such as Berger's wave or the alpha wave (8–13 Hz), by analyzing EEG traces
- 6. EARLY WORK • Algorithmsto reconstruct movements from motor cortex neurons, which control movement, were developed in 1970s. • The first Intra-Cortical Brain-Computer Interface was built by implanting electrodes into monkeys. • After conducting initial studies in rats during the 1990s, researchers developed Brain Computer Interfaces that decoded brain activity in monkeys and used the devices to reproduce movements in monkeys and used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms.
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- 11. INVASIVE BCI • InvasiveBCI requires surgery to implant electrodes under scalp for communicating brain signals. • The main advantage is to provide more accurate reading; however, its downside includes side effects from the surgery. After the surgery, scar tissues may form which can make brain signals weaker. • In addition, according to the research of Abdulkader et al., (2015) . once implanted electrodes, the body may not accept the electrodes which may cause medical complications.
- 12. INVASIVE • The micro-electrodesare placed directly into the cortex, measuring the activity of a single neuron.
- 13. ADVANTAGES • We geta signal of high amplitude and less noise • We get high resolution DISADVANTAGES • It damages neurons
- 14. SEMI INVASIVE • Partiallyinvasive BCI devices are implanted inside the skull but rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter. • They produce better resolution signals than non-invasive BCIs where the bone tissue of the cranium deflects and deforms signals and have a lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain than fully invasive BCIs. • There has been preclinical demonstration of intracortical BCIs from the stroke perilesional cortex.
- 15. • The electrodesare placed on the exposed surface of the brain(ECoG).
- 16. ECoG • Electrocorticography useselectrodes placed on the exposed surface of the brain to measure electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. • It has been used for the first time in the 1950s at the Montreal Neurological Institute. • It is called semi-invasive but it still requires a craniotomy to implant the electrodes. • The electrodes may be placed outside the dura mater (epidural) or under the dura mater (subdural).
- 17. • The positivecharacteristics of ECoG are • high spatial resolution and signal fidelity • resistance to noise • lower clinical risk and Robustness over long recording period • Higher amplitude
- 18. NON INVASIVE BCI •There have also been experiments in humans using non-invasive neuro imaging technologies as interfaces. • The substantial majority of published BCI work involves noninvasive EEG-based BCIs. • Noninvasive EEG-based technologies and interfaces have been used for a much broader variety of applications. • Although EEG-based interfaces are easy to wear and do not require surgery, they have relatively poor spatial resolution and cannot effectively use higher-frequency signals because the skull dampens signals, dispersing and blurring the electromagnetic waves created by the neurons. • EEG-based interfaces also require some time and effort prior to each usage session, whereas non-EEG-based ones, as well as invasive ones require no prior-usage training. Overall, the best BCI for each user depends on numerous factors.
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- 20. MRI • Magnetic resonanceimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures the brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. EEG • EEG provides the recording of electrical activity of the brain from the surface of the scalp.
- 21. FUTURE OF BCI •1998: First (invasive, non-EEG) implant in the human brain that produces high quality signals • 1999: BCI is used to aid a quadriplegic for limited hand movement • 2002: Monkeys are trained to control a computer cursor • 2003: First BCI game is demonstrated to the public (BrainGate) • 2005: Monkey brain controls a robotic arm • 2008: Voiceless phone calls are demonstrated (The Audeo – TI developers conference) • 2014 Direct brain-to-brain communication achieved by transmitting EEG signals over the internet
- 22. APPLICATIONS • Bionics/Cybernetics • MemoryUpload/Download • Dream Capture • Brain as a Computer • “Google Search” through brain • More helpful for paralysed patients
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- 24. CONCLUSION •BCI is anadvancing technology promising paradigm shift in areas like Machine Control, Human Enhancement, Virtual reality and etc. So, it’s potentially high impact technology.
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