This document summarizes research on inter-vehicular communication using packet network theory. It discusses how vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication can improve road safety and efficiency. The paper proposes using localization techniques combined with GPS to determine vehicle positions, and applying congestion algorithms to decongest traffic lanes. It also outlines algorithms for lane detection, pedestrian detection, and modifying Dijkstra's algorithm for optimal vehicle routing.
Simulation Based Analysis of Bee Swarm Inspired Hybrid Routing Protocol Param...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET's) are basically emanated from Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's) in which
vehicles act as the mobile nodes, the nodes are vehicles on the road and mobility of these vehicles are very high. The main objective of
VANET is to enhance the safety and amenity of road users. It provides intelligent transportation services in vehicles with the
automobile equipment to communicate and co-ordinates with other vehicles in the same network that informs the driver’s about the
road status, unseen obstacles, internet access and other necessary travel service information’s. The evaluation of vehicular ad hoc
networks applications in based on the simulations. A Realistic Mobility model is a basic component for VANET simulation that
ensures that conclusion drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. This paper attempts to evaluate the
performance of a Bee swarm inspired Hybrid routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc network, that protocol should be tested under a
realistic condition including, representative data traffic models, and the realistic movement of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles.
In VANET the simulation of Realistic mobility model has been generated using SUMO and MOVE software and network simulation
has been performed using NS2 simulator, we conducted performance evaluation based on certain metric parameters such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and normalized overhead ratio.
The realistic mobility evaluation of vehicular ad hoc network for indian auto...ijasuc
In recent years, continuous progress in wireless communication has opened a new research field in
computer networks. Now a day’s wireless ad-hoc networking is an emerging research technology that
needs attention of the industry people and the academicians. A vehicular ad-hoc network uses vehicles as
mobile nodes to create mobility in a network.
It’s a challenge to generate realistic mobility for Indian networks as no TIGER or Shapefile map is
available for Indian Automotive Networks.
This paper simulates the realistic mobility of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The key feature of
this work is the realistic mobility generation for the Indian Automotive Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
and also to analyze the throughput, packet delivery fraction (PDF) and packet loss for realistic scenario.
The experimental analysis helps in providing effective communication for safety to the driver and
passengers.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Simulation Based Analysis of Bee Swarm Inspired Hybrid Routing Protocol Param...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET's) are basically emanated from Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET's) in which
vehicles act as the mobile nodes, the nodes are vehicles on the road and mobility of these vehicles are very high. The main objective of
VANET is to enhance the safety and amenity of road users. It provides intelligent transportation services in vehicles with the
automobile equipment to communicate and co-ordinates with other vehicles in the same network that informs the driver’s about the
road status, unseen obstacles, internet access and other necessary travel service information’s. The evaluation of vehicular ad hoc
networks applications in based on the simulations. A Realistic Mobility model is a basic component for VANET simulation that
ensures that conclusion drawn from simulation experiments will carry through to real deployments. This paper attempts to evaluate the
performance of a Bee swarm inspired Hybrid routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc network, that protocol should be tested under a
realistic condition including, representative data traffic models, and the realistic movement of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles.
In VANET the simulation of Realistic mobility model has been generated using SUMO and MOVE software and network simulation
has been performed using NS2 simulator, we conducted performance evaluation based on certain metric parameters such as packet
delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and normalized overhead ratio.
The realistic mobility evaluation of vehicular ad hoc network for indian auto...ijasuc
In recent years, continuous progress in wireless communication has opened a new research field in
computer networks. Now a day’s wireless ad-hoc networking is an emerging research technology that
needs attention of the industry people and the academicians. A vehicular ad-hoc network uses vehicles as
mobile nodes to create mobility in a network.
It’s a challenge to generate realistic mobility for Indian networks as no TIGER or Shapefile map is
available for Indian Automotive Networks.
This paper simulates the realistic mobility of the Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The key feature of
this work is the realistic mobility generation for the Indian Automotive Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
and also to analyze the throughput, packet delivery fraction (PDF) and packet loss for realistic scenario.
The experimental analysis helps in providing effective communication for safety to the driver and
passengers.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
An Optimal Route Discovery using Biogeography based Optimization for Vehicula...StevePrice20
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBOVLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
Optimized Traffic Signal Control System at Traffic Intersections Using VanetIOSR Journals
Abstract: Traditional Automated traffic signal control systems normally schedule the vehicles at intersection in
a pre timed slot manner. This pre-timed controller approach fails to minimize the waiting time of vehicles at the
traffic intersection as it doesn’t consider the arrival time of vehicles. To overcome this problem an adaptive and
intelligent traffic control system is proposed in such a way that a traffic signal controller with wireless radio
installed at the intersection and it is considered as an infrastructure. All the vehicles are equipped with onboard
location, speed sensors and a wireless radio to communicate with the infrastructure thereby VANET is formed.
Once the vehicles enter into the boundary of traffic area, they broadcast their positional information as data
packet with their encapsulated ID in it. The controller at the intersection receives the transmitted packets from
all the legs of intersection and then stores it in a temporary log file. Now the controller runs Platooning
algorithm to group the vehicles approximately in equal size of platoons. The platoons are formed on the basis of
data disseminated by the vehicles. Then the controller runs Oldest Job First algorithm which treats platoons as
jobs. The algorithm schedules jobs in conflict free manner and ensures all the jobs utilize equal processing time
i.e the vehicles of each platoons cross the intersection at equal delays. The proposed approach is evaluated
under various traffic volumes and the performance is analyzed.
Keywords Conflict graphs, online job scheduling, traffic signal control, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)
simulation, vehicle-actuated traffic signal control, Webster’s algorithm.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
VANET Clustering for Protected and Steady Network
Mukesh Bathre1, Alok Sahelay2
Abstract— Vehicular on demand ad-hoc network (VANET) is understood as a necessary issue of good Transportation systems. The key advantage of VANET communication is looked in dynamic protection systems, that objective to improve security of travelers by exchanging caution messages between vehicles. Alternative applications and private services also are allowed so as to lower management expenses and to market VANET exploitation. To effectively established VANET, security is one amongst key challenges that has got to be tackled. Another vital concern is measurability could be a serious issue for a network designer a way to maintain stable communication and services in VANET. Extraordinarily dynamic atmosphere of VANETs looks it troublesome. This paper introduced an automatic reliability management method for VANETs that uses machine learning to categories nodes as malicious. Cluster creation is one effective method for the measurability drawback. Here conjointly given associate entropy-based WCA (EWCA) cluster maintained method which may handle the steady of the automobile network.
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
IMPORTANCE OF REALISTIC MOBILITY MODELS FOR VANET NETWORK SIMULATIONIJCNCJournal
In the performance evaluation of a protocol for a vehicular ad hoc network, the protocol should be tested under a realistic conditions including, representative data traffic models, and realistic movements of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles (i.e., a mobility model). This work is a comparative study between two mobility models that are used in the simulations of vehicular networks, i.e., MOVE (MObility model generator for VEhicular networks) and CityMob, a mobility pattern generator for VANET. We describe several mobility models for VANET simulations.
In this paper we aim to show that the mobility models can significantly affect the simulation results in VANET networks. The results presented in this article prove the importance of choosing a suitable real world scenario for performances studies of routing protocols in this kind of network.
Improving traffic and emergency vehicle clearance at congested intersections ...IJECEIAES
Traffic signals play an important role in controlling and coordinating the traffic movement in cities especially in urban areas. As the traffic is exponentially increasing in cities and the pre-timed traffic light control is insufficient in effective timing of the traffic lights, it leads to poor traffic clearance and ultimately to heavy traffic congestion at intersections. Even the Emergency vehicles like Ambulance and Fire brigade are struck at such intersections and experience a prolonged waiting time. An adaptive and intelligent approach in design of traffic light signals is desirable and this paper contributes in applying fuzzy logic to control traffic signal of single four-way intersection giving priority to the Emergency vehicle clearance. The proposed control system is composed of two parallel controllers to select the appropriate lane for green signal and also to decide the appropriate green light time as per the real time traffic condition. Performance of the proposed system is evaluated by using simulations and comparing with pre-timed control system in changing traffic flow condition. Simulation results show significant improvement over the pre-timed control in terms of traffic clearance and lowering of Emergency vehicle wait time at the intersection especially when traffic intensity is high.
CREATING DATA OUTPUTS FROM MULTI AGENT TRAFFIC MICRO SIMULATION TO ASSIMILATI...csandit
The intensive development of traffic engineering and technologies that are integrated into
vehicles, roads and their surroundings, bring opportunities of real time transport mobility
modeling. Based on such model it is then possible to establish a predictive layer that is capable
of predicting short and long term traffic flow behavior. It is possible to create the real time
model of traffic mobility based on generated data. However, data may have different
geographical, temporal or other constraints, or failures. It is therefore appropriate to develop
tools that artificially create missing data, which can then be assimilated with real data. This
paper presents a mechanism describing strategies of generating artificial data using
microsimulations. It describes traffic microsimulation based on our solution of multiagent
framework over which a system for generating traffic data is built. The system generates data of
a structure corresponding to the data acquired in the real world.
A collection of mobile nodes is known as ad-hoc network in which wireless communication network is used to connect these mobile nodes. A major requirement on the MANET is to provide unidentifiability and unlinkability for mobile nodes During the last few decades, continuous progresses in wireless communications have opened new research fields in computer networking, goal of extending data networks connectivity to environments where wired solutions are impracticable. Among these, vehicular traffic is attracting a increasing attention from both academic and industry, due to the amount and importance of the related applications, ranging from road safety to traffic control, up to mobile entertainment. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network(VANETs) are self-organized networks built up from moving vehicles, and are part of the broader class of Mobile Ad-hoc Net- works(MANETs). Because of their peculiar characteristics, VANETs require the definition of specific networking techniques, whose feasibility and performance are usually tested by means of simulation. One of the main challenges posed by VANETs simulations is the faithful characterization of vehicular mobility at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, leads to realistic non-uniform distributions of cars and velocity, and unique connectivity dynamics. There are various secure routing protocols have been proposed, but the requirement is not satisfied. The existing protocols are unguarded to the attacks of fake routing packets. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed AODV protocol with improved performance as compared to the existing protocols.
Performance Evaluation of GPSR Routing Protocol for VANETs using Bi-direction...CSCJournals
Routing in Vehicular Adhoc Networks is a challenging task where the nodes themselves are vehicles. The mobility factors such as beacon intervals and vehicles with different velocities may cause inaccuracy in the identification of the vehicle's position. This in turn affects the performance of the position based routing protocols. Further, there is a need to evaluate through simulations performance of the position based routing protocol, especially in urban realistic scenarios for VANETs. The work in this paper evaluates the performance of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing protocol (GPSR) for VANETs which is a popular position based protocol especially for routing in MANETs. In order to evaluate realistic simulation environment bi-directional coupling of OMNET++/ INET Framework and SUMO is chosen for Nagarbhavi region in Bengaluru, India. The simulations are done for various scenarios realizing the impact of mobility parameters on routing using GPSR, and performance is measured in terms of packet delivery ratio and throughput.
Collision Avoidance Protocol for Inter Vehicular CommunicationEditor IJCATR
Vehicle to vehicle communication can give us better results by avoiding the major problems in road like collision of
vehicles, better route selection in case of traffic congestion, fuel consumption, suitable selection of parking place etc. This paper
presents a protocol to avoid the collision of vehicles. High mobility and fast topology changes are the characteristics of Vehicular Adhoc
Networks (VANETs). To establish the real world environment for VANETs, network simulator NS2 is used. Medium Access
Control (MAC) Protocol is used to avoid the collision of transmitted data. The Simulation is done using the proposed Vehicular Adhoc
On-demand Distance Vector (VAODV) routing protocol, which is a modification of Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
routing protocol. The proposed VAODV protocol is continuously checks the distance, speed of each vehicle and if it finds that the
distance between vehicles is continuously decreasing then in this case it will send a warning textual message to those vehicles that are
in accidental situation. Based on this textual information these vehicles will take particular action like vehicle may choose new route if
it exists or it may slow down its own speed or it may stop moving by pressing brake. The experimental results are used to find out the
performance of VAODV protocol. The performance of VAODV protocol is analyzed with different parameters like end to end delay,
throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load etc.
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
An Optimal Route Discovery using Biogeography based Optimization for Vehicula...StevePrice20
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBOVLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
Optimized Traffic Signal Control System at Traffic Intersections Using VanetIOSR Journals
Abstract: Traditional Automated traffic signal control systems normally schedule the vehicles at intersection in
a pre timed slot manner. This pre-timed controller approach fails to minimize the waiting time of vehicles at the
traffic intersection as it doesn’t consider the arrival time of vehicles. To overcome this problem an adaptive and
intelligent traffic control system is proposed in such a way that a traffic signal controller with wireless radio
installed at the intersection and it is considered as an infrastructure. All the vehicles are equipped with onboard
location, speed sensors and a wireless radio to communicate with the infrastructure thereby VANET is formed.
Once the vehicles enter into the boundary of traffic area, they broadcast their positional information as data
packet with their encapsulated ID in it. The controller at the intersection receives the transmitted packets from
all the legs of intersection and then stores it in a temporary log file. Now the controller runs Platooning
algorithm to group the vehicles approximately in equal size of platoons. The platoons are formed on the basis of
data disseminated by the vehicles. Then the controller runs Oldest Job First algorithm which treats platoons as
jobs. The algorithm schedules jobs in conflict free manner and ensures all the jobs utilize equal processing time
i.e the vehicles of each platoons cross the intersection at equal delays. The proposed approach is evaluated
under various traffic volumes and the performance is analyzed.
Keywords Conflict graphs, online job scheduling, traffic signal control, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET)
simulation, vehicle-actuated traffic signal control, Webster’s algorithm.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
VANET Clustering for Protected and Steady Network
Mukesh Bathre1, Alok Sahelay2
Abstract— Vehicular on demand ad-hoc network (VANET) is understood as a necessary issue of good Transportation systems. The key advantage of VANET communication is looked in dynamic protection systems, that objective to improve security of travelers by exchanging caution messages between vehicles. Alternative applications and private services also are allowed so as to lower management expenses and to market VANET exploitation. To effectively established VANET, security is one amongst key challenges that has got to be tackled. Another vital concern is measurability could be a serious issue for a network designer a way to maintain stable communication and services in VANET. Extraordinarily dynamic atmosphere of VANETs looks it troublesome. This paper introduced an automatic reliability management method for VANETs that uses machine learning to categories nodes as malicious. Cluster creation is one effective method for the measurability drawback. Here conjointly given associate entropy-based WCA (EWCA) cluster maintained method which may handle the steady of the automobile network.
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
IMPORTANCE OF REALISTIC MOBILITY MODELS FOR VANET NETWORK SIMULATIONIJCNCJournal
In the performance evaluation of a protocol for a vehicular ad hoc network, the protocol should be tested under a realistic conditions including, representative data traffic models, and realistic movements of the mobile nodes which are the vehicles (i.e., a mobility model). This work is a comparative study between two mobility models that are used in the simulations of vehicular networks, i.e., MOVE (MObility model generator for VEhicular networks) and CityMob, a mobility pattern generator for VANET. We describe several mobility models for VANET simulations.
In this paper we aim to show that the mobility models can significantly affect the simulation results in VANET networks. The results presented in this article prove the importance of choosing a suitable real world scenario for performances studies of routing protocols in this kind of network.
Improving traffic and emergency vehicle clearance at congested intersections ...IJECEIAES
Traffic signals play an important role in controlling and coordinating the traffic movement in cities especially in urban areas. As the traffic is exponentially increasing in cities and the pre-timed traffic light control is insufficient in effective timing of the traffic lights, it leads to poor traffic clearance and ultimately to heavy traffic congestion at intersections. Even the Emergency vehicles like Ambulance and Fire brigade are struck at such intersections and experience a prolonged waiting time. An adaptive and intelligent approach in design of traffic light signals is desirable and this paper contributes in applying fuzzy logic to control traffic signal of single four-way intersection giving priority to the Emergency vehicle clearance. The proposed control system is composed of two parallel controllers to select the appropriate lane for green signal and also to decide the appropriate green light time as per the real time traffic condition. Performance of the proposed system is evaluated by using simulations and comparing with pre-timed control system in changing traffic flow condition. Simulation results show significant improvement over the pre-timed control in terms of traffic clearance and lowering of Emergency vehicle wait time at the intersection especially when traffic intensity is high.
CREATING DATA OUTPUTS FROM MULTI AGENT TRAFFIC MICRO SIMULATION TO ASSIMILATI...csandit
The intensive development of traffic engineering and technologies that are integrated into
vehicles, roads and their surroundings, bring opportunities of real time transport mobility
modeling. Based on such model it is then possible to establish a predictive layer that is capable
of predicting short and long term traffic flow behavior. It is possible to create the real time
model of traffic mobility based on generated data. However, data may have different
geographical, temporal or other constraints, or failures. It is therefore appropriate to develop
tools that artificially create missing data, which can then be assimilated with real data. This
paper presents a mechanism describing strategies of generating artificial data using
microsimulations. It describes traffic microsimulation based on our solution of multiagent
framework over which a system for generating traffic data is built. The system generates data of
a structure corresponding to the data acquired in the real world.
A collection of mobile nodes is known as ad-hoc network in which wireless communication network is used to connect these mobile nodes. A major requirement on the MANET is to provide unidentifiability and unlinkability for mobile nodes During the last few decades, continuous progresses in wireless communications have opened new research fields in computer networking, goal of extending data networks connectivity to environments where wired solutions are impracticable. Among these, vehicular traffic is attracting a increasing attention from both academic and industry, due to the amount and importance of the related applications, ranging from road safety to traffic control, up to mobile entertainment. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network(VANETs) are self-organized networks built up from moving vehicles, and are part of the broader class of Mobile Ad-hoc Net- works(MANETs). Because of their peculiar characteristics, VANETs require the definition of specific networking techniques, whose feasibility and performance are usually tested by means of simulation. One of the main challenges posed by VANETs simulations is the faithful characterization of vehicular mobility at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, leads to realistic non-uniform distributions of cars and velocity, and unique connectivity dynamics. There are various secure routing protocols have been proposed, but the requirement is not satisfied. The existing protocols are unguarded to the attacks of fake routing packets. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed AODV protocol with improved performance as compared to the existing protocols.
Performance Evaluation of GPSR Routing Protocol for VANETs using Bi-direction...CSCJournals
Routing in Vehicular Adhoc Networks is a challenging task where the nodes themselves are vehicles. The mobility factors such as beacon intervals and vehicles with different velocities may cause inaccuracy in the identification of the vehicle's position. This in turn affects the performance of the position based routing protocols. Further, there is a need to evaluate through simulations performance of the position based routing protocol, especially in urban realistic scenarios for VANETs. The work in this paper evaluates the performance of Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing protocol (GPSR) for VANETs which is a popular position based protocol especially for routing in MANETs. In order to evaluate realistic simulation environment bi-directional coupling of OMNET++/ INET Framework and SUMO is chosen for Nagarbhavi region in Bengaluru, India. The simulations are done for various scenarios realizing the impact of mobility parameters on routing using GPSR, and performance is measured in terms of packet delivery ratio and throughput.
Collision Avoidance Protocol for Inter Vehicular CommunicationEditor IJCATR
Vehicle to vehicle communication can give us better results by avoiding the major problems in road like collision of
vehicles, better route selection in case of traffic congestion, fuel consumption, suitable selection of parking place etc. This paper
presents a protocol to avoid the collision of vehicles. High mobility and fast topology changes are the characteristics of Vehicular Adhoc
Networks (VANETs). To establish the real world environment for VANETs, network simulator NS2 is used. Medium Access
Control (MAC) Protocol is used to avoid the collision of transmitted data. The Simulation is done using the proposed Vehicular Adhoc
On-demand Distance Vector (VAODV) routing protocol, which is a modification of Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
routing protocol. The proposed VAODV protocol is continuously checks the distance, speed of each vehicle and if it finds that the
distance between vehicles is continuously decreasing then in this case it will send a warning textual message to those vehicles that are
in accidental situation. Based on this textual information these vehicles will take particular action like vehicle may choose new route if
it exists or it may slow down its own speed or it may stop moving by pressing brake. The experimental results are used to find out the
performance of VAODV protocol. The performance of VAODV protocol is analyzed with different parameters like end to end delay,
throughput, packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load etc.
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Inter vehicular communication
Study and comparison of various communication based protective relaying schem...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of cmos comparator and cntfet comparator designeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel hybrid communication technique involving power line communication and...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blendseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Our journal has been unwavering commitment to showcasing cutting-edge research. The journal provides a platform for researchers to disseminate their work on next-generation technologies. In an era where innovation is the driving force behind progress, JST plays a crucial role in shaping the discourse on emerging technologies, thus contributing to their rapid development and implementation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Evaluation of VANETs for Evaluating Node Stability in Dynamic Sce...Editor IJCATR
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a favorable area of exploration which empowers the interconnection amid the movable vehicles and between transportable units (vehicles) and road side units (RSU). In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile vehicles can be organized into assemblage to promote interconnection links. The assemblage arrangement according to dimensions and geographical extend has serious influence on attribute of interaction .Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are subclass of mobile Ad-hoc network involving more complex mobility patterns. Because of mobility the topology changes very frequently. This raises a number of technical challenges including the stability of the network .There is a need for assemblage configuration leading to more stable realistic network. The paper provides investigation of various simulation scenarios in which cluster using k-means algorithm are generated and their numbers are varied to find the more stable configuration in real scenario of road.
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
The vehicle itself is an information source that produces a large amount of various information including actual vehicle and environment sensors. The implementation of an efficient and scalable model for information dissemination in VANETs possesses major issues. In this dynamic environment, an ever-growing number of context dissemination messages are leveling up the usage of the channel which affects the network performance. This presentation tries to analyze and assess the key ideas of how to overcome the context data dissemination and how to reduce the amounts of transferred and stored data in a vehicular cooperation environment. This is one of the most prominent topics of pervasive computing.
CREATING DATA OUTPUTS FROM MULTI AGENT TRAFFIC MICRO SIMULATION TO ASSIMILATI...cscpconf
The intensive development of traffic engineering and technologies that are integrated into vehicles, roads and their surroundings, bring opportunities of real time transport mobility modeling. Based on such model it is then possible to establish a predictive layer that is capable of predicting short and long term traffic flow behavior. It is possible to create the real time model of traffic mobility based on generated data. However, data may have different geographical, temporal or other constraints, or failures. It is therefore appropriate to develop tools that artificially create missing data, which can then be assimilated with real data. This paper presents a mechanism describing strategies of generating artificial data using microsimulations. It describes traffic microsimulation based on our solution of multiagent framework over which a system for generating traffic data is built. The system generates data of a structure corresponding to the data acquired in the real world.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
During the last few years, continuous progresses in wireless communications have opened new research fields in computer networking, aimed at extending data networks connectivity to environments where wired solutions are impracticable. Among these, vehicular traffic is attracting a growing attention from both academia and industry, due to the amount and importance of related distributive applications to mobile entertainment. VANETs are self-organized networks built up from moving vehicles, and are part of the broader class of MANETs. Because of these peculiar characteristics, VANETs require new networking techniques, whose feasibility and performance are usually tested by means of simulation. In order to meet performance goals, it is widely agreed that VANETs must rely heavily on node-to-node communication. In VANET, each vehicle acts as a node and communicates with other vehicles within the range or communicates with base stations. The main idea is to deploy a wireless communication network that has a capability of sending and receiving messages between transmitter and mobile devices in the particular network. Results can be shown using an effective VEINS Simulator. This Simulator can produce detailed vehicular movement traces and can simulate different traffic conditions through fully customizable scenarios. The Framework is expected to be employed using such simulator that makes use of traffic modulator, network simulator and coupling module that integrates the traffic and network.
Design Approach for Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) Dissemination of Messages in Veh...IJERA Editor
Designing a protocol structure which contains the control system, VANET device and the type of communication message structures which will implement the message packets for v2v or v2I infrastructure . The different message packets contain the information required to transfer from one node to another in vehicular network for communication. Design various algorithm required for Control, Alert and Infotainment messages. Time stamping lowering data rate efficient packet delivery and proper communication of required messages. Implementation of proposed algorithms and comparison of them with existing algorithms and study of different factors affecting the working of theses algorithms. Analysis of proposed design approach and improvements in results if required.
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Inter vehicular communication using packet network theory
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 09 | Sep-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 72
INTER-VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION USING PACKET NETWORK THEORY Neha A Ghaisas1, R. R. Sedamkar2 1Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, University of Mumbai, India 2Professor & Dean (Academics), Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, University of Mumbai, India Abstract As a component of the intelligent transportation system and one of the concrete applications of mobile ad hoc networks, inter- vehicle communication has attracted research attention from both the academia and industry of, notably, US, EU, and Japan. The most important feature of inter-vehicle communication is its ability to extend the horizon of drivers and on-board devices (e.g., radar or sensors) and, thus, to improve road traffic safety and efficiency. Such type of Driver assistance systems are meant to support drivers with driving process in order to avoid traffic accidents, speed up the traffic and have a higher control over the traffic in general. These systems use the capacity of the vehicles to communicate, not only between them but also with infrastructures. All the information is collected and processed to offer useful services. Wireless adhoc network protocols are widely used in this area which provides communication among vehicles and road side equipment. The performance of communication depends on how better the routing takes place in the network and these routing protocols we have already been analyzed and compared in the past, simulations and comparisons have almost always been done considering random motions. Since the application development is for Inter-Vehicular Communication and Decongestion of Vehicular Networks, it is necessary to initially locate the car position from GPS co-ordinates, Using filtering techniques and localization algorithms its accuracy is enhanced. The vehicular density in the lanes is then found out for all vehicles at a specific location based on location and then congestion algorithms are applied to congested lanes to decongest them. Keywords: Intelligent Transportation System, Localization, Inter Vehicular Communication, GPS, Wireless Adhoc Networks, Routing Protocols
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. INTRODUCTION Recent studies show that about 60% of roadway accidents could be avoided if the driver was warned just one half second before the collision occurs. Actually, traffic accidents have become the main cause of mortality, quite above illnesses. Emerging technologies appears to provide faster, safer and more reliable communication techniques. Bring together, this communication can be used in order to reduce collisions, as well as to support and improve the quality of the traffic. There are different kinds of systems to assist drivers in the roads.
Inter-vehicle communication (IVC), on one hand, is an important component of the intelligent transportation system (ITS) architecture. It enables a driver (or its vehicle) to communicate with other drivers (or their vehicles) that locate out of the range of line of sight (LOS) (or even out of the radio range if a multihop network is built among several vehicles). As a result, information gathered through IVC can help improve the road traffic safety and efficiency. On the other hand, moving vehicles equipped with communication devices form exactly an instance of long envisioned mobile ad hoc networks. Benefiting from the large capacities (in terms of both space and power) of vehicles, the nodes of these networks can have long transmission ranges and virtually unlimited lifetimes. Also, many existing protocols designed for ad hoc networks and experiences learned from related researches can be applied, such that results staying so far in academia are put into practice.
This Inter-vehicle communication can also be categorized as follows. When the communication occurs between vehicles, it is called Vehicle-to Vehicle (V2V) communication. It takes place in cooperative driver assistance or in decentralized floating car data sharing (i. e. traffic monitoring). If the communication is between a vehicle and a infrastructure, that is, Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, then vehicles can communicate using a fix infrastructure along the road to give support some services like Internet access, inter vehicle chat, mobile advertising...etc.
The paper discusses how localization techniques combined with GPS will provide the car’s location. Using filtering techniques and localization algorithms its accuracy is enhanced. The vehicular density in the lanes is then found out for all vehicles at a specific location based on location and then congestion algorithms are applied to congested lanes to decongest them. Finally this application will be
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supported by pedestrian detection and lane detection algorithms. 2. RELATED WORK Comparison among different MANET routing protocols based on different application is discussed in [1]. A review of location area routing mechanism is proposed in [2].The proposed scheme performs a review of different routing protocols which can be used for Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication. It also discussed the need of location area routing mechanism to get the exact location of the cars through GPS and localization techniques to avoid collision and control congestion. Different methodologies for the design of tractable solutions for complex distributed systems that require safety and liveness guarantees are presented in [3]. Implementation of cooperative intersection collision warning system that is not limited by the requirement of line-of-sight and is also capable of collision warning for other scenarios such as frontal and rear-end is proposed in [4]. [5] Discussed possible cause and type of crashes and the available technology to avert or reduce crashes. The relevance and importance of the collision avoidance systems with respect to the existing conditions and advantages and disadvantages of the collision avoidance systems are also discussed. The fundamental technical challenges and business motivations behind wireless position location systems are described, and promising techniques for solving the practical position location problem are treated in [6]. Cascaded Haar method for upper body detection, front face detection and side posture detection is explained in [7]. Survey of recent advances in face detection is presented in [8]. [9] Presents a family of probabilistic localization algorithms known as Monte Carlo Localization (MCL). Hough transform to detect lane boundaries with a parabolic model under a variety of road pavement types, lane structures and weather conditions is proposed in [10]. Implementation, evaluation and comparison of selected optimal edge detectors and the HOUGH transform algorithm towards automated geologic feature mapping in a volcanic geotectonic environment is presented in [11]. 3. PROPOSED WORK Proposed work presents Inter vehicular communication- Application of wireless protocols where we will see Inter- Vehicular Communication and Decongestion of Vehicular Networks by using different algorithms. 3.1 Lane Contention Algorithm Here we will be building our model based on optimization where our objective will be to continuously minimize the difference between our set point and the output actually obtained i.e. by employing Least Minimum Mean Square Error estimation. The approach was first modelled for static traffic and then for dynamic traffic and its results are shown below:
Fig.1 Vehicle Maneuvering in Static Traffic Conditions
Fig.2 Vehicle Maneuvering in Dynamic Traffic Conditions Referring to fig.1 above we modelled this as a static obstacle avoidance system where the red car has a-priori information of all the blue cars in the current frame. Its maneuver will be as shown in fig.1. This same algorithm is then modified and extended for dynamic traffic where each car treats this as an obstacle avoidance problem and updates its current position at every sampling instant and multicasts this information to its neighbouring peer set so that every peer car will carry out the same process flow in a loop. It will then use this information and based on its own safety & control calculations make a decision whether to continue in the same lane or undertake an overtaking maneuver as shown in fig. 2 above. The problem of congestion is also taken care by traffic policing algorithms such as Leaky Bucket algorithm where it maintains the rule that if the output flow rate is higher than or equal to input flow rate the lane is decongested however if the input flow rate becomes higher than output flow rate that is there is presence of burst traffic the lane will be congested as shown in fig.3 (a-c) below.
Fig 3 a) Traffic - steady state flow rate b) lane congestion (c) traffic policing -new flow rate
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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3.2 Vehicular Localization & Tracking The next part deals with vehicles trying to localize their positions with respect to peers. Whenever a car is travelling on the road, it requires both longitudinal and lateral control to avoid collision with the other vehicles. The data obtained from GPS and cameras is sometimes uncertain and or even momentarily unavailable; hence it is imperative that localization using Bayesian filtering [12] be carried out so that the range of error reduces from 3-10 meters to 2-8 cm of error. Extended Kalman and Particle Filtering [12-15] have been used for tracking of vehicles. This is shown in our simulation screenshot in fig 4 (a-d) below
Fig.4a Error Overshoot & Undershoot at start of tracking
Fig.4b Change in movement of car leading to reduction in error
Fig.4c Reduction in Error with advance of the car
Fig.4d Kalman filtering now tracking the error perfectly 3.3 Modified Dijkstra’s Algorithm The modified Dijkstra’s algorithm is explained as follows: The source and destination will be sent to the centralized controller using the vehicle's Xbee module. The centralized controller performs the Modified Dijkstra’s Algorithm and finds the shortest path from source to destination. The direction for the navigation of the vehicle to the next node is sent. It is checked if all the nodes are passed. Once all nodes are crossed it will display that the destination is reached on the LCD display in the vehicle. Initially a dynamic configuration of nodes is defined in Matlab in fig.5.
Fig. 5 – Matlab Node Assignment Dynamic Configuration A dynamic link cost will be assigned to each node at run time which in real time accounts for the changing traffic density on roads due to peak hour traffic or accident. So the shortest path will not be the only criteria for travel. It will take into account all such constraints of load balancing and then select the optimized path as shown in figures 6(a-d) below.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Fig. 6a Best path from Node 1-7
Fig. 6b Best path from Node 1 to all nodes
Fig. 6c Best path from Node 2-6
Fig. 6d Best path from Node 2 to all 3.4 Pedestrian Detection A simple pedestrian detection system is being implemented by us using OPENCV v2.4.3. Initially the Cascaded Haar method [7] was utilized for upper body detection, front face detection and later the method was further enhanced by incorporating side posture detection as seen in fig. 7.
Fig.7 Validation of Pedestrian Detection and Tracking using HOG Transform 3.5 GPS Localization & Client Server Architecture
The Google API is used in LabVIEW to read the frames which are imported from the module shown below in fig. 8. The module comprises of a GPS transceiver & antenna connected to the Raspberry Pi Controller or with direct interfacing to the computer. The system is powered up from either the car battery or from USB supply of the computer. The client-server architecture is designed where the host
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vehicle acts as a client and the Apache Tomcat Server is configured on a home desktop. The communication is established using mobile internet to report real-time values of ground vehicle location. The setup can be seen in fig. 8 below
Fig.8 GPS Module with Antenna with interfacing to Google API and LabVIEW installed Computer
Fig.9 GPRMC frame with Google API- Location Marker on Maps using LabVIEW The vehicle tracking requires from the GPS the GPRMC frame amongst the other 8 frames that are received. On receiving the valid GPS frame, the value is parsed to obtain the latitude & longitude of the vehicle. This is seen in fig. 9 with vehicle being located on the maps and then localized using Monte-Carlo Localization & Extended Kalman Filtering as discussed in [9]. The real-time location of the vehicle also needs to be conveyed to a supervisory control system hence needs the client server configuration. This configuration has been shown in the fig.10 where the client server communication establishment is shown. This can be replaced by a web domain collecting all real time data for centralised control over the system.
Fig. 10a Tomcat Server Service ready for client servicing
Fig.10b Client to Server Communication Initiated and ready for data reception 3.6 Lane Detection It is important to understand the lane we are currently in, if the lane contention algorithm is to be run or if we are to avoid obstacles in course of vehicle movement. The work done here briefly shows the steps in which we follow to detect the lane markers and then take the next course of action. The image used for the same can be seen in fig. 11a. On the original image the two main filters are applied. The first is the Hough Transform [10] which uses a binary map as its inputs which can be generated using the Canny Algorithm [11]. Canny Algorithm runs a gradient on the image to find sharp changes in the pixel intensities, these being the contours in the image which are again shown in the output by a binary map as seen in fig. 11b.
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Fig.11a Original Image Fig.11b Contour Image We then apply Hough Transform to the image, the results of which can be seen in fig. 12a and over this the Probabilistic Hough Transform is run to find the end of the lines. The results can also be seen in fig. 12b.
Fig.12 Images after hough and probabilistic hough transform The final image can now be obtained by doing a bitwise addition of both the images. The final processed image can be seen in fig. 13 which shows the lane detection
Fig.13 Bitwise addition
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
Inter vehicle communication is an emerging area and important source of research thanks to the improvements of in-vehicle computing and processing capabilities and also the advancements in mobile and wireless communication.
In addition, since vehicles will get more “smart”, partially due to the installation of Inter vehicle communication systems, security and privacy are becoming new concerns that both academia and industry should pay attention to. Finally, mathematical models for road traffic are important tools in developing Inter vehicle communication systems, because simulations are still necessary in testing large scale communication systems. REFERENCES [1]. Kiranveer Kaur, Surinderjit Kaur and Vikramjit Singh (2014), a Comprehensive Performance Analysis of Proactive and Reactive MANET Routing Protocols, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering February 2014, vol 4, page no 113- 120 [2]. Neha Ghaisas (2014), Location area routing mechanism- review, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Vol.4 No.3, pp.1549-1552. [3]. H.Kowshik, D.Caveney, P.R. Kumar (2011), Provable System-wide Safety in Intelligent Intersections, IEEE transactions on VTC, vol.60, no. 3 pp. 804-818. [4]. R. Miller, Q. Huang (2002), An Adaptive Peer-to-Peer Collision Warning System, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2002. VTC Spring 2002. IEEE 55th, Page(s): 317 - 321 vol.1. [5]. Srinivasa Rao Veeramallu (2000), Collision Avoidance Systems, Center for Transportation Research and Education, 2000 MTC Transportation Scholars Conference, Ames, Iowa, pp. 173-183. [6]. Rappaport, T.S(1996), Position Location using Wireless Communication on Highways of Future, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 33–41. [7]. Wilson, Phillip Ian, John Fernandez (2006), Facial feature detection using Haar classifiers, Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 21.4 (2006), pp. 127-133. [8]. Zhang, Cha, Zhengyou Zhang (2010) , A survey of recent advances in face detection, Tech. rep., Microsoft Research, 2010. [9]. S.Thrun, D.Fox, W.Burgard, F.Dellaert (2001), Robust Monte-Carlo Localization for mobile robots, published in Elsevier Journal, pp. 99-141. [10]. Yu, Bin, Anil K. Jain (1997), Lane boundary detection using a multiresolution hough transform, Image Processing, 1997. Proceedings., International Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 1997, pp. 748 – 751. [11]. Argialas, D. P., O. D. Mavrantza (2004), Comparison of edge detection and Hough transform techniques for the extraction of geologic features, Proc. XXth ISPRS Congr. of the Int. Soc. of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing pp. 12- 23.
[12]. A. Doucet (1998), On sequential simulation-based methods for Bayesian filtering, Technical Report
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