Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBOVLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
A new approach in position-based routing Protocol using learning automata for...ijasa
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new position-based routing protocol called PBLA (Position-Based routing protocol using Learning Automata) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in urban scenarios. PBLA uses learning automata and traffic information to initially find the best and shortest path to a mobile destination. It has two phases: a learning phase where vehicles learn traffic patterns on streets to assign costs; and a routing phase where the shortest path is found using Dijkstra's algorithm and packets are forwarded between intersections greedily. The performance of PBLA is evaluated against GPSR and GPCR protocols in a simulated urban road network, showing it can efficiently route packets in high mobility V
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
The document summarizes several routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) that utilize Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. It first provides background on VANETs and the different types of communication (V2V and V2I). It then overviews 5 specific V2I routing protocols, describing how each protocol utilizes Roadside Units (RSUs) to establish routes for packet forwarding between vehicles and infrastructure. Finally, it discusses challenges and future perspectives for better exploiting RSUs' potential in routing, such as using them as anchors to improve path robustness and load balancing traffic. The document aims to survey V2I routing protocols and analyze the role
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
This document summarizes a proposed routing protocol called MIRP for vehicular ad hoc networks in urban environments. It first analyzes key features of urban VANETs, including that vehicle movements are constrained to roads, traffic lights influence vehicle movement in clusters, and there are different vehicle types including ordinary cars and buses. It then proposes using buses as mobile infrastructure to improve network connectivity due to their fixed routes and larger transmission ranges. The MIRP routing protocol selects optimal routes based on estimated transmission quality of road segments and prefers buses for packet forwarding to take advantage of their infrastructure role.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on improving traffic detection algorithms using an extended floating car data (xFCD) system. The xFCD system collects data from vehicles including location, speed, direction and visual data from a forward-facing camera. It is tested under different lighting and traffic conditions. The paper investigates using xFCD data and information from road sensors to construct a hybrid model characterizing traffic states. A traffic detection algorithm is proposed to improve network performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio and packet delay. Simulation results show the proposed approach improves these metrics compared to existing methods.
A Proposed Model for Radio Frequency Systems to Tracking Trains via GPSHossam Al-Ansary
This document proposes a model to track trains in Egypt using GPS and GSM/GPRS technology. It discusses the existing track-to-train radio communication system and its limitations in providing real-time train location and speed information. The proposed solution involves using a GPS-GSM/GPRS module on trains to transmit location data to a web server every instant, allowing operators to monitor train speed and location in real-time. The goals are to improve safety, avoid speeding, and transmit information that could help control train circulation and delays.
A qos adaptive routing scheme (iglar) for highly dynamicAlexander Decker
IGLAR is an improved QoS-aware routing algorithm proposed for highly dynamic vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It focuses on identifying optimal paths for routing between sources and destinations in VANETs based on vehicular traffic patterns and priorities. IGLAR works by identifying routes, binding routes, and updating or deleting routes based on adaptive QoS metrics before selecting the optimal route. The paper describes IGLAR's design and implementation based on DSRC specifications and IEEE 802.11p MAC. Simulation results using VanetMobiSim show IGLAR has better performance than GPSR, AODV, and DYMO in terms of delivery rate and delay for two urban road scenarios.
A new approach in position-based routing Protocol using learning automata for...ijasa
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new position-based routing protocol called PBLA (Position-Based routing protocol using Learning Automata) for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in urban scenarios. PBLA uses learning automata and traffic information to initially find the best and shortest path to a mobile destination. It has two phases: a learning phase where vehicles learn traffic patterns on streets to assign costs; and a routing phase where the shortest path is found using Dijkstra's algorithm and packets are forwarded between intersections greedily. The performance of PBLA is evaluated against GPSR and GPCR protocols in a simulated urban road network, showing it can efficiently route packets in high mobility V
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
The document summarizes several routing protocols for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) that utilize Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. It first provides background on VANETs and the different types of communication (V2V and V2I). It then overviews 5 specific V2I routing protocols, describing how each protocol utilizes Roadside Units (RSUs) to establish routes for packet forwarding between vehicles and infrastructure. Finally, it discusses challenges and future perspectives for better exploiting RSUs' potential in routing, such as using them as anchors to improve path robustness and load balancing traffic. The document aims to survey V2I routing protocols and analyze the role
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
This document summarizes a proposed routing protocol called MIRP for vehicular ad hoc networks in urban environments. It first analyzes key features of urban VANETs, including that vehicle movements are constrained to roads, traffic lights influence vehicle movement in clusters, and there are different vehicle types including ordinary cars and buses. It then proposes using buses as mobile infrastructure to improve network connectivity due to their fixed routes and larger transmission ranges. The MIRP routing protocol selects optimal routes based on estimated transmission quality of road segments and prefers buses for packet forwarding to take advantage of their infrastructure role.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on improving traffic detection algorithms using an extended floating car data (xFCD) system. The xFCD system collects data from vehicles including location, speed, direction and visual data from a forward-facing camera. It is tested under different lighting and traffic conditions. The paper investigates using xFCD data and information from road sensors to construct a hybrid model characterizing traffic states. A traffic detection algorithm is proposed to improve network performance metrics like throughput, delivery ratio and packet delay. Simulation results show the proposed approach improves these metrics compared to existing methods.
A Proposed Model for Radio Frequency Systems to Tracking Trains via GPSHossam Al-Ansary
This document proposes a model to track trains in Egypt using GPS and GSM/GPRS technology. It discusses the existing track-to-train radio communication system and its limitations in providing real-time train location and speed information. The proposed solution involves using a GPS-GSM/GPRS module on trains to transmit location data to a web server every instant, allowing operators to monitor train speed and location in real-time. The goals are to improve safety, avoid speeding, and transmit information that could help control train circulation and delays.
A qos adaptive routing scheme (iglar) for highly dynamicAlexander Decker
IGLAR is an improved QoS-aware routing algorithm proposed for highly dynamic vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It focuses on identifying optimal paths for routing between sources and destinations in VANETs based on vehicular traffic patterns and priorities. IGLAR works by identifying routes, binding routes, and updating or deleting routes based on adaptive QoS metrics before selecting the optimal route. The paper describes IGLAR's design and implementation based on DSRC specifications and IEEE 802.11p MAC. Simulation results using VanetMobiSim show IGLAR has better performance than GPSR, AODV, and DYMO in terms of delivery rate and delay for two urban road scenarios.
Vehicle Obstacles Avoidance Using Vehicle- To Infrastructure CommunicationIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper on using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication to avoid obstacles in vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The proposed model introduces infrastructure like base stations that vehicles can communicate with if a vehicle obstacle prevents direct vehicle-to-vehicle communication. When a vehicle moves out of range of other vehicles, it searches for the nearest base station to relay messages. The model analyzes factors like spacing between vehicles, vehicle speed and dimensions, infrastructure location, and uses a geocast routing protocol to transmit messages through vehicles and infrastructure. This approach provides an alternative communication method when vehicle obstacles block line-of-sight between vehicles.
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
Predictive Data Dissemination in Vanet aims to efficiently disseminate data in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) by using predictive mechanisms. The presented techniques take advantage of GPS and map data to select vehicles that will further broadcast information to designated areas. Simulation results showed these techniques can alleviate broadcast storms while effectively disseminating data in both urban and highway scenarios. The document discusses several challenges for future work, including intermittent connectivity, high mobility, heterogeneous vehicles, privacy and security, and enabling network intelligence in large-scale VANETs.
Multicast Dual Arti-Q System in Vehicular Adhoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses a dual Arti-Q system for efficient call taxi management in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The existing Artigence system uses an Arti-Q algorithm with two components: Arti-Q main and Arti-Q proxy. The dual Arti-Q system proposes distributing the functionalities of scheduling and message transmission between separate servers to process requests in parallel and reduce response times. By separating these functions, the dual Arti-Q system aims to improve efficiency over the existing Artigence approach for managing taxi reservations and communications in VANETs.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS MESH NETWORK USING ADAPTIVE INFORMANT FACTOR...IJCSES Journal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) has become an important leading technology which provides several types of useful applications such as community network, broadband home network and internet access, etc. The rise in the size of users in WMN has created a degradation of efficiency in a network especially in dense areas due to the clumsy channel allocation and hence creating many challenges for enhancing the users experience, network quality and throughput. Therefore in this paper, we proposed OCA based AIF model that can access the channel information and then it process to improve the RF channel association. The proposed OCA-AIF will function for each period when some interference is detected via AIF and we further extend this analysis by taking in to consideration the influence of interference to provide a high quality indicator in network. The analysis of result shows the optimization by our proposed approach which increases as per the increment of relay nodes (RNs).
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ROADSIDE UNIT INFRASTRUCTURE I...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) represent a powerful and active field of research and have given rise to many challenges related to routing protocols and communication problems with other vehicles or fixed infrastructure called roadside units (RSU). The dynamic topology and the obstacles encountered in VANET environments mean that the routing of data and the communication between vehicles is confronted with many problems, and particularly in vehicular applications that require reliable communication and satisfactory quality of service (QoS). This paper promotes the intention of infrastructure in an urban
scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.
This document provides an overview of routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses the characteristics of VANETs, including their dynamic topology. It then reviews several categories of routing protocols that have been proposed for VANETs, including topology-based, position-based, geocast-based, cluster-based, and broadcast-based protocols. It compares these protocols and identifies challenges in developing a routing protocol that can efficiently handle the dynamic nature of VANETs.
Multi-Agent System for Secured and Reliable Routing in VANETRSIS International
In VANET, the emphasis is given on the exchange of
traffic information and road conditions between the vehicles and
thereby preventing the accidents. Distinctive characteristics of
VANET like restricted topology, unpredictable mobility, vehicle
density, varying channel capacity, etc. make VANET
environment exciting for developing efficient routing protocols.
Owing to the dynamic topology in VANET, the routes are
unstable and unreliable for exchange of information among the
vehicles. To enrich the performance and throughput of the
VANETs, the links between nodes must be reliable and stable. In
order to tackle the relaiblity and stability of information
communication this work proposes ‘Multi-agent system for
Secured and Reliable Routing (MSRR) in VANET. The
performance of the proposed scheme is tested in terms of packet
delivery ratio, route reliability, route discovery time and delay.
Design of an adaptive sign based routing protocol in vanet for sophisticated ...IJARIIT
With the advancement in the communication technology and an increase in the number of vehicles, the Vehicle Ad
hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. The major applications of VANETs are in highways, but in
sophisticated environments such as forest area, hill stations, private museum or large park etc., where visitors across the
country pass through several locations, and there doesn’t exist a proper communication among the vehicles. So in this type of
locations, we need an intelligent routing strategy for the On Board Unit (OBU) to adapt and communicate with the
neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, a strategy is proposed where in, the vehicles communicate with each other or with the
road side units (RSU) by passing some sign bits with positive or negative polarity. A simple simulation is performed on 100 to
200 vehicles demonstrating passing of data from source to destination.
The document proposes a geographic source routing (GSR) protocol to help vehicles in urban areas acquire real-time traffic information through vehicle-to-vehicle communication. GSR uses directed broadcasting and a tunable scale factor to limit unnecessary broadcasts and reduce bandwidth usage. Simulation results show GSR improves bandwidth utilization and reduces packet delay compared to Dynamic Source Routing and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing protocols. The protocol considers factors like traffic regulations and patterns to optimize information sharing about traffic conditions.
CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P...pijans
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been one of the promising technology that has a great interest attention from many researchers over the world. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) communications environment as a part of ITS opens the way for a wide range of applications such as safety applications, mobility and connectivity for both driver and passengers to exploit the transport systems in a smoothly, efficiently and safer way. Several challenging tasks facing adopting VANET functionality for ITS such as modelling of wireless transmission and routing issues. These research issues have become more critical due to the high mobility of vehicles nodes (transmitters and receivers) and unexpected network topology due to the high speed of nodes. In fact, modelling radio propagation channel in VANET environment which considers as one of a stringent communications environment is a challenging task. The selection of a suitable transmission model plays a key role in the routing decisions for VANET. Different propagation models allow calculating the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on key environmental properties such as the distance between transmitter vehicle and a receiver vehicle, the gain and antenna height of transmitter and a receiver vehicles. Hence, it is useful to calculate RSS and SNR values for a specific propagation model and then these values can be used later for routing decision in order to find the best path with high SNR. This paper evaluates the performance of different transmission models (freespace, two-ray and log-normal) in terms of Receive Signal Strength (RSS). In addition, the performance of such wireless transmission models for vehicular communication in terms of PDR, throughput and delay is evaluated by applying the proposed cross layer routing approach based on IEEE 802.11p. By using MATLAB, the obtained results confirm the best packet delivery ratio for our proposed approach, where it indicates poor quality of DSSS PHY with high number vehicles. The minimum delay achieved when traffic density is decreased.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
APPLICABILITY OF OVERLAY NON-DELAY TOLERANT POSITION-BASED PROTOCOLS IN HIGHW...ijwmn
The document discusses applicability of position-based routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It explores the performance of selected unicast non-delay tolerant overlay position-based routing protocols in highway and urban environments. The key routing challenges in VANETs are the dynamic topology changes from high vehicle mobility. Position-based routing protocols are identified as more suitable than topology-based protocols for VANETs. The evaluation metrics used are packet delivery ratio, void problem occurrence, and average hop count.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a traffic control system using message forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The system incorporates scanners that detect abnormal traffic conditions and activate transmitters to broadcast congestion notifications using a reliable directional greedy routing algorithm. The system is simulated using the VEINS simulator. Key aspects of the system include establishing vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication, calculating a roadway congestion index to detect abnormalities, and enabling transmitters to forward messages about detected events to improve traffic flow and safety.
Design and analysis of routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks i...IJECEIAES
Multi-hop routing protocol in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CRMANETs) is a critical issue. Furthermore, the routing metric used in multi-hop CRMANETs should reflect the bands availability, the links quality, the PU activities and quality of service (QoS) requirements of SUs. For the best of our knowledge, many of researchers investigated the performance of the different routing protocols in a homogeneous environment only. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous cognitive radio routing protocol (HCR) operates in heterogeneous environment (i.e. the route from source to destination utilize the licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands). The proposed routing protocol is carefully developed to make a tradeoff between the channel diversity of the routing path along with the CRMANETs throughput. Using simulations, we discuss the performance of the proposed HCR routing protocol and compare it with the AODV routing protocol using a discrete-event simulation which we developed using JAVA platform.
ADAPTIVE HANDOVER HYSTERESIS AND CALL ADMISSION CONTROL FOR MOBILE RELAY NODESIJCNCJournal
The aim of equipping a wireless network with a mobile relay node is to support broadband wireless communications for vehicular users and their devices. The high mobility of vehicular users, possibly at a very high velocity in the area in which two cells overlap, could cause the network to suffer from a reduced handover success rate and, hence, increased radio link failure. The combined impact of these problems is service interruptions to vehicular users. Thus, the handover schemes are crucial in solving these problems. In this work, we first present the adaptive handover hysteresis scheme for the wireless network with mobile relay nodes in the high-speed train scenario. Specifically, our proposed adaptive hysteresis scheme is based on the velocity of the train. Second, the handover call dropping probability is reduced by introducing a modified call admission control scheme to support radio resource reservation for handover calls that prioritizes handover calls of mobile relay over the other calls. The proposed solution in which adaptive parameter is combined with call admission control is evaluated by system level simulation. Our simulation results illustrate an increased handover success rate and reduced radio link failures.
A Novel De Routing Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel routing scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) using a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. The DE algorithm is used to select the most suitable vehicle to act as a cluster manager by minimizing a fitness function. Key metrics like data packet delivery ratio, throughput, and time complexity are compared between the proposed DE-based scheme and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing approach in VANETs. The goal is to efficiently distribute safety messages in VANETs while minimizing channel collisions on the control channel.
Performance Analysis of Optimization Techniques for OLSR Routing Protocol for...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the performance of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through parameter tuning. It first provides background on VANETs and discusses routing challenges. It then proposes using metaheuristic algorithms like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing to automatically tune OLSR parameters and evaluate the optimized protocol's performance in simulations. The results show the tuned OLSR protocol outperforms the standard OLSR protocol with increased throughput and packet delivery ratio, and reduced delay.
FANET optimization: a destination path flow model IJECEIAES
This document proposes a destination path flow model to optimize communication links in flying ad hoc networks (FANETs). It utilizes smell agent optimization and particle swarm optimization algorithms to manage link establishment between communicating nodes. Three scenarios depicting media coverage by FANET nodes are presented. Results show the smell agent optimization reduces bandwidth costs by 10.46-3.66% compared to particle swarm optimization, while particle swarm optimization reduces communication delays by 40.89-68.85% compared to smell agent optimization. The model aims to improve routing efficiency in FANETs by optimizing destination paths.
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IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) and the AODV routing protocol to develop a traffic management system. It first provides background on VANETs and discusses how they can be used to exchange information between vehicles to improve safety and efficiency. It then describes implementing a system using AODV and testing its performance in handling traffic congestion through metrics like packet delivery. The paper finds that the system is effective at diverting traffic and managing congestion using VANET communications.
Cross Layer based Congestion Free Route Selection in Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing technique called CFRS-CP for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to reduce network congestion. The technique estimates congestion probability at each node based on factors like neighbor density, link quality, MAC overhead, and vehicle velocity. It then uses the estimated probabilities to select the least congested route for data transmission. Simulation results showed the proposed method decreases delay by 32% and improves packet delivery ratio by 30% and throughput by 45% compared to existing protocols.
Vehicle Obstacles Avoidance Using Vehicle- To Infrastructure CommunicationIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper on using vehicle-to-infrastructure communication to avoid obstacles in vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The proposed model introduces infrastructure like base stations that vehicles can communicate with if a vehicle obstacle prevents direct vehicle-to-vehicle communication. When a vehicle moves out of range of other vehicles, it searches for the nearest base station to relay messages. The model analyzes factors like spacing between vehicles, vehicle speed and dimensions, infrastructure location, and uses a geocast routing protocol to transmit messages through vehicles and infrastructure. This approach provides an alternative communication method when vehicle obstacles block line-of-sight between vehicles.
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
Predictive Data Dissemination in Vanet aims to efficiently disseminate data in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) by using predictive mechanisms. The presented techniques take advantage of GPS and map data to select vehicles that will further broadcast information to designated areas. Simulation results showed these techniques can alleviate broadcast storms while effectively disseminating data in both urban and highway scenarios. The document discusses several challenges for future work, including intermittent connectivity, high mobility, heterogeneous vehicles, privacy and security, and enabling network intelligence in large-scale VANETs.
Multicast Dual Arti-Q System in Vehicular Adhoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document discusses a dual Arti-Q system for efficient call taxi management in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The existing Artigence system uses an Arti-Q algorithm with two components: Arti-Q main and Arti-Q proxy. The dual Arti-Q system proposes distributing the functionalities of scheduling and message transmission between separate servers to process requests in parallel and reduce response times. By separating these functions, the dual Arti-Q system aims to improve efficiency over the existing Artigence approach for managing taxi reservations and communications in VANETs.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS MESH NETWORK USING ADAPTIVE INFORMANT FACTOR...IJCSES Journal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) has become an important leading technology which provides several types of useful applications such as community network, broadband home network and internet access, etc. The rise in the size of users in WMN has created a degradation of efficiency in a network especially in dense areas due to the clumsy channel allocation and hence creating many challenges for enhancing the users experience, network quality and throughput. Therefore in this paper, we proposed OCA based AIF model that can access the channel information and then it process to improve the RF channel association. The proposed OCA-AIF will function for each period when some interference is detected via AIF and we further extend this analysis by taking in to consideration the influence of interference to provide a high quality indicator in network. The analysis of result shows the optimization by our proposed approach which increases as per the increment of relay nodes (RNs).
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS WITH ROADSIDE UNIT INFRASTRUCTURE I...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) represent a powerful and active field of research and have given rise to many challenges related to routing protocols and communication problems with other vehicles or fixed infrastructure called roadside units (RSU). The dynamic topology and the obstacles encountered in VANET environments mean that the routing of data and the communication between vehicles is confronted with many problems, and particularly in vehicular applications that require reliable communication and satisfactory quality of service (QoS). This paper promotes the intention of infrastructure in an urban
scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.
This document provides an overview of routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses the characteristics of VANETs, including their dynamic topology. It then reviews several categories of routing protocols that have been proposed for VANETs, including topology-based, position-based, geocast-based, cluster-based, and broadcast-based protocols. It compares these protocols and identifies challenges in developing a routing protocol that can efficiently handle the dynamic nature of VANETs.
Multi-Agent System for Secured and Reliable Routing in VANETRSIS International
In VANET, the emphasis is given on the exchange of
traffic information and road conditions between the vehicles and
thereby preventing the accidents. Distinctive characteristics of
VANET like restricted topology, unpredictable mobility, vehicle
density, varying channel capacity, etc. make VANET
environment exciting for developing efficient routing protocols.
Owing to the dynamic topology in VANET, the routes are
unstable and unreliable for exchange of information among the
vehicles. To enrich the performance and throughput of the
VANETs, the links between nodes must be reliable and stable. In
order to tackle the relaiblity and stability of information
communication this work proposes ‘Multi-agent system for
Secured and Reliable Routing (MSRR) in VANET. The
performance of the proposed scheme is tested in terms of packet
delivery ratio, route reliability, route discovery time and delay.
Design of an adaptive sign based routing protocol in vanet for sophisticated ...IJARIIT
With the advancement in the communication technology and an increase in the number of vehicles, the Vehicle Ad
hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. The major applications of VANETs are in highways, but in
sophisticated environments such as forest area, hill stations, private museum or large park etc., where visitors across the
country pass through several locations, and there doesn’t exist a proper communication among the vehicles. So in this type of
locations, we need an intelligent routing strategy for the On Board Unit (OBU) to adapt and communicate with the
neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, a strategy is proposed where in, the vehicles communicate with each other or with the
road side units (RSU) by passing some sign bits with positive or negative polarity. A simple simulation is performed on 100 to
200 vehicles demonstrating passing of data from source to destination.
The document proposes a geographic source routing (GSR) protocol to help vehicles in urban areas acquire real-time traffic information through vehicle-to-vehicle communication. GSR uses directed broadcasting and a tunable scale factor to limit unnecessary broadcasts and reduce bandwidth usage. Simulation results show GSR improves bandwidth utilization and reduces packet delay compared to Dynamic Source Routing and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing protocols. The protocol considers factors like traffic regulations and patterns to optimize information sharing about traffic conditions.
CROSS LAYER DESIGN APPROACH FOR EFFICIENT DATA DELIVERY BASED ON IEEE 802.11P...pijans
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been one of the promising technology that has a great interest attention from many researchers over the world. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) communications environment as a part of ITS opens the way for a wide range of applications such as safety applications, mobility and connectivity for both driver and passengers to exploit the transport systems in a smoothly, efficiently and safer way. Several challenging tasks facing adopting VANET functionality for ITS such as modelling of wireless transmission and routing issues. These research issues have become more critical due to the high mobility of vehicles nodes (transmitters and receivers) and unexpected network topology due to the high speed of nodes. In fact, modelling radio propagation channel in VANET environment which considers as one of a stringent communications environment is a challenging task. The selection of a suitable transmission model plays a key role in the routing decisions for VANET. Different propagation models allow calculating the Received Signal Strength (RSS) based on key environmental properties such as the distance between transmitter vehicle and a receiver vehicle, the gain and antenna height of transmitter and a receiver vehicles. Hence, it is useful to calculate RSS and SNR values for a specific propagation model and then these values can be used later for routing decision in order to find the best path with high SNR. This paper evaluates the performance of different transmission models (freespace, two-ray and log-normal) in terms of Receive Signal Strength (RSS). In addition, the performance of such wireless transmission models for vehicular communication in terms of PDR, throughput and delay is evaluated by applying the proposed cross layer routing approach based on IEEE 802.11p. By using MATLAB, the obtained results confirm the best packet delivery ratio for our proposed approach, where it indicates poor quality of DSSS PHY with high number vehicles. The minimum delay achieved when traffic density is decreased.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
APPLICABILITY OF OVERLAY NON-DELAY TOLERANT POSITION-BASED PROTOCOLS IN HIGHW...ijwmn
The document discusses applicability of position-based routing protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It explores the performance of selected unicast non-delay tolerant overlay position-based routing protocols in highway and urban environments. The key routing challenges in VANETs are the dynamic topology changes from high vehicle mobility. Position-based routing protocols are identified as more suitable than topology-based protocols for VANETs. The evaluation metrics used are packet delivery ratio, void problem occurrence, and average hop count.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a traffic control system using message forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). The system incorporates scanners that detect abnormal traffic conditions and activate transmitters to broadcast congestion notifications using a reliable directional greedy routing algorithm. The system is simulated using the VEINS simulator. Key aspects of the system include establishing vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication, calculating a roadway congestion index to detect abnormalities, and enabling transmitters to forward messages about detected events to improve traffic flow and safety.
Design and analysis of routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks i...IJECEIAES
Multi-hop routing protocol in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CRMANETs) is a critical issue. Furthermore, the routing metric used in multi-hop CRMANETs should reflect the bands availability, the links quality, the PU activities and quality of service (QoS) requirements of SUs. For the best of our knowledge, many of researchers investigated the performance of the different routing protocols in a homogeneous environment only. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous cognitive radio routing protocol (HCR) operates in heterogeneous environment (i.e. the route from source to destination utilize the licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands). The proposed routing protocol is carefully developed to make a tradeoff between the channel diversity of the routing path along with the CRMANETs throughput. Using simulations, we discuss the performance of the proposed HCR routing protocol and compare it with the AODV routing protocol using a discrete-event simulation which we developed using JAVA platform.
ADAPTIVE HANDOVER HYSTERESIS AND CALL ADMISSION CONTROL FOR MOBILE RELAY NODESIJCNCJournal
The aim of equipping a wireless network with a mobile relay node is to support broadband wireless communications for vehicular users and their devices. The high mobility of vehicular users, possibly at a very high velocity in the area in which two cells overlap, could cause the network to suffer from a reduced handover success rate and, hence, increased radio link failure. The combined impact of these problems is service interruptions to vehicular users. Thus, the handover schemes are crucial in solving these problems. In this work, we first present the adaptive handover hysteresis scheme for the wireless network with mobile relay nodes in the high-speed train scenario. Specifically, our proposed adaptive hysteresis scheme is based on the velocity of the train. Second, the handover call dropping probability is reduced by introducing a modified call admission control scheme to support radio resource reservation for handover calls that prioritizes handover calls of mobile relay over the other calls. The proposed solution in which adaptive parameter is combined with call admission control is evaluated by system level simulation. Our simulation results illustrate an increased handover success rate and reduced radio link failures.
A Novel De Routing Scheme for Vehicular Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
This document proposes a novel routing scheme for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) using a differential evolution (DE) optimization algorithm. The DE algorithm is used to select the most suitable vehicle to act as a cluster manager by minimizing a fitness function. Key metrics like data packet delivery ratio, throughput, and time complexity are compared between the proposed DE-based scheme and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based routing approach in VANETs. The goal is to efficiently distribute safety messages in VANETs while minimizing channel collisions on the control channel.
Performance Analysis of Optimization Techniques for OLSR Routing Protocol for...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing the performance of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through parameter tuning. It first provides background on VANETs and discusses routing challenges. It then proposes using metaheuristic algorithms like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing to automatically tune OLSR parameters and evaluate the optimized protocol's performance in simulations. The results show the tuned OLSR protocol outperforms the standard OLSR protocol with increased throughput and packet delivery ratio, and reduced delay.
FANET optimization: a destination path flow model IJECEIAES
This document proposes a destination path flow model to optimize communication links in flying ad hoc networks (FANETs). It utilizes smell agent optimization and particle swarm optimization algorithms to manage link establishment between communicating nodes. Three scenarios depicting media coverage by FANET nodes are presented. Results show the smell agent optimization reduces bandwidth costs by 10.46-3.66% compared to particle swarm optimization, while particle swarm optimization reduces communication delays by 40.89-68.85% compared to smell agent optimization. The model aims to improve routing efficiency in FANETs by optimizing destination paths.
Engineering Research Publication
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ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
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IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) and the AODV routing protocol to develop a traffic management system. It first provides background on VANETs and discusses how they can be used to exchange information between vehicles to improve safety and efficiency. It then describes implementing a system using AODV and testing its performance in handling traffic congestion through metrics like packet delivery. The paper finds that the system is effective at diverting traffic and managing congestion using VANET communications.
Cross Layer based Congestion Free Route Selection in Vehicular Ad Hoc NetworksIJCNCJournal
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing technique called CFRS-CP for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to reduce network congestion. The technique estimates congestion probability at each node based on factors like neighbor density, link quality, MAC overhead, and vehicle velocity. It then uses the estimated probabilities to select the least congested route for data transmission. Simulation results showed the proposed method decreases delay by 32% and improves packet delivery ratio by 30% and throughput by 45% compared to existing protocols.
CROSS LAYER BASED CONGESTION FREE ROUTE SELECTION IN VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
For creating a mobile network, the moving cars consider as nodes in the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
(VANETs). Each participating car is turned into a wireless router in the VANETs that allows the
connecting and creating a network. To improve the comfort and safety of driving of automotive users, the
vehicular environment system develops in the vehicular environment systems using the wireless access. The
channel congestion causes the degradation of quality of service in such cases with higher vehicle density.
The real-time and reliable communication is required for various safety applications of VANETs. The
dense traffic network has included one of the major challenges as avoiding the communication channels’
degradation. To provide the network with efficient operation, most of the studies are recommended to use
the appropriate congestion control methods. It’s important to note that many congestion control
mechanisms are not implemented for event-driven real-time safety messages. Based on the congestion
probability approach estimation, CFRS-CP-Congestion free route selection is introduced for minimizing
the total number of data flow packets that passing through the congested nodes. At each node, the
congestion probability is estimated using the proposed technique of CFRS-CP based on link quality, MAC
overhead, neighbour density & vehicle velocity. Then, the estimated congestion probability is used for
route assessment. The estimated probability value is appended to the control packets for comparison. All
the available routes are assessed based on the estimated congestion probability which results in congestion
free routing path for every round of data communication. The simulation results prove that the proposed
method decreases end to end delay by 32% and improves PDR up to 30% and throughput up to 45%
compared to the existing protocols.
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
CONTROLLING ADAPTIVE CONTENTION WINDOW TO IMPROVE SAFE MESSAGE RECEIVED RATE ...IJCNCJournal
The primary goal of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is to support the secure transmission of applications via vehicles. Broadcasting is an important form of communication in the VANET network. Since there is no recovery for broadcast frames in the VANET network, the rate of receiving safe messages can become very low, especially in dense network conditions. In this paper, we present a new broadcast coordination mechanism with the aim of adaptive control of CW size to improve the received rate of safety messages. Each vehicle in the VANET can identify current local conditions of the network such as collisions or congestion by analyzing recently successfully sent and received frames. Based on the analysis of the received frame rate at each vehicle, the proposed mechanism controls the CW size and uses the EDCA mechanism to prioritize the important data flows. Using a combination of simulation tools in VANET, we build simulation scenarios in different network conditions to evaluate the received rate of safety messages compared to the default mechanism in the 802.11p standard. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed mechanism improves the received rate of safety messages better than the default mechanism in the 802.11p standard in all cases.
Controlling Adaptive Contention Window to Improve Safe Message Received Rate ...IJCNCJournal
This document discusses improving the received rate of safety messages in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) by controlling the adaptive contention window size. It proposes a new broadcast coordination mechanism that monitors network conditions passively to determine the current contention window size. Based on analyzing recently received frames, each vehicle can identify local collisions and congestion. The mechanism then prioritizes message types according to urgency and controls the contention window size using the enhanced distributed channel access mechanism to optimize quality of service parameters at the media access control layer. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed mechanism improves received rates of safety messages over the default IEEE 802.11p standard under different network conditions.
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
VANET (vehicular ad-hoc network) is a classification of MANET in which vehicles act as mobile node and provides a different
approach to Intelligent transport System (ITS). VANET is an emerging area for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) which can result in
increased traffic safety, collision warning through exchange of messages through wireless media. Efficient routing protocols are required for
efficient communication among vehicles. In the given paper, we surveyed various VANETs protocols and along with its advantages and
disadvantages. We compare our proposed protocols via NS-2 based simulations and show the performance of different protocols
Improved greedy routing protocol for VANETEditor IJCATR
This document summarizes and compares various routing protocols that have been proposed for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It first describes the architecture of VANET networks, including cellular/WLAN, ad hoc, and hybrid architectures. It then categorizes and discusses topology-based, position-based, cluster-based, broadcast-based, geocast-based, and delay tolerant routing protocols for VANETs. For each category, it outlines the general approach and provides examples of protocols. It also identifies advantages and disadvantages of different protocol approaches. The document concludes that routing safety communications in VANETs remains challenging due to overhead in discovering and maintaining routes under high vehicle mobility conditions.
A Review Report on Existing Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (V...IJEEE
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an extension to the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that have been designed with the goal of providing vehicular safety, traffic monitoring, assisting vehicular driving by providing critical information, utility services viz. automatic road taxes, finding hospitals, fuel stations, restaurants etc. The primary characteristics of VANETs include high node mobility, no specific network infrastructure, irregular network environments and unpredictable network density. Choosing a routing protocol for the VANET environment is a critical step in devising data sharing scheme for the VANET. This paper studies the existing routing protocols for VANET and presents a precise review of merits and demerits of the same.
This document summarizes a research article about using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication systems to enable safe navigation at intersections and increase traffic throughput. It describes how V2V communication allows vehicles to broadcast their position and intentions to surrounding vehicles using technologies like DSRC. Simulation results showed this approach can reasonably improve safety and throughput at intersections. The document also provides background on vehicle communication standards and issues like latency, knowledge of surrounding vehicles, message usefulness, simulation challenges, and system penetration rates.
Improved AODV based on Load and Delay for Route Discovery in MANETIOSR Journals
This document proposes an improved AODV routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that considers both node load and routing delay when selecting routes. It calculates a "route weight" based on the average load and delay of the nodes along each potential path from source to destination. The path with the lowest route weight is then selected for routing to help balance traffic loads across the network and minimize delays. Simulation results showed this approach can dynamically balance traffic allocation between paths and optimize resource utilization in the MANET.
Evaluation The Performance of MAODV and AODV Protocols In VANETs ModelsCSCJournals
This paper to study, analyse the performance of multicast technology using the MAODV (Multicast On-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol) in the VANETs (Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks), this protocol using widely in MANETs (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network). The wireless nodes in the wireless vehicle networks are the same wireless devices, which are integrated with a sensor and designed specifically for the design of safety, privacy and security applications. Researchers are interested in developing and enhancing the number of service quality parameters (packets received, delay, productivity, node power consumption, etc.). The aim of this paper is to introduce and optimize VANETS multi-cast transmission technology to reduce delay, increase throughput and reduce packet loss. Although, presents an analytical study of the Enhanced Protocol (MAODV) Protocol (AODV) and compares it to AODV performance in VANETs.
ACR: A CLUSTER-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR VANET ijwmn
Clustering is a technique used in network routing to enhance the performance and conserve the network
resources. This paper presents a cluster-based routing protocol for VANET utilizing a new addressing
scheme in which each node gets an address according to its mobility pattern. Hamming distance technique
is used then to partition the network in an address-centric manner. The simulation results show that this
protocol enhances routing reachability, whereas reduces routing end-to-end delay and traffic received
comparing with two benchmarks namely AODV and DSDV.
ACR: A CLUSTER-BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR VANET ijwmn
Clustering is a technique used in network routing to enhance the performance and conserve the network resources. This paper presents a cluster-based routing protocol for VANET utilizing a new addressing scheme in which each node gets an address according to its mobility pattern. Hamming distance technique is used then to partition the network in an address-centric manner. The simulation results show that this protocol enhances routing reachability, whereas reduces routing end-to-end delay and traffic received
comparing with two benchmarks namely AODV and DSDV.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) through simulation. It first provides background on VANETs and describes the AODV and DSDV protocols. It then discusses the simulators MOVE, SUMO, and NS-2 that were used to generate mobility models and simulate the routing protocols under different network scenarios varying the number of nodes and connections. The document aims to evaluate the behavior and effectiveness of the reactive AODV protocol versus the proactive DSDV protocol in VANET environments.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
Vehicular adhoc network (VANET) adopts or resembles a similar structure of Mobile adhoc network (MANET). The communication in VANET are generally classified into following three categories such as Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Hybrid network which is a combination of V2V and V2I network. VANET using the IEEE 802.11p standard has great potential of achieving objectives of Smart intelligent transport system (SITS) for improving transport and road safety efficiency. As more and more services is been provided for V2V based VANET network. It is a challenging task to provide QoS to end user, due to wireless medium that has limited channel availability for transmission. To guarantee QoS and provide efficient network performance, a prioritized MAC need to be designed. Many priority based MAC has been designed in recent times to improve the quality of data delivery to end user. However these do not consider the impact of environment and presence of obstacle which affects the signal attenuation at the receiver end and affecting the QoS of channel availability. To address, this work present an obstacle based radio propagation model, obstacle based CEV (City, Expressway and Village) environmental model and a selective MAC to provide QoS for different services. The proposed model efficiency is evaluated in term of throughput achieved per channel, Collison and success packet transmission. To evaluate the adaptive performance of proposed AMACexperiment are conducted under CEV environment and are compared with existing MAC NCCMA. The outcome achieved shows that the proposed model is efficient in term of reducing Collison, improving packet transmission and throughput performance considering two types of services.
Real time path planning based on hybrid-vanet-enhanced transportation systemPvrtechnologies Nellore
The document presents a real-time path planning algorithm for vehicles based on a hybrid vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) and cellular network system. The algorithm aims to improve both the overall road network utilization and reduce the average vehicle travel cost. It first establishes a communication framework using VANETs, cellular networks, vehicles, roadside units and a traffic server. It then proposes a path planning algorithm based on Lyapunov optimization that considers both network performance and driver preferences like travel time and distance. Simulation results show the algorithm can efficiently find alternative paths for vehicles to bypass congestions while reducing travel costs.
A Proposed Methodology to Reduce Congestion in Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks by Det...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a methodology to reduce congestion in vehicle ad-hoc networks by determining the direction of vehicles. It summarizes existing congestion control algorithms that use message sending power or rate. It then proposes modifying an existing power-based algorithm so that vehicles do not send messages to vehicles traveling in the opposite direction, which would reduce the number of messages and thus congestion. The proposed method is expected to positively impact vehicle network performance.
QUANTILE REGRESSIVE FISH SWARM OPTIMIZED DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL LEARNING F...IJCNCJournal
Route path identification on the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is complicated due to the nature of high dynamic mobility, bandwidth constraints, and traffic load. A vehicle present on the IoV communicates with each other to find the status of the road and location of other vehicles for reliable data transmission. However, the existing routing algorithm does not effectively improve the packet delivery ratio and reduce the delay. To resolve these issues, A Quantile Regressive Fish Swarm Optimized Deep Convolutional Neural Learning (QRFSODCNL) technique is introduced reliable data transmission with minimum end to end delay in IoV. The Deep Convolutional Neural Learning uses multiple layers such as one input layer, three hidden layers, and one output layer for vehicle location identification and optimal route path discovery.
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An Optimal Route Discovery using Biogeography based Optimization for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
1. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.1, January 2021
DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2021.13102 19
AN OPTIMAL ROUTE DISCOVERY USING
BIOGEOGRAPHY BASED OPTIMIZATION FOR
VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS
Shaeista Begum1
, Nagaraj B. Patil2
and Vishwanath P3
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Government Engineering College, Raichur, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Government Engineering College, Gangavathi, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
H.K.E.S’s S.L.N. College Of Engineering, Raichur, India
ABSTRACT
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving
vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the
restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light
Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate
and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is
integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency
bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop
an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different
communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBO-
VLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing
overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony
optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based
optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
KEYWORDS
Biogeography Based Optimization, Delay, Optimal Route, Throughput, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network, Visible
Light Communication.
1. INTRODUCTION
VANET is one of the special types of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) which allows vehicles
to generate the self-organizing mobile wireless network without any pre-existing infrastructure
[1] [2] [3]. The vehicles of the VANET are act as a node or router which is used to exchange the
data among the access points and vehicles [4]. The main goal of the VANET is to develop an
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) to provide numerous general applications such as vehicle
safety, collision avoidance, traffic regulation and protecting the blind while crossing the roads [5]
[6]. The VANET has two components such as vehicle and the roadside infrastructures. Since, the
communication between the vehicles are named as vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication
whereas the communication among the vehicle and roadside infrastructure is called as Vehicle to
Infrastructure (V2I) communication [7] [8]. The nodes of the VANET are equipped with On-
2. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.1, January 2021
20
Board Unit (OBU) at a standard position for supporting the aforementioned V2V and V2I
communications [9] [10].
The routing between the vehicular connections is difficult due to the vehicles movement and
frequent changes in the network topology. The network expansion over the huge scale causes the
higher routing overheads for the routing protocols [11] [12]. Moreover, the data transmission
through the VANET is affected by different constraints such as non-uniformity of vehicle density
and intermittent connection [13]. Conventionally, the VANET uses the Radio Frequency (RF) for
supporting the communication among the vehicular communications. In RF-based VANET, the
efficiency of the network is affected, when the interference avoidance cost is increased with
respect to the vehicle density. Additionally, the network performance is restrained based on the
restricted RF bandwidth. Therefore, the VLC is utilized in the VANET for supporting the
VANET communications due to its different advantages of high spatial reuse ratio, wide free-
licensed spectrum and higher power efficiency [14]. The VLC provides reliable and energy-
efficient data transmission compared to the RF. However, the network is affected by the unequal
load distribution through the network and data heterogeneity [15]. The major contributions of this
research paper are given as follows:
The VANET is integrated with the VLC for avoiding the multiple distortions while
transmitting the data packets.
The Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to generate
the optimal route between the source to the destination. This route generation is
optimized by considering the multiple objectives such as residual energy, distance and
number of hops.
The proposed RBBO-VLC-VANET is used to obtain two different communications such
as V2V and V2I and also it minimizes the delay and increases the throughput over the
VLC-VANET.
The major contributions of this paper are given as follows: The literature survey about the
existing routing methods over the VANET is given in the section 2. The problems found from the
literature survey and solution to overcome that problem is described in the section 3. The route
generation using the biogeography-based optimization over the VLC-VANET is explained in the
section 4. The results and discussion of the RBBO-VLC-VANET is given in the section 5.
Finally, the conclusion is made in section 6.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Chinnasamy et al. [16] presented the Wagon Next Point Routing Protocol (WNPRP) to generate a
continuous and reliable data transmission between the vehicles. The Hello Message was
frequently transmitted between the adjacent wagons (i.e., vehicles) to obtain significant
information about adjacent vehicles. There are three different information was obtained using
Hello Message transmission such as direction, location and speed of the vehicle. This collected
information was used in the WNPRP to maintain the connectivity and constant stability among
the source and destination. The developed WNPRP was analyzed only for lesser number of
nodes. For an effective VANET communication, the network area should be analyzed with a
higher number of vehicles.
Aravindhan and Dhas [17] developed the hybrid clustering and destination-aware routing
protocol to obtain an optimal cluster head and route between the vehicles. In hybrid clustering,
the clusters were formed by integrating the geographic and context-based clustering method.
Next, the inter-clustering routing was obtained using the destination-aware routing protocol. The
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direction and destination of cluster heads were considered during the optimal cluster head
selection as well as this cluster head was used to generate the optimal route. Therefore, the
developed clustering and routing algorithm was used to minimize the traffic and delay in the
VANET communication. The amount of control message transmission was very high with
respect to increase the number of clusters.
Srivastava et al. [18] presented the Adaptive Intersection Selection Mechanism (ASIM) using Ant
Colony Optimization (ACO) to generate the routing path based on the constraints of the multiple
quality of service. This ASIM was followed two strategies: At first, the real time road evaluation
was obtained based in the prediction-based mechanism. Next, the route among the two adjacent
vehicles was identified instead of detecting the longer route between the nodes. The higher data
transmission and reduction in unwanted path identification were obtained using this ASIM. The
priority of the candidate route selection was considered only the delay and connectivity, it failed
to consider the energy in the routing process.
Masini et al. [19] developed the applications of vehicular crowd sensing, where the vehicles were
utilized to gather the urban data required by the data centers. The vehicles in the network were
considered as generating the data packets which contains the information about the vehicles.
Here, both the VLC and IEEE 802.11p were integrated and also it was used individually during
the communication. The multi-hop communication was initialized, when there is no possible
intermediate connection between the vehicles. The number of packets delivered to the Road Side
Unit (RSU) was affected due to the high directivity between the transmitter and receiver.
Gawas and Govekar [20] presented the Selective Cross-Layer design-based Ant Colony
Optimized Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (SCL-ACO-AODV) routing algorithm was
developed to generate the route through the VANET. The difficulty during the route generation
was avoided by ACO and allocation of slot was obtained using the Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO). The AODV was used to initialize the data transmission between the source and
destination. The redundant traffic congestion and confusion were minimized using this SCL-
ACO-AODV method. Moreover, the performance of the SCL-ACO-AODV was mainly based in
the selected intermediate nodes and candidate routing paths as well as the selection of
intermediate node considers only the distance and energy of the nodes.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problems found from the existing researches and solution to solve that problem using
RBBO-VLC-VANET is described in this section.
The inappropriate fitness function selection during the route generation causes the packet loss
through the network. The route selection through the ASIM [18] considers only the delay and
connectivity for data transmission. This ASIM doesn’t consider the energy of the nodes, because
of this the node with limited battery power affects the number of packets received in the
destination. Moreover, the SCL-ACO-AODV [20] considers only the distance and energy during
the candidate path selection. The amount of packets received at the RSU is minimized due to the
reduced connectivity in the VLC communication [19].
Solution:
In this RBBO-VLC-VANET method, the Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) is used to
generate the routing path for transmitting the data packets between the source vehicle to the RSU.
The multiple objective values considered to generate the optimal route are residual energy,
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distance and number of hops. This helps to increase the number of packets received by the
destination. Moreover, the shortest path generation using the RBBO minimizes the delay while
transmitting the data packets.
4. RBBO-VLC-VANET METHOD
In this RBBO-VLC-VANET, an optimal path between the source vehicle and the RSU is
obtained by using the BBO algorithm. This BBO is optimized by using the residual energy,
distance and number of hops. Here, the data transmission between the vehicles is carried out
through the VLC channel. This VLC data transmission helps to avoid the multiple distortions
during the data transmission. This RBBO-VLC-VANET transmits the data between the vehicles
and vehicle to infrastructure namely V2V and V2I. Moreover, this RBBO-VLC-VANET is used
to transmit the high amount of data packets with less packet loss. The flowchart of the RBBO-
VLC-VANET method is shown in the Figure 1.
Figure 1. Flowchart of the RBBO-VLC-VANET method
4.1. VLC-VANET system model
The VLC-VANET system model is comprised of vehicles as mobile nodes and lighting sources
as transmitting/receiving sources. In this VLC-VANET, both the lighting infrastructure and
mobile nodes are equipped with the transmitter and receiver to transmit and receive the
information from the adjacent vehicles. For example, the VLC transmitter and receiver are
equipped with the headlights and brake lights of a vehicle. The VLC transmitter and VLC
receiver are connected through the free space optical communication channel. The main
requirement of the VLC is the Line-of-Sight (LoS) especially in outdoor vehicle communications.
5. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.1, January 2021
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The light emitted from the transmitter contains the data packets which are transferred through the
wireless medium. Here, the direct LoS is used as communication technology between the
vehicles which used to minimize the multipath distortion during data transmission. The channel
model of this VLC-VANET is expressed in the equation (1).
2
1
cos cos 0
2
0
b
c
Los
c
B A
T g
H Dist
(1)
Where, b is the order of Lambertian emission; A is the detector area; distance between one
vehicle to other vehicle is Dist ; optical band-pass filter of transmission is
T ; concentrator
gain is
g , receiver’s field of view is c
; angle of impedance is and angle of irradiance
is .
4.2. Identification of routing path using BBO
The location of nodes deployed in the VLC-VANET is given as input to the BBO algorithm for
generating the route between the source vehicle to the destination vehicle. The multiple
objectives considered in this RBBO-VLC-VANET method are residual energy, distance and
number of BS. This section provides an overview of BBO and route generation using BBO.
4.2.1. Overview of biogeography based optimization
Initially, the BBO is developed by Dan Simon in 2008 [21]. BBO is generally inspired by the
geographical assignment of biological species and the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) is used to
specify each geographical zone of BBO. An extra index utilized to mention the habitat area and
conditions of livelihood is specified as Suitability Index Variable (SIV). The HSI value and
amount of species is equal to the habitat’s fitness value. The features from the solution of higher
HSI are accepted for enhancing lower HSI solution. The immigration and emigration rate of the
habitat are and
are used to specify the single species model. This immigration and emigration
rate is shown in the equation (2) and (3) respectively.
1
s
k
I
n
(2)
Where, the maximum immigration rate is represented as I ; number of species in the habitat is
represented as k and maximum amount of species in the habitat is s
n .
s
E k
n
(3)
Where, E represents the maximum emigration rate. The processes of the BBO algorithm are
given as follows:
4.2.1.1. Migration
Consider the candidate solutions and the optimization problem for the BBO initialization, where
each solution specified using the dimension vector
n is called as habitat. Let, the habitat’s
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dimension in each dimension is SIV as well as the habitat’s goodness is equal to the amount of
species and HSI value. The low HSI solution shares the information with higher HSI solution to
improve the solution obtained during the searching process. The transmission of HSI solution
depends on the immigration and emigration rate and the two different habitats are selected from
the BBO population. Initially, one habitat
i
H is selected by considering the immigration rate
i
and one more habitat
j
H is selected by considering the emigration rate
j
.
Subsequently, the random selection of SIVs are transferred from
j
H and appears in
i
H .
4.2.1.2. Mutation
Generally, the rapid changes in habitat and deviation from the equilibrium location are occurred
due to natural disasters caused in the geographical region. Consequently, the same effect is
illustrated in the BBO using the operation of mutation. This mutation operation is accomplished
using the number of species in each habitat, which is shown in equation (4) and (5). The value of
probability is allocated for each habitat to perform the mutation operation. The possibility for
mutation is less and a solution is closer to the optimal solution, when the probability value is high
in the BBO. However, the possibility of mutation is high and a solution is far from the optimal
solution, when the probability value is low.
1 1
1 1 1 1 max
1 1 max
, 0
1 1
s s s s s
h
S s s s s s s s
s s s s s
P P s
P P P P s s
P P s s
(4)
max
max
1 s
P
m s m
P
(5)
Where, the higher amount of species in the BBO is max
s ; mutation rate of s species is max
s ;
maximum mutation rate and probability are represented as max
m and max
P respectively.
4.2.2. Optimal path generation using BBO
This BBO is used to generate the optimal route to achieve a high amount of packets received at
the destination RSU. The issues related to frequent changes in network topology and high density
of vehicles are overcome by generating the optimal path and transmitting the data through the
VLC channel.
4.2.2.1. Representation and initialization of BBO
The habitats of the BBO are specified by the possible paths from the source vehicle to the RSU.
Moreover, the dimension of the habitat is identical to its number of intermediate vehicles in the
routing path. Consider, the habitat i is
,1 ,2 ,
, ,...
i i i i m
H H t H t H t
, whereas the next hop
vehicle is specified as , ,1
i v
H v m
.
4.2.2.2. Fitness function formulation for BBO
In this RBBO-VLC-VANET method, three different objective values such as residual energy,
distance between one vehicle node to another vehicle node and number of hops connected to each
vehicle node.
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a. Residual energy
The residual energy
RE of each node is considered as a significant fitness value, because it
shows the amount of energy exist in each node. This used to select only the node which has
higher residual energy while transmitting the data packets. Because, the node with limited energy
creates node/link failure during data transmission which causes the packet loss. The following
equation (6) shows the residual energy.
1
i
m
H
i
RE E
(6)
Where, mrepresents the number of vehicles in the routing path and i
H
E represents the residual
energy of the th
i vehicle in the habitat H .
b. Distance
The distance
Dist between the one vehicle to another vehicle is considered to select the shortest
path between the source vehicle to destination RSU. Moreover, this shortest path identification is
used to minimize the delay during communication. Equation (7) expresses the distance between
the vehicles.
1
,
m
i
i
Dist dis H DV
(7)
Where, destination vehicle is represented as DV as well as distance between the th
i vehicle in
the habitat H and DV is represented as
,
i
dis H DV .
c. Number of hops
The amount of Next Hop Vehicle (NHV) to the respective node defines the number of hops
NH . The number of hops is required to be less, because it causes higher energy consumption
in VANET.
1
i
m
H
i
NH M
(8)
Where, i
H
M represents the amount of nodes connected in the path.
In this fitness function derivation, the multiple objectives are converted into single objective by
assigning weighted value to each objective value. Equation (9) shows the HSI/fitness value of the
BBO (5).
1 2 3
HSI RE Dist NH
(9)
Where, the 1 2 3
, and
represents the weighted values used in the fitness function. The
calculated values of HSI are used to update the immigration and emigration rate of each habitat.
8. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.1, January 2021
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4.2.2.3. Migration and mutation
The immigration and emigration rate are used to select two different habitats during the migration
process. Next, the NHV from the higher HSI solution has appeared in lower HSI solution. Here,
one location is randomly created among the 1 and th
m dimension to accomplish the migration
process. From the generated location, all NHV from the j
H appears in i
H . Therefore, the habitats
are updated until the optimal solution is obtained in the BBO. The habitat i
H considered using
the mutation probability. The selection of habitat is identified using the emigration and
immigration rate. The probability of selecting the habitat is less, when the mutation probability is
high during mutation process. Otherwise, the probability of selecting the habitat is high, when the
mutation probability is less during mutation process. In habitat i
H , the randomly selected
location changes its NHV by selecting the random NHV within its transmission range.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results and discussion of the proposed RBBO-VLC-VANET are described in this section.
The implementation and simulation of the RBBO-VLC-VANET is carried out in the MATLAB
R2018a which is operated in the in a Windows 8 operating system with an Intel core i3 processor
and 4GB RAM. In this RBBO-VLC-VANET, the VLC is used as a communication channel for
supporting the data transmission between the vehicles. The routing path between the source
vehicle to the RSU is generated by using the BBO. The number of vehicles deployed in the
network area are varied as 50, 100, 200 and 500 which are deployed in the area of 2
500 500m
.
The specification parameters of this RBBO-VLC-VANET method are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Specification parameters
Parameter Value
Area 2
500 500m
Number of vehicles 50, 100, 200 and 500
RSU location Center of the network area
Transmission range 250m
Communication channel VLC
Packet size 4000 bits
Routing protocol BBO
5.1. Performance analysis
The performance of the RBBO-VLC-VANET is analyzed in terms of the Throughput, Packet
Delivery Ratio (PDR), delay and routing overhead. Next, the RBBO-VLC-VANET is evaluated
with SCL-ACO-AODV [20] to show the efficiency of RBBO-VLC-VANET. The performance
analysis is described as follows:
5.1.1. Throughput
Throughput is defined as a number of packets successfully received at the RSU during the
simulation rounds. Generally, throughput is measured as kilobits per second or Megabits per
second.
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Figure 2. Comparison of throughput for varying nodes
The throughput comparison of the RBBO-VLC-VANET with SCL-ACO-AODV [20] is shown in
the Figure 2. Figure 2 shows that the RBBO-VLC-VANET method obtains higher throughput
than the SCL-ACO-AODV [20]. For example, the throughput of the RBBO-VLC-VANET
method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the SCL-ACO-AODV
[20] method’s throughput i.e., 540 kbps. The elimination of multiple distortions using VLC and
optimal path generation using BBO are used to achieve the higher throughput in the RBBO-VLC-
VANET method.
5.1.2. Packet Delivery Ratio
PDR is the ratio between the Number of packets successfully received at the RSU to the total
packets generate at the source vehicle. Expression for PDR is shown in the equation (10).
Amountof Packetssucessfullyreceived attheRSU
PDR
Total packetstransmitted
(10)
Figure 3 shows the comparison of the PDR for the RBBO-VLC-VANET with SCL-ACO-AODV
[20]. This comparison shows that the RBBO-VLC-VANET method has higher PDR than the
SCL-ACO-AODV [20]. For example, the PDR of the RBBO-VLC-VANET method is 98.998%
which is high when compared to the SCL-ACO-AODV [20]. The integration of VLC into the
VANET is used to increase the number of packets received by the RSU. Moreover, the SCL-
ACO-AODV [20] doesn’t consider the appropriate fitness function value which leads to cause the
packet loss during route generation.
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Figure 3. Comparison of PDR for varying nodes
5.1.3. Packets’ delay
Delay is the total required to transmit the data packet from the source to the destination which is
expressed in the equation (11).
’
Totaltimerequiredtotransmitthedata packets
Delay
Amountof packetssucessfullyreceived attheRSU
Packets (11)
Figure 4. Comparison of delay for varying nodes
The delay comparison of the RBBO-VLC-VANET with SCL-ACO-AODV [20] is shown in the
Figure 4. Figure 4 shows that the RBBO-VLC-VANET method achieves lesser delay than the
SCL-ACO-AODV [20]. For example, the delay of the RBBO-VLC-VANET method is 0.0783s
for 500 nodes which is less when compared to the SCL-ACO-AODV [20] method’s delay i.e.,
0.75s. The delay during the data transmission is less by identifying the shortest path between the
11. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.13, No.1, January 2021
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source vehicle to the destination. But, the SCL-ACO-AODV [20] has a higher delay because of
the traffic that occurred in the VANET.
5.1.4. Routing overhead
Routing overhead is defined as the ratio between the number of control packets and amount of
packets successfully received at the RSU. The routing overhead is expressed in the following
equation (12).
Amountof control packets
Routingoverhead
Amountof packetssucessfullyreceived attheRSU
(12)
Figure 5. Comparison of routing overhead for varying nodes
Figure 5 shows the comparison of the routing overhead for the RBBO-VLC-VANET with SCL-
ACO-AODV [20]. This comparison shows that the RBBO-VLC-VANET method has lesser
routing overhead than the SCL-ACO-AODV [20]. For example, the routing overhead of the
RBBO-VLC-VANET method is 220.2752 which is less when compared to the routing overhead
of SCL-ACO-AODV [20] i.e., 490. The optimal route generation using BBO through the VLC-
VANET is used to minimize the routing overhead while transmitting the data packets.
Table 2. Comparative analysis of the RBBO-VLC-VANET with SCL-ACO-AODV
Number
of nodes
Throughput (kbps) PDR (%) Delay (s) Routing overhead
SCL-
ACO-
AODV
[20]
RBBO-
VLC-
VANET
SCL-
ACO-
AODV
[20]
RBBO-
VLC-
VANET
SCL-
ACO-
AODV
[20]
RBBO-
VLC-
VANET
SCL-
ACO-
AODV
[20]
RBBO-
VLC-
VANET
50 590 598.939 88 99.821 0.5 0.075 430 22.423
100 550 598.38 95 99.797 0.85 0.064 390 45.087
200 520 595.335 90 99.594 0.7 0.074 380 88.208
500 540 589.763 98 98.998 0.75 0.078 490 220.275
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Table 2 shows the comparative analysis of the RBBO-VLC-VANET with SCL-ACO-AODV [20]
for a different numbers of nodes such as 50, 100, 200 and 500. From the Table 2, it shows that
the performance of the RBBO-VLC-VANET is improved than the SCL-ACO-AODV [20]. The
SCL-ACO-AODV [20] has lesser performance due to its inappropriate fitness function
formulation during route selection. The integration of VLC with VANET is used to increase the
number of packets received at the RSU. The multiple objectives such as residual energy, distance
and number of hops are considered in the BBO to identify the optimal route between source
vehicle to RSU. The packet loss during the data communication is minimized by avoiding the
node failure in the routing path. Therefore, the number of packets received at the RSU is
increased through the VANET. The distance considered in the fitness function helps to detect the
shortest path which used to minimize the delay in VANET communication.
6. CONCLUSION
In this RBBO-VLC-VANET, the VLC is integrated with the VANET to achieve the higher
throughput during communication. The BBO based route generation is proposed to obtain the
optimal path between the source vehicle to the destination RSU. Here, the BBO is optimized by
using the three different objective values such as residual energy, distance and number of hops.
Therefore, this optimal path generation is used to overcome the issues related to frequent changes
in network topology and node failure. This RBBO-VLC-VANET method is used to obtain the
higher throughput and lesser delay by identifying the optimal path. Therefore, the proposed
RBBO-VLC-VANET is operated in both the 4G and 5G networks. From the performance
analysis, it knows that the RBBO-VLC-VANET method provides better performance than the
existing SCL-ACO-AODV method. The throughput of the RBBO-VLC-VANET is 589.763 kbps
for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the throughput of SCL-ACO-AODV i.e.,
540kbps.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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AUTHORS
Shaeista Begum perceived her B.E from Bapuji Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Davangere, Karnataka in 2005 and M.Tech from University of BDT
College of Engineering, Davangere, Karnataka in 2007. From 2007 to 2008 she worked
as a lecturer in GM Institute of Technology, Davangere. From 2008 to 2010 worked as
a lecturer in BKIT, Bhalki, Karnataka. From 2010 to 2011 worked as a lecturer in
Women’s Government Polytechnic, Gulbarga. Presently working as an Assistant
Professor in Government Engineering College, Raichur since 2011. Her research area
is Computer Network.
Nagaraj B. Patil received his B.E. degree from the Gulbarga University Gulbarga
Karnataka in the 1993, M.Tech. degree from the AAIDU Allahabad in 2005, and the
Ph.D. degree from the University of Singhania, Rajasthan India in 2012. From 1993 to
2010 he worked as a Lecturer, Senior Lecturer and Assistant professor and HOD Dept.
of CSE & ISE at SLN College of Engineering, Raichur Karnataka. From 2010 to June
2019 he worked as a an Associate Professor and HOD in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering at Government Engineering College Raichur, Karnataka. He
is currently Working as Principal Government Engineering College, Gangavathi, Karnataka from July
2019. His research interests are in Image Processing and Computer Network.
Vishwanath P completed his M.E from PDA college of Engineering, Gulbarga
University, Gulbarga (Karnataka) in the year 2003 and completed his PhD in the year
2017 from NIMS University, Jaipur (Rajasthan). Presently working as Associate
Professor in the department of “Electronics and Communication Engineering” since
1998.His area of interest are Image Processing and Embedded System. He has
publishes four papers in international journals and presented one paper in international
conference.