The document proposes a geographic source routing (GSR) protocol to help vehicles in urban areas acquire real-time traffic information through vehicle-to-vehicle communication. GSR uses directed broadcasting and a tunable scale factor to limit unnecessary broadcasts and reduce bandwidth usage. Simulation results show GSR improves bandwidth utilization and reduces packet delay compared to Dynamic Source Routing and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing protocols. The protocol considers factors like traffic regulations and patterns to optimize information sharing about traffic conditions.
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
An Optimal Route Discovery using Biogeography based Optimization for Vehicula...StevePrice20
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBOVLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
Master-Slave Clustering Technique for High Density Traffic in Urban VANET Sce...rifat1tasnim
Moving vehicle is never free of traffic congestion especially in the cities. Every day commuters wastes hours in travelling just because of traffic congestion. This has led to the emergence of vehicular management which will be beneficial for Road Transport department to control and manage the traffic flow on congested roads. Thus to support above idea we have Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET technology that turns every participating car into a node, allowing cars to connect with each other and in turn create a network. There are wealthy numbers of approaches were highlighted to solve several thriving challenges of VANET. Clustering technique in vehicle is one of them which made a great impact on VANET. But it fails to fulfill a crucial requirement. Several protocols wanted to build a cluster in low density traffic where the numbers of vehicles are less with respect to transmission range & there is a less chance of broadcast storming which is not a practical scenario. So that cluster formation in high density traffic has arisen as an issue where there is a great possibility to broadcast storm. This paper suggests a “Priority Based Master-Slave Cluster Formation Process” in high density traffic for an urban scenario using “fidelity” metric. With the help of this metric it will be easier to find high density traffic & form priority based Master-Slave dynamically by reducing broadcast storm problem.
In this paper CHP function runs on the vehicular environment which carried out to select a vehicle as Master. In this Ad-hoc wireless environment a dataset is assumed which create a proper environment & generate a graph. Graph results can be analyzed to have the highest one selects as a Master. Thus for the final result, real aspects of vehicular traffic is very essential and scenarios play a very crucial role.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
The vehicle itself is an information source that produces a large amount of various information including actual vehicle and environment sensors. The implementation of an efficient and scalable model for information dissemination in VANETs possesses major issues. In this dynamic environment, an ever-growing number of context dissemination messages are leveling up the usage of the channel which affects the network performance. This presentation tries to analyze and assess the key ideas of how to overcome the context data dissemination and how to reduce the amounts of transferred and stored data in a vehicular cooperation environment. This is one of the most prominent topics of pervasive computing.
Dynamic multiagent method to avoid duplicated information at intersections in...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to contact one another to provide safety and comfort applications. However, mobility is a great challenge in VANETs. High vehicle speed causes topological changes that result in unstable networks. Therefore, most previous studies focused on using clustering techniques in roads to reduce the effect of vehicle mobility and enhance network stability. Vehicles stop moving at intersections, and their mobility does not impact clustering. However, none of previous studies discussed the impact of vehicle stopping at intersections on base stations (BSs). Vehicles that have stopped moving at intersections continue to send the same information to BSs, which causes duplicated information. Hence, this study proposes a new method named dynamic multiagent (DMA) to filter cluster information and prevent duplicated information from being sent to BSs at intersections. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through simulations during the use of DMA and without-DMA (W-DMA) methods based on real data collected from 10 intersections in Batu Pahat City, Johor, Malaysia. Overall, the proposed DMA method results in a considerable reduction in duplicated information at intersections, with an average percentage of 81% from the W-DMA method.
An Optimal Route Discovery using Biogeography based Optimization for Vehicula...StevePrice20
Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a subdivision of the mobile ad hoc networks which uses the moving vehicles as mobile nodes to form the mobile network. In conventional vehicular communications, the restricted radio frequency bandwidth affects the network performances. Therefore, Visible Light Communication (VLC) is integrated with the growing vehicular ad hoc network to obtain high data rate and less energy consumption during the communication. In this paper, vehicular communication is integrated with visible light communication to avoid the issues caused by the restricted radio frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the Routing using Biogeography Based Optimization (RBBO) is proposed to develop an optimal route between the source vehicles to the destination. This research performs two different communications such as vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to the infrastructure. The performance of the RBBOVLC-VANET method is analyzed by means of throughput, packet delivery ratio, delay and routing overhead as well as these performances are compared with the existing method namely ant colony optimization based routing protocol. The throughput of the routing using the biogeography based optimization method is 589.763 kbps for 500 nodes which is high when compared to the existing method.
Master-Slave Clustering Technique for High Density Traffic in Urban VANET Sce...rifat1tasnim
Moving vehicle is never free of traffic congestion especially in the cities. Every day commuters wastes hours in travelling just because of traffic congestion. This has led to the emergence of vehicular management which will be beneficial for Road Transport department to control and manage the traffic flow on congested roads. Thus to support above idea we have Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network, or VANET technology that turns every participating car into a node, allowing cars to connect with each other and in turn create a network. There are wealthy numbers of approaches were highlighted to solve several thriving challenges of VANET. Clustering technique in vehicle is one of them which made a great impact on VANET. But it fails to fulfill a crucial requirement. Several protocols wanted to build a cluster in low density traffic where the numbers of vehicles are less with respect to transmission range & there is a less chance of broadcast storming which is not a practical scenario. So that cluster formation in high density traffic has arisen as an issue where there is a great possibility to broadcast storm. This paper suggests a “Priority Based Master-Slave Cluster Formation Process” in high density traffic for an urban scenario using “fidelity” metric. With the help of this metric it will be easier to find high density traffic & form priority based Master-Slave dynamically by reducing broadcast storm problem.
In this paper CHP function runs on the vehicular environment which carried out to select a vehicle as Master. In this Ad-hoc wireless environment a dataset is assumed which create a proper environment & generate a graph. Graph results can be analyzed to have the highest one selects as a Master. Thus for the final result, real aspects of vehicular traffic is very essential and scenarios play a very crucial role.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
Predictive Data Dissemination in VanetDhruvMarothi
The vehicle itself is an information source that produces a large amount of various information including actual vehicle and environment sensors. The implementation of an efficient and scalable model for information dissemination in VANETs possesses major issues. In this dynamic environment, an ever-growing number of context dissemination messages are leveling up the usage of the channel which affects the network performance. This presentation tries to analyze and assess the key ideas of how to overcome the context data dissemination and how to reduce the amounts of transferred and stored data in a vehicular cooperation environment. This is one of the most prominent topics of pervasive computing.
An Analytical Review of the Algorithms Controlling Congestion in Vehicular Ne...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
During the last few years, continuous progresses in wireless communications have opened new research fields in computer networking, aimed at extending data networks connectivity to environments where wired solutions are impracticable. Among these, vehicular traffic is attracting a growing attention from both academia and industry, due to the amount and importance of related distributive applications to mobile entertainment. VANETs are self-organized networks built up from moving vehicles, and are part of the broader class of MANETs. Because of these peculiar characteristics, VANETs require new networking techniques, whose feasibility and performance are usually tested by means of simulation. In order to meet performance goals, it is widely agreed that VANETs must rely heavily on node-to-node communication. In VANET, each vehicle acts as a node and communicates with other vehicles within the range or communicates with base stations. The main idea is to deploy a wireless communication network that has a capability of sending and receiving messages between transmitter and mobile devices in the particular network. Results can be shown using an effective VEINS Simulator. This Simulator can produce detailed vehicular movement traces and can simulate different traffic conditions through fully customizable scenarios. The Framework is expected to be employed using such simulator that makes use of traffic modulator, network simulator and coupling module that integrates the traffic and network.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Design of an adaptive sign based routing protocol in vanet for sophisticated ...IJARIIT
With the advancement in the communication technology and an increase in the number of vehicles, the Vehicle Ad
hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. The major applications of VANETs are in highways, but in
sophisticated environments such as forest area, hill stations, private museum or large park etc., where visitors across the
country pass through several locations, and there doesn’t exist a proper communication among the vehicles. So in this type of
locations, we need an intelligent routing strategy for the On Board Unit (OBU) to adapt and communicate with the
neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, a strategy is proposed where in, the vehicles communicate with each other or with the
road side units (RSU) by passing some sign bits with positive or negative polarity. A simple simulation is performed on 100 to
200 vehicles demonstrating passing of data from source to destination.
Study of Congestion Control Scheme with Decentralized Threshold Function in V...ijtsrd
With the constant increase in vehicular traffic, existing traffic management solutions have become inefficient. Urbanization has led to an increase in traffic jams and accidents in major cities. In order to accommodate the growing needs of transport systems today, there is a need for an Intelligent Transport System. Vehicular Ad hoc Network VANET is a growing technology that assists in Intelligent Transport Systems. VANETs enable communication between vehicles as well as fixed infrastructure called Road Side Units RSU . We propose a distributed, collaborative traffic congestion detection and dissemination system that uses VANET. Each of the driver's smart phones is equipped with a Traffic App which is capable of location detection through Geographic Position based System GPS . This information is relayed to a remote server which detects traffic congestion. Once congestion is confirmed the congestion information is disseminated to the end user phone through RSUs. The Mobile App transmits the location information at periodic intervals. Using the latitude, longitude and the current time, the location of each vehicle is traced. Using location information, the distance moved by the vehicle at a given time is monitored. If the value is below a fixed threshold, congestion is suspected in a particular area. If many vehicles in the same area send similar messages, traffic congestion is confirmed. Once traffic congestion is confirmed, the vehicles approaching the congested area are informed about the traffic through display boards that are available in the nearest RSUs traffic signals . The congestion information is also made available through the Mobile App present in vehicles approaching the congested area. The approaching vehicles may take diversion and alleviate congestion. Anees Khan | Prof. Sarwes Site "Study of Congestion Control Scheme with Decentralized Threshold Function in VANETs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25324.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/25324/study-of-congestion-control-scheme-with-decentralized-threshold-function-in-vanets/anees-khan
Real time path planning based on hybrid vanet enhanced transportation systemIISTech2015
Real time path planning based on hybrid vanet enhanced transportation system || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
Contact: IIS TECHNOLOGIES
ph:9952077540,landline:044 42637391
mail:info@iistechnologies.in
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
A Modified Fault Tolerant Location-Based Service Discovery Protocol for Vehic...acijjournal
In the recent years, advances in Vehicular networks have attracted special attraction of researchers. Lately two types of applications have gain popularity: Road safety and Driving comfort. Reliable data transformation in the city environment is hard to accomplish due to presence of noise and obstacles. In
addition transient or permanent faults of vehicles or roadside routers (road components) are unavoidable, so we need a fault tolerant algorithm to overcome such failures. Although utilizing faulttolerant techniques cause to more efficiency and reliability in service discovery for vehicle networks, there are many few service discovery algorithms that have considered fault- tolerant techniques. In this paper we have improved one of these algorithms which is named Fault-Tolerant Location-Based
Vehicular Service Discovery Protocol (FLocVSD) in order to being more reliable.
An Analytical Review of the Algorithms Controlling Congestion in Vehicular Ne...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Traffic Control System by Incorporating Message Forwarding ApproachCSCJournals
During the last few years, continuous progresses in wireless communications have opened new research fields in computer networking, aimed at extending data networks connectivity to environments where wired solutions are impracticable. Among these, vehicular traffic is attracting a growing attention from both academia and industry, due to the amount and importance of related distributive applications to mobile entertainment. VANETs are self-organized networks built up from moving vehicles, and are part of the broader class of MANETs. Because of these peculiar characteristics, VANETs require new networking techniques, whose feasibility and performance are usually tested by means of simulation. In order to meet performance goals, it is widely agreed that VANETs must rely heavily on node-to-node communication. In VANET, each vehicle acts as a node and communicates with other vehicles within the range or communicates with base stations. The main idea is to deploy a wireless communication network that has a capability of sending and receiving messages between transmitter and mobile devices in the particular network. Results can be shown using an effective VEINS Simulator. This Simulator can produce detailed vehicular movement traces and can simulate different traffic conditions through fully customizable scenarios. The Framework is expected to be employed using such simulator that makes use of traffic modulator, network simulator and coupling module that integrates the traffic and network.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Design of an adaptive sign based routing protocol in vanet for sophisticated ...IJARIIT
With the advancement in the communication technology and an increase in the number of vehicles, the Vehicle Ad
hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. The major applications of VANETs are in highways, but in
sophisticated environments such as forest area, hill stations, private museum or large park etc., where visitors across the
country pass through several locations, and there doesn’t exist a proper communication among the vehicles. So in this type of
locations, we need an intelligent routing strategy for the On Board Unit (OBU) to adapt and communicate with the
neighbouring vehicles. In this paper, a strategy is proposed where in, the vehicles communicate with each other or with the
road side units (RSU) by passing some sign bits with positive or negative polarity. A simple simulation is performed on 100 to
200 vehicles demonstrating passing of data from source to destination.
Study of Congestion Control Scheme with Decentralized Threshold Function in V...ijtsrd
With the constant increase in vehicular traffic, existing traffic management solutions have become inefficient. Urbanization has led to an increase in traffic jams and accidents in major cities. In order to accommodate the growing needs of transport systems today, there is a need for an Intelligent Transport System. Vehicular Ad hoc Network VANET is a growing technology that assists in Intelligent Transport Systems. VANETs enable communication between vehicles as well as fixed infrastructure called Road Side Units RSU . We propose a distributed, collaborative traffic congestion detection and dissemination system that uses VANET. Each of the driver's smart phones is equipped with a Traffic App which is capable of location detection through Geographic Position based System GPS . This information is relayed to a remote server which detects traffic congestion. Once congestion is confirmed the congestion information is disseminated to the end user phone through RSUs. The Mobile App transmits the location information at periodic intervals. Using the latitude, longitude and the current time, the location of each vehicle is traced. Using location information, the distance moved by the vehicle at a given time is monitored. If the value is below a fixed threshold, congestion is suspected in a particular area. If many vehicles in the same area send similar messages, traffic congestion is confirmed. Once traffic congestion is confirmed, the vehicles approaching the congested area are informed about the traffic through display boards that are available in the nearest RSUs traffic signals . The congestion information is also made available through the Mobile App present in vehicles approaching the congested area. The approaching vehicles may take diversion and alleviate congestion. Anees Khan | Prof. Sarwes Site "Study of Congestion Control Scheme with Decentralized Threshold Function in VANETs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25324.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/25324/study-of-congestion-control-scheme-with-decentralized-threshold-function-in-vanets/anees-khan
Real time path planning based on hybrid vanet enhanced transportation systemIISTech2015
Real time path planning based on hybrid vanet enhanced transportation system || 2015-2016 IEEE NS2 Projects Training
Contact: IIS TECHNOLOGIES
ph:9952077540,landline:044 42637391
mail:info@iistechnologies.in
Optimization of Quality of Service (QoS) framework for highway based Vehicula...IJERA Editor
The Vehicular Ad-hoc Network is a novel technology. It has the property of higher node mobility. Vehicular Adhoc
networks offer wireless communications between vehicles themselves (V2V) and between vehicles to the
roadside units (V2R). The VANET is an active research area, as it has great prospective to enhance the road and
vehicle safety, efficiency of traffic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Network not only just provides the safety applications, but
also provides communication to the users. The QoS support in VANET is a challenge when the existing routing
paths become no longer are available as a result of changes in the velocity and position of node, and distance
between the vehicular nodes or network topology. In this study we designed a framework which provides us the
facility to enhance various Quality of Service parameters, such as End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss
ratio etc. The proposed model uses layered approach, deep classification as existed QoS components are further
broken down and provides Quality of Experience to the users. NCTUns is used as simulation tool to build up
simulations. After getting the results of simulation we carried out the performance analysis of various routing
protocols. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme provides much better performance in terms
of various QoS parameters like End to End Delay, throughput and packet loss ratio
GPSFR: GPS-Free Routing Protocol for Vehicular Networks with Directional Ante...ijwmn
Efficient and practical communications between large numbers of vehicles are critical in providing high level of safety and convenience to drivers. Crucial real-time information on road hazard, traffic conditions and driver services must be communicated to vehicles rapidly even in adverse environments, such as “urban canyons” and tunnels. We propose a novel routing protocol in vehicular networks that does not require position information (e.g. from GPS) but instead rely on relative position that can be determined dynamically. This GPS-Free Geographic Routing (GPSFR) protocol uses the estimated relative position of vehicles and greedily chooses the best next hop neighbor based on a Balance Advance (BADV) metric which balances between proximity and link stability in order to improve routing performance. In this paper, we focuses primarily on the complexity of routing in highways and solves routing problems that arise when vehicles are near interchanges, curves, and merge or exit lanes of highways. Our simulation results show that by taking relative velocity into account, GPSFR reduces link breakage to only 27% that of GPSR in the dense network. Consequently, GPSFR outperforms GPSR in terms of higher data delivery ratio, lower delay, less sensitivity of the network density and route paths’length
A Modified Fault Tolerant Location-Based Service Discovery Protocol for Vehic...acijjournal
In the recent years, advances in Vehicular networks have attracted special attraction of researchers. Lately two types of applications have gain popularity: Road safety and Driving comfort. Reliable data transformation in the city environment is hard to accomplish due to presence of noise and obstacles. In
addition transient or permanent faults of vehicles or roadside routers (road components) are unavoidable, so we need a fault tolerant algorithm to overcome such failures. Although utilizing faulttolerant techniques cause to more efficiency and reliability in service discovery for vehicle networks, there are many few service discovery algorithms that have considered fault- tolerant techniques. In this paper we have improved one of these algorithms which is named Fault-Tolerant Location-Based
Vehicular Service Discovery Protocol (FLocVSD) in order to being more reliable.
Our journal has been unwavering commitment to showcasing cutting-edge research. The journal provides a platform for researchers to disseminate their work on next-generation technologies. In an era where innovation is the driving force behind progress, JST plays a crucial role in shaping the discourse on emerging technologies, thus contributing to their rapid development and implementation.
(Paper) A Method for Sharing Traffic Jam Information using Inter-Vehicle Comm...Naoki Shibata
Shibata, N., Terauchi, T., Kitani, T., Yasumoto, K., Ito, M., Higashino, T.: A Method for Sharing Traffic Jam Information Using Inter-Vehicle Communication, The 2nd International Workshop on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications (V2VCOM) (Mobiquitous2006 Workshop), pp. 1-7, DOI:10.1109/MOBIQ.2006.340428 (July 2006) (invited paper).
http://ito-lab.naist.jp/themes/pdffiles/060725.shibata.v2vcom06.pdf
In this paper, we propose a method for cars to autonomously and cooperatively collect traffic jam statistics to estimate arrival time to destination for each car using inter-vehicle communication. In the method, the target geographical region is divided into areas, and each car measures time to pass through each area. Traffic information is collected by exchanging information between cars using inter-vehicle communication. In order to improve accuracy of estimation, we introduce several mechanisms to avoid same data to be repeatedly counted. Since wireless bandwidth usable for exchanging statistics information is limited, the proposed method includes a mechanism to categorize data, and send important data prior to other data. In order to evaluate effectiveness of the proposed method, we implemented the method on a traffic simulator NETSTREAM developed by Toyota Central R&D Labs, conducted some experiments and confirmed that the method achieves practical performance in sharing traffic jam information using inter-vehicle communication.
A GRID VEHICULAR NODE LOCALIZATION SYSTEM VANET WITH LINER ERROR PROPAGATIONRK CONSULTANCY SERVICES
VANET navigators have been popularly adopts by using drivers. However, due to these sensibilities of GPS signals to terrains, vehicles cannot to get their locations, when they are anyone inside a tunnel or a road it’s surrounded by high rises, where satellite signal is ended. This mainly used for safety and convenience problems. But the VANETS advance into their critical areas and to become more dependent on these localization systems. GPS is starting to locate some uncertain problems, such not always being the available or not being robust enough for this some different applications. For the reason, a number of other localizations techniques such as Cellular Localization, Dead Reckoning, and Image Video Localization have been used in VANETs to overcome the GPS limitations. To address this issues, to proposes a novel Grid based On road localization system (GOT), where these vehicles with and without accurate of GPS signals self organizes into a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), exchange the locations and distance information and helps to each others to calculate an accurate position for all these vehicles inside the network. The location information’s can be exchanged among vehicles one or multiple hops away in this paper.
Traffic Congestion Prediction using Deep Reinforcement Learning in Vehicular ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
TRAFFIC CONGESTION PREDICTION USING DEEP REINFORCEMENT LEARNING IN VEHICULAR ...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, a new wireless network called vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), has become a popular research topic. VANET allows communication among vehicles and with roadside units by providing information to each other, such as vehicle velocity, location and direction. In general, when many vehicles likely to use the common route to proceed to the same destination, it can lead to a congested route that should be avoided. It may be better if vehicles are able to predict accurately the traffic congestion and then avoid it. Therefore, in this work, the deep reinforcement learning in VANET to enhance the ability to predict traffic congestion on the roads is proposed. Furthermore, different types of neural networks namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) are investigated and compared in this deep reinforcement learning model to discover the most effective one. Our proposed method is tested by simulation. The traffic scenarios are created using traffic simulator called Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) before integrating with deep reinforcement learning model. The simulation procedures, as well as the programming used, are described in detail. The performance of our proposed method is evaluated using two metrics; the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay of vehicles. According to the simulation results, the average travelling time delay and average waiting time delay are gradually improved over the multiple runs, since our proposed method receives feedback from the environment. In addition, the results without and with three different deep learning algorithms, i.e., CNN, MLP and LSTM are compared. It is obvious that the deep reinforcement learning model works effectively when traffic density is neither too high nor too low. In addition, it can be concluded that the effective algorithms for traffic congestion prediction models in descending order are MLP, CNN, and LSTM, respectively.
Edge computing for CAVs and VRU protection Carl Jackson
A partnership between the University of Melbourne, Cisco,
Cohda Wireless, TAC, VicRoads and WSP has completed
a round of trials in the AIMES ecosystem (the Australian
Integrated Multimodal EcoSystem), leveraging the
infrastructure for connected and automated vehicles, and
for edge computing.
STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VELOCITY ON END-TOEND DELAY FOR V2V COMMUNICATION IN ITSijngnjournal
This paper focuses on vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications in VANET. With the development of vehicles and mobile Ad Hoc network technology, the Vehicle Ad hoc Network (VANET) has become an emerging field of study. VANET is a special case of MANET, and will play an important role in city road traffic control. It is a challenging problem for searching and maintaining an effective route for transporting data information. Vehicular Ad Hoc network (VANET), is a hot topic applying mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) to ITS in recent years. In the era of wireless computing, VANET communications are gaining a lot of attention. In this paper we provide a simulation and study of the effect of velocity on end-to-end delay for v2v communication in intelligent transportation Systems
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
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2. benefit drivers to make quick and reasonable route planning,
has not attracted enough attention and is still missing in
shipped vehicles [2]. It is the ability of acquiring real time
traffic information for drivers. Traditionally, a driver can
know the real time traffic only via radio broadcasting or by
observing the road traffic surrounding his vehicle with eyes.
Such information is either too imprecise or may be stale to
make an optimal judgment. When traffic piles up, a driver
cannot know how far an accident away from his vehicle or
how long the traffic congestion extends during the rush hour,
not along any available routes to avoid traffic jams. Previous
works have not proposed any solutions to acquiring local real
time traffic information [9]. The only method is to broadcast a
querying packet and wait for the replied packets. Apparently
it will lead to the broadcast storm problem, and furthermore
the available bandwidth is significantly wasted. Besides that,
it is difficult to control the broadcasting region when drivers
need to know only the traffic related to their planned
trajectory.
B. Algorithm
In this section, a geographic source routing protocol (GSR)
is proposed in order to help drivers obtain real-time traffic
conditions in any designated areas. Users can also customize
the scale of traffic information being delivered to them. First
drivers must designate the end of their trip, and then the
on-board navigation system will calculate a valid route based
on certain criteria. The vehicular node broadcasts a querying
packet to its direct neighbors. The querying packet contains
the ID and location of the vehicle, desired travel destination,
location of a designated point to limit the broadcasting
boundary and a scale factor F. F is initially 0 and the distance
of the source from the designated point is assumed as R.
When its direct neighbors receive the querying packet, they
reply with their current location information and take the next
steps:
1) F is increased by one and forward the querying packet
that is forwarded to their direct neighbors who are qualified
for the rules defined next:
a) Neighbors must be closer to the end than the source
vehicle.
b) If not, vehicles moving toward the destination should
also replay the packet.
c) For those neighbors violating the above conditions,
they are selected with a probability of
1
2F
.
2) Upon receiving the forwarded packets, vehicles should
reply their location information and repeat the procedure
depicted in step 1).
Therefore, the querying packet is mainly disseminated
among vehicles that are ahead of the source vehicle or have
potential to cause any delay of the source vehicle. The
number of those less correlated vehicles replying the
querying packet will be decreased drastically when F
becomes larger. GSR is a kind of directed flooding technique
and can effectively reduce the broadcasting problem. Figure 1
illustrates how the method works.
Figure 1 An illustration of the proposed multicasting
protocol.
The square node is a source vehicle and the red pentagon
node is the destination. The star represents the designated
boundary that limits the propagation of a querying packet.
The round nodes stand for vehicles that join the multicasting
tree and the gray triangle nodes are vehicles not in interest of
the source. The three green round nodes with moving
direction arrows must be selected because they are the direct
neighbors of the source node.
Upon receiving the replied querying packet, the source
vehicle is able to display the position information of related
vehicles within the designated boundary onto the on-board
screen. Thus the driver will have a roughly visualized traffic
distribution image that is helpful.
C. Impact of Traffic Patterns
In city environments, traffic is always shaped according to
the control signals that lead to separated vehicular groups. As
stated before, the control signals of different traffic lights are
correlated to some extent if not time-varying, and then they
can be used by vehicles passing through intersections to
calculate the next hop based on the forwarding strategy. In
order to reduce the number of broadcasting packets and
efficiently utilize the precious bandwidth, this work assumes
that sensors installed on traffic lights are able to locally
broadcast the current status of traffic lights in all directions.
The status of a traffic light has the following meanings: a) is it
red, green or yellow? b) how long will it change to another
status? c) which direction is it in charge of? d) the timing
difference with the next traffic light in the direction that it
controls. Figure 2 shows an illustration.
348
3. Figure 2 An illustration of the timing relationship of
adjacent traffic lights.
It is noted that d can be time varying during different traffic
hours. Upon receiving the status of A, the vehicle can then
predict that the traffic light B will be green or red by the time
it reaches B based on the street map, the on-board GPS
receiver, congestion degree, and expected vehicle speed.
D. Packet Forwarding Strategy
Once the location information of the destination is
available, a sending vehicle then has two moving vectors as
shown in Figure 3.
S
DθV SD
M
Figure 3 The next hop decision based on the moving vectors.
The closest distance between a source node S and
destination D is denoted as r and is determined as follows:
1) Let V be the motion-vector of a node, pointing in the
direction that the node is moving.
2) A second vector is drawn from the node to the
destination, and is denoted by SD .
3) The angle between these two vectors is given by:
1
cos ( )
SD V
SD V
θ − ⋅
=
4) The predicted closest distance of the node to the
destination is
sinr SDθ= ∗
Furthermore, if θ ≥π/2, the node is heading away. If θ <π/2,
the node is moving towards the destination. The node may
also be standing still. A current node will only forward
messages to the next node towards the destination while the
next node will not be stopped by the following traffic lights.
In Figure 3, vehicle S senses that it will be stopped by a red
traffic light ahead, and then the next relaying vehicle is its
direct neighbor M moving vertically and towards the
destination. Because M is allowed to move towards the
destination by the green traffic lights and has a big chance to
find another vehicle closer to D. While M selects its next hop
using the same rule, it must make the decision according to
the status of current traffic lights. With N as the neighbor
node, Table I summarizes the rules for forwarding messages
to the neighbor.
TABLE I
THE FORWARDING RULES
Current Neighbor Forward
Still Still No
Still Away No
Still Towards Yes
Away Still Yes
Away Towards Yes
Towards Still No
Towards Away No
Based on the forwarding rules, GSR is able to screen those
vehicles of interest and thus significantly reduce the
bandwidth requirement when communications are involved.
E. Tunable Directed Flooding
As stated before, the scale factor is a key component of this
proposal in order to reduce unnecessary broadcasting
messages in the typical urban scenario. Moreover, this
proposal can be easily applied in other transportation
scenarios by introducing the tunable scale factor, Ft. In urban
environments, vehicle nodes have a lot of choices when
making their travel routes since there are always many
alternate streets, bridges, tunnels and expressways available.
However, in highway scenarios, for example, vehicles have
limited spatial redundancy and have to wait for the next
available exit when congestion occurs. Therefore, the scale
factor must be tunable in order to fit in different scenarios. In
this case, the scale factor can be increased larger than one
during every hop so that the backward flooding can be
terminated more quickly. It apparently makes sense since the
following traffic has nothing to do with the proceeding
congestion and alternate route.
Besides urban areas, there are two types of environments
that are highly related to frequent traffic congestion, suburban
areas and highway networks. Apparently they are not
physically separated and can form different hybrid
environments. Therefore, the scale factor must be adaptive to
the current position with the help of geographic information
database in each sensing phase. For example, the increment
of the scale factor can be smaller than one in city area if the
user wants to acquire fine traffic information. Thus it can be
avoided to mistakenly estimate the current traffic when
Green Green
Green Green
Red
Red
A
d
B
N
A B
349
4. making alternate route. However, the increment of the scale
factor can be larger than one in highway environment as
explained above. The adjustment of the increment of the scale
factor can be performed automatically according to user's
setting and intelligent map matching. More investigation is
needed in the future study to make this process smart and
seamless.
III. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
A. Simulation Setup
To measure the performance of the proposed routing
strategy and the multicast protocol, a simulation framework is
set up with a terrain size of 4000m × 4000m with one source
and one destination located at the opposite corner, as shown
in Figure 4. Nodes move using the Manhattan Grid model
between 5~10 m/s, following city street structures. Each cell
represents a building block and there is a street between two
blocks. Spaces between streets are buildings and therefore,
radio waves cannot propagate through them. Thus, two nodes
can only communicate directly with each other when they are
in their respective transmission ranges and also obey the
‘line-of-sight’ rule.
Two classical ad hoc routing protocols, Dynamic Source
Routing (DSR) and Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
Routing (AODV), are used to compare with GSR.
Simulations were finished with Network Simulator (NS)
Carnegie Mellon University extensions [11]. The
transmission rate is 2 Mbps and the transmission distance has
two values, 250m and 500m, because a smaller range may
lead to no connectivity in city areas. A packet of 512 bytes is
sent every 10 seconds, for 1000 seconds. The simulation runs
for 5000 seconds, to allow packets to propagate through the
system after the data sending phase is complete.
Figure 4 The simulation setup using Manhattan Grid
model.
Several pairs of vehicles are randomly selected as
communication peers. The CORSIM, a transportation
simulator developed by the federal administration, is used to
generate near real urban traffic with different traffic density.
The average number of vehicles in each street segment is in
the range of 5-50. The metrics measured in the simulations
are packet delivery rate (Figure 5), latency for the first packet
(Figure 6), the number of hops (Figure 7), and the comparison
of bandwidth consumption (Figure 8). Each point in the
above mentioned graphs is based on at least 10000 packets
exchanged.
The simulations on achievable packet delivery rate (Figure
5) shows good results for the position-based approach
compared with DSR that shows some performance problems.
Compared with AODV the proposed method still gains some
advantage. The observed latency in Figure 6 for the first
packet of a connection is similar to that of DSR and the
proposed method with a small advantage for DSR. This is to
be expected because the proposed method utilizes the
positions information of surrounding vehicles to avoid
unnecessary data path discovery.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
distance (m)
packetdeliveryrate
Avg. Delivery Rate
GSR 500
DSR 500
AODV 500
Figure 5 Packet delivery ratio vs. communication
distance.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
distance [m]
time[sec]
Avg. Latency of First Delivered Packet
GSR 500
DSR 500
AODV 500
Figure 6 Latency of the first packet.
350
5. 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
distance [m]
bandwidth[kbps] Avg. Total Bandwidth
GSR 500
DSR 500
AODV 500
Figure 7 Average bandwidth consumption.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
1
2
4
8
16
distance [m]
#hops
Avg. Number of Hops
GSR 500
DSR 500
AODV 500
Figure 8 Average number of hops.
Since the route establishment in DSR and the location
discovery in position-based routing are very similar. The
usage of expanding ring search technique of AODV is
responsible for the higher latency since it is a trade-off
between bandwidth consumption and latency. Figure 6 shows
that both AODV and the proposed method have a slightly
longer route to the destination node. The explanation is that
DSR is more aggressive to choose any node with the most
progress, which also leads to frequent route breaks. The main
problem of DSR is the noticeably high bandwidth
consumption for routing overheads (Figure 7). DSR creates
large packets because of the source route in the headers,
especially during the route discovery phase, which leads to a
significant bandwidth overload. Mobility is another reason
that causes DSR failure. However, DSR is maybe preferable
when a given street does not have enough connectivity since
it can find other routes.
It must be noted that the work assumes the penetration rate,
the ratio of vehicles equipped with on-board communication
and navigation devices in all ground traffic, is 100% in this
study. However, due to the insufficient legislation and
industry effort, a large portion of vehicles cannot be sensed
by this proposal. Given the fact that cell phones are
extensively used by drivers and passengers nowadays, it
might be wise to slightly modify the algorithm by allowing
the users to acquire the location service from telecomm
carriers in practice. This may be significantly helpful
especially when GPS signal is very weak or blocked in city
areas. Considering the cost of coverage and capacity, this
proposal does not require any existing infrastructures, which
makes it free to general public and a perfect supplement of
current cellular systems.
IV. CONCLUSION
This work discussed the constraints of routing protocols
for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. It is
observed that traffic lights can shape the road traffic and split
them into scattered groups. Therefore, a new method is
introduced to utilize this property in order to forward packets
while reducing the probability of link failure cause by vehicle
mobility. The study shows that this method can significantly
reduce the hops for reaching a destination and is robust to
topology changes of vehicular ad hoc networks. A new GSR
protocol is also proposed to help drivers acquire local real
time traffic information. Based on a binary selective flooding
algorithm, a vehicle is able to collect enough road traffic
status and then display them using the on-board screen. This
method does not cause broadcast storm and is flexible to
control the boundary of multicasting.
In the future study, this study will focus on the combination
of multiple positioning methods such as Assisted GPS,
Wireless Location Service to make this proposal robust to the
absence of traditional GPS service. Furthermore, to achieve
scalability for millions of nodes, it is worth to investigate the
redundancy of vehicular ad hoc networks. For example,
vehicles in opposite direction may provide extra useful
information when the radio range is constrained. Inter-vehicle
communication has received increasing attentions from
industry and academic society but more efforts are needed to
overcome technical and policy barriers. The future research
and development work will be extended to all scenarios for
the implementation purpose.
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Intervehicle Ad Hoc Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent
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[2] Chen, Z. D., Kung, HT., Viah, D., “Ad Hoc Relay Wireless Networks
over Moving Vehicles on Highways”, Proceedings of the 2001 ACM
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PP247-250, October 04-05, 2001, Long Beach, CA, USA
[3] Chiang ,T.C., “Applying Wireless Location Technologies To ITS”,
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Sensing & Control, Taipei,Taiwan, March 21-23,2004
[4] Chien, S., K. Mouskos, and S. Chowdhury, “Generating Driver
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6. [5] CORSIM Manual, The Federal Highway Administration, US
Department of Transportation
[6] Dillenburg, John F., Nelson, Peter C. and Wolfson, Ouri, “Applications
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[7] Gavrilovich, C.D., “Broadband Communication on the Highways of
Tomorrow”, IEEE Communications Magazine, PP146-154, April 2001
[8] Hartenstein, H., Bochow, B., and Ebner, A., “Position-Aware Ad Hoc
Wireless Networks for Inter-Vehicle Communications: the Fleetnet
Project”, ACM MobilHoc2001, Long Beach, CA, pp259~262, 2001
[9] Li, Q. and Rus, D., “Sending Messages to Mobile Users in
Disconnected Ad hoc Wireless Networks”, In Proceedings of the Sixth
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[10] Morris, R., Jannotti, J., Kaashoek, F., Li, J., and Decout, D., “CarNet: A
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[11] Network Simulator Manual, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/
[12] Z. Wang, L. Liu, M. Zhou and N. Ansari, ”A Position-Based Clustering
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