IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Production and Application of Bio-diesel in Compression Ignition Engineijsrd.com
The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil and engine performance t...IRJEETJournal
Engine oil has become a very useful and versatile material with a wide range of application. In the past 60 years, the automotive and industry sector is developing on a large scale and there productivity is raising up exponentially. Parallel to the growth of these sectors the demand of engine oil and high viscous lubricants are increasing which leads to the problem of pollution worldwide due to its slow decomposing behavior and toxic impacts on environment.
Researches are going on to recycle the waste engine oil and produce diesel like fuels with different processes. This Research covers the production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil by doing pyrolysis and testing it in CI engine to check and compare the engine performance.
It is also seen that from 1 kg of waste high density engine oil, about 750ml of fuel can be produced. And, the produced fuel can be used for domestic purpose, in automotive field, and in industries also. This fuel produced by pyrolysis of waste engine oil is suitable to use in a diesel engine partially or completely.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Production and Application of Bio-diesel in Compression Ignition Engineijsrd.com
The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE –A REVIEWijiert bestjournal
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
Production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil and engine performance t...IRJEETJournal
Engine oil has become a very useful and versatile material with a wide range of application. In the past 60 years, the automotive and industry sector is developing on a large scale and there productivity is raising up exponentially. Parallel to the growth of these sectors the demand of engine oil and high viscous lubricants are increasing which leads to the problem of pollution worldwide due to its slow decomposing behavior and toxic impacts on environment.
Researches are going on to recycle the waste engine oil and produce diesel like fuels with different processes. This Research covers the production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil by doing pyrolysis and testing it in CI engine to check and compare the engine performance.
It is also seen that from 1 kg of waste high density engine oil, about 750ml of fuel can be produced. And, the produced fuel can be used for domestic purpose, in automotive field, and in industries also. This fuel produced by pyrolysis of waste engine oil is suitable to use in a diesel engine partially or completely.
Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil Biodiesel Blend...ijtsrd
Exhaust emission coming from IC engines affects not only the environment but also the human health. This serious issue has got attention by the government as well as from the researchers throughout the world. In this regard it is necessary to find out alternative to not only fossil fuel but also environment cooperative fuel. In this regard, investigations were carried out by using Jatropha biodiesel and its blend with used lubricating oil which was discarded after use. The test was carried in a single cylinder diesel engine and different terms such as performance and emissions of diesel engine were found out and compared with diesel operation. It was noticed that engine can be run by using these kinds of fuels. By using these fuels not only we are solving waste disposal problem but also replacing diesel fuel and environment friendly fuel. The used lubricating oils were blended with Jatropha biodiesel in different proportions and test were done. Pranav Kumar | Ravindra Mohan | Jagdeesh Prasad ""Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil-Biodiesel Blend as an Alternative Fuel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30158.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30158/investigations-on-a-diesel-engine-run-on-used-lubricating-oil-biodiesel-blend-as-an-alternative-fuel/pranav-kumar
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
Effect of blending various biodiesels with diesel on performance and emission...Researchshare4200
Due to limited resources and hazardous effects on environment people now a day tries to find out an alternative for fossil fuels. Fossil fuels when burnt produce a lot of carbon dioxide which is one of the primary reasons for global warming. Petroleum is a form of fossil fuel. With the help of distillation process petrol, paraffin, kerosene and diesel oil can obtain from natural petroleum. To protect the environment biodiesels can substitute these fossil fuels. Biodiesels can use as an alternative for diesel. Researchers from around the world tried for many years to find a suitable biodiesel which can substitute diesel. Many biodiesels have been produced from different sources and tested for their performances. Some researchers try to find out a good combination of biodiesel blends which can be used as an alternative of diesel. Some of them try to find out a suitable blend of diesel and biodiesel to reduce the environmental impact and for better emission characteristics. Effects of blending different types of biodiesels with diesel have been investigated by many researchers. In this present review article a summary is written on such attempts.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Character...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is necessary
and a need of the hour. Rice bran oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a high potential
to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of mahua oil cannot be done, as its
viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics. The mahua oil is
esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in different proportions.
The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion temperature in diesel engines
has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature can increase the efficiency of
the engine. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success in diesel engine applications because of
various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical properties of the coating materials. Although,
the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the application of ceramic coatings can be as high
as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of 650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder
temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions
at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here the effort has been made to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of MOME blend with diesel in conventional
engine and LHR engine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A 2.4 ghz cmos lna input matching design using resistive feedback topology in...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil Biodiesel Blend...ijtsrd
Exhaust emission coming from IC engines affects not only the environment but also the human health. This serious issue has got attention by the government as well as from the researchers throughout the world. In this regard it is necessary to find out alternative to not only fossil fuel but also environment cooperative fuel. In this regard, investigations were carried out by using Jatropha biodiesel and its blend with used lubricating oil which was discarded after use. The test was carried in a single cylinder diesel engine and different terms such as performance and emissions of diesel engine were found out and compared with diesel operation. It was noticed that engine can be run by using these kinds of fuels. By using these fuels not only we are solving waste disposal problem but also replacing diesel fuel and environment friendly fuel. The used lubricating oils were blended with Jatropha biodiesel in different proportions and test were done. Pranav Kumar | Ravindra Mohan | Jagdeesh Prasad ""Investigations on a Diesel Engine Run on used Lubricating Oil-Biodiesel Blend as an Alternative Fuel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30158.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/30158/investigations-on-a-diesel-engine-run-on-used-lubricating-oil-biodiesel-blend-as-an-alternative-fuel/pranav-kumar
an experimental investigation and comparative analysis on a four stroke cINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An experimental analysis was made to investigate two non edible oils (hazelnut and palm), blending with neat diesel fuel with the proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by volume and used as fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, Compression Ignition engine. Experimental tests were conducted by using the above bio-diesel blends as fuel operated with the above mentioned engine working at various loads. Performance parameters and exhaust emissions of hazelnut and crambe bio-diesel blends are compared with the same results of diesel fuel. Performance parameters selected to analyze are Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTHE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC) and Exhaust Gas Temperature(EGT) and exhaust emissions selected to investigate are Carbon Monoxide emissions(CO), Oxides Of Nitrogen(NOx) and smoke density(SD). From the results of all blends used as fuel in the engine, it is clarified that CI engine showing better performance by using a hazelnut bio-diesel blend with proportions of 20% hazelnut bio-diesel and 80% normal diesel fuel. Traditional Engine with bio-diesels as fuel are showing acceptable reduction in emissions like hydro carbons and oxides of carbon but with marginal increase in oxides of nitrogen compared with diesel fuel. But BTHE of Bio-diesel blend is less than the BTHE of diesel fuel operating in the same engine. From all the blends Hazelnut bio-diesel blends are giving better performance parameters and decreased emission characteristics hazelnut oil having better properties immediately after diesel fuel when compared with remaining bio-diesel blends.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio – fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio – diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
Effect of blending various biodiesels with diesel on performance and emission...Researchshare4200
Due to limited resources and hazardous effects on environment people now a day tries to find out an alternative for fossil fuels. Fossil fuels when burnt produce a lot of carbon dioxide which is one of the primary reasons for global warming. Petroleum is a form of fossil fuel. With the help of distillation process petrol, paraffin, kerosene and diesel oil can obtain from natural petroleum. To protect the environment biodiesels can substitute these fossil fuels. Biodiesels can use as an alternative for diesel. Researchers from around the world tried for many years to find a suitable biodiesel which can substitute diesel. Many biodiesels have been produced from different sources and tested for their performances. Some researchers try to find out a good combination of biodiesel blends which can be used as an alternative of diesel. Some of them try to find out a suitable blend of diesel and biodiesel to reduce the environmental impact and for better emission characteristics. Effects of blending different types of biodiesels with diesel have been investigated by many researchers. In this present review article a summary is written on such attempts.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Character...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is necessary
and a need of the hour. Rice bran oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a high potential
to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of mahua oil cannot be done, as its
viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics. The mahua oil is
esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in different proportions.
The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion temperature in diesel engines
has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature can increase the efficiency of
the engine. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success in diesel engine applications because of
various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical properties of the coating materials. Although,
the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the application of ceramic coatings can be as high
as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of 650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder
temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions
at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here the effort has been made to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of MOME blend with diesel in conventional
engine and LHR engine.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A 2.4 ghz cmos lna input matching design using resistive feedback topology in...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Procurement principle towards effective management of construction projectseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An enhanced difference pair mapping steganography method to improve embedding...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Parametric study of response of an asymmetric building for various earthquake...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of 6 noded quareter point element for crack analysis by analytical...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stability analysis of orthotropic reinforce concrete shear walleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Canola biodiesel an experimental investigation for production of biodiesel a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental investigation was made to estimate the performance of methyl esters of Canola waste cooking oil and their blends in a direct injection diesel engine. The Canola waste cooking oil methyl ester (CWCOME) was prepared through transesterification process by using methanol and KOH as a catalyst. The Canola biodiesel blends were ready in proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of biodiesel with diesel. The effects of pure biodiesel and their blends on engine performance, and exhaust emission were studied under various loading conditions. The experimental results concluded that up to 20% of methyl esters did not affect the performance parameter like fuel consumption rate and brake thermal efficiency. On the other hand above CB20 (20% Canola biodiesel with 80% diesel) a decrease in performance and combustion parameter were clearly observed form the study. Keywords: Canola waste cooking oil, Canola methyl ester, Transesterification, Internal combustion engine, Engine performance.
Performance evaluation and emission analysis of 4 s, i.c. engine using ethan...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance evaluation and emission analysis of 4 s, i.c. engine using ethan...eSAT Journals
Abstract Environment air pollution and global warming are alarming concern worldwide. Increasing air pollution, rapid growth of industrialization and the global trend of urbanization have totally disturbed the eco balance of resources on earth. The present study was done to visualize the potential of ethanol and biodiesel as an alternative fuel in C.I. engine. The salient features of the investigation include: (i) The study of basic fuel properties of ethanol, biodiesel and their blends with diesel for C.I. engine. (ii) To evaluate the potential of using biodiesel, ethanol and their blends with diesel for C.I, engine. (iii) Study of the engine performance and exhaust emission characteristics for various blends. Experiment set up was developed to carryout engine performance and emission characteristic studies on selected fuel blends at different load conditions. The present work has resulted in giving a good insight into the performance and emission characteristics of the C.I. engine using ethanol, biodiesel, diesel fuel blends. As fuel property point of view density and pour point of all the fuel blends are under the standard limits for diesel fuel. Heat of combustion of all blends is found to be lower than that of diesel fuel alone. D70B20E10 give lower CO and HC emission and slightly higher thermal efficiency than other blends Keywords: Heat exchanger, Flow induced vibration, TEMA, HTRI
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Journals
Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine exhaust emissions in a conventional diesel engine (CE) and ceramic coated low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine [with ceramic coated cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of linseed oil based biodiesel with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions [smoke and oxides of nitrogen]. Smoke levels decreased and NOx levels increased with engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel operation. Advanced injection timing, increase of injector opening pressure preheated biodiesel reduced exhaust emissions from LHR engine with biodiesel operation. Keywords: Alternate Fuels, Vegetable Oils, Biodiesel, LHR engine, Exhaust emissions, Combustion characteristics.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
Performance and emission characteristics of al2 o3 coated lhr engine operated...eSAT Journals
Abstract Biodiesel is a renewable and environmental friendly alternative fuel which can be used as a substitute for diesel in compression engine. Biodiesel can be prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats. But the application of biodiesel in diesel engine will decrease the engine’s efficiency and increase the specific fuel consumption. Application of ceramic coatings in engine will help to solve these problems. This paper presents the experimental results of mahua oil biodiesel blend in an Al2O3 ceramic coated compression ignition engine. The brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen emissions of both diesel and mahua oil biodiesel blend were measured before and after coating and the results are described in this paper. Keywords: Mahua oil, biodiesel, ceramic coating, low heat rejection.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigation of neem methyl ester as Bio-Diesel in C.I EngineNishant Tyagi
Paper deals with investigation of Neem methyl ester as Bio diesel in Compression Ignition Engine and its effect on Power and Emission of the Engine. Concluded results shows about which blend of Bio Diesel is Best for Performance as well as Emission point of view for the Engine
Experimental investigations of diesel engine using fish oil biodiesel and its...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Biodiesel as a blended fuel in compression ignition engineseSAT Journals
Abstract Fast depletion of fossil fuels, rapid increase in the prices of petroleum products and harmful exhaust emissions from the engine jointly created renewed interest among researchers to find the suitable alternative fuels. The literature survey shows that the yield of Hibiscus Cannabinus seeds per hectare is about 800 kg and oil yield is about 120 liter (15-18 % yield). Its by products are fiber and cake, find wide spread applications. It is found that physical and chemical properties of Hibiscus Cannabinus oil biodiesel are very close to the diesel. The authors have conducted experimental tests on a single cylinder diesel engine using Hibiscus Cannabinus oil biodiesel and diesel blended fuel. The performance parameters like thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, fuel – air ratio and smoke tests are determined through experimentation. The authors concluded that the Hibiscus Cannabinus oil biodiesel biodiesel could be used as an alternative fuel in the blending form.
Keywords: Blended fuel, Diesel engine, Exhaust emissions, Hibiscus Cannabinus oil biodiesel
Similar to Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blends (20)
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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Emission characteristics of a diesel engine using soyabean oil and diesel blends
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 793
EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE USING
SOYABEAN OIL AND DIESEL BLENDS
N.A. Ansari1
, Jitendra Kumar2
, Amitkumar3
, DhananjayTrivedi4
1
Asst. Professor, 2, 3, 4
M.Tech Scholars, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University,
New Delhi, India,
mach_jeetu28575@yahoomail.com, amitkumar_ntpc@yahoo.co.in, dhan1989@gmail.com
Abstract
Diesel engines have been playing a vital role in the transportation and power generation sectors since from its invention. Despite of
having better efficiency with diesel engine, the main concern is on emission of pollutants. There are various methods to reduce
pollutant emission from a diesel engine. The prominent way to reduce pollutants is the usages of bio fuels with some modifications in
the diesel engine. Diesel engine simulation models can be used to understand the combustion performance, prediction of emission
concentration. These models can reduce the number of experiments. In this study, the performance and emissions characteristics of
single cylinder, four stroke, and direct injection diesel engine operating on diesel and soybean blends have been investigated
theoretically. The variations of various species concentration like CO2,CO and NOx with equivalence ratio have been analysed using
diesel engine simulation models. These models can reduce the number of experiments. Computer simulation has contributed
enormously towards new evaluation in the field of internal combustion engines. Mathematical tools have become very popular in
recent years owing to the continuously increasing improvement in computational power.
Index terms: Emissions, Bio fuels, Simulation Models
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Diesel engine being most efficient engine today, plays an
important role in transportation, agricultural sector and to meet
many other basic human need. The petroleum fuels play a very
important role in the development of industrial growth. As the
fossil fuel resources are depleting day by day because of their
lavish consumption; hence it is imperative to find an
alternative environment friendly fuel. We all are well aware
that the emission from diesel engines has been a great source
of concern from an environmental point of view, especially
oxides of nitrogen (NOX), smoke and particulates.
Table1.shows the continuous reduction in emissions standards
set for Diesel engines.. Biodiesel is one of the best available
sources to fulfil the energy demand of the world. India is
importing more than 80% of its fuel demand and spending a
huge amount of foreign currency on petroleum fuels as India
accounts only 0.7%( 9.0 billion barrels) share of global proven
oil reserves. Biodiesel is gaining more and more importance as
an attractive fuel due to the depleting nature of fossil fuel
resources.
1.1 Alternative Fuels Technologies:
The use of alternative fuels technologies can provide
significant reductions in NOx and PM emissions, especially in
Diesel engines for on-road, and off-road applications. The
introduction of alternative fuels for internal combustion
engines is likely to occur at an increasing rate.There are some
following reasons to adopt other type of renewable fuels
which can be used in vehicle.
(i) Decrease the dependency on import petroleum
product.
(ii) Utilization of agricultural surpluses.
(iii) Use of renewable energy.
(iv) Environmental benefits.
(v) Public health.
Table1:Emission standards in recent years.
Capacity of
Diesel
engine
Date of
implementat
ion
Emission Limits
(g/kW-hr)
NOx HC CO
Up to 19
kW
1-7-2005 9.2 1.3 3.5
Up to 19
kW
1-1-2004 9.2 1.3 5.0
1.2 Bio Diesel:
Bio diesel is nothing but mono alkyl ester of long chain fatty
acids mainly derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Bio
diesel can be blended at any ratio with petroleum diesel to
create a bio diesel blend. It can be used in compression
ignition engines with little or no modifications in filter and
injector. Bio diesel is biodegradable, nontoxic and essentially
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 794
free of sulphur and aromatics. Bio diesel offers safety benefits
over petroleum diesel because it is much less combustible,
with a flash point greater comparedto petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel is a cleaner burning diesel replacement fuel made
from natural, renewable sources such as new and used
vegetable oils and animal fats. The low level blends (20% and
less biodiesel with diesel) generally do not require any engine
modification. Use of bio diesel in a conventional diesel engine
substantially reduces emissions ofcarbon mono oxide,
sulphates, unburned hydrocarbons, poly cyclic aromatics
hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Common feed stocks for
bio diesel are soy bean oil, palm oil, jatropha
oil,mahuaoil,neem oil , sunflower oil, rapeseed oil and linseed
oil etc.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
For the past few years biodiesel as an alternate fuel has been
extensively studied by numbers of researchers and scientists
and developed different methods for biodiesel production from
various bio fuels. A brief review of these methods has
presented here.
Monyemet al.,[5]found that the oxidation can affect some
chemical and physical properties of biodiesel during storage.
One drawback of biodiesel is that it is more prone to oxidation
than petroleum-based fuels and in its advanced stages, can
cause acidity in the fuel and form insoluble gums and
sediments that can plug fuel filters.
Hossainet.al.,[11] studied effect of different types of alcohol
on the percentage yield of biodiesel. Methanol, ethanol and
butanol were used in this experiment. The reactions were
carried out by using 0.5% NaOH, 1:1 oil to alcohol molar ratio
for 2 h at room temperature. The results show that methanol
gave the best yield, followed by ethanol and butanol. For
methanol, the yield of biodiesel achieved was 71.2%.
Methanol is used widely because it is relatively cheaper than
other alcohols and has chemical and physical advantages over
other alcohols.
2.1 Methods for Bio Diesel production
2.1.1. Pyrolysis:MinodoraLecaet.al.[12], Pyrolysis or
catalytic cracking reduces the viscosity of vegetable oils and
increasescetane number. The products contain alkanes, alkenes
and carboxylic acids and have permissible amounts of sulphur,
water and particulate matter. The method requires expensive
equipment and needs to separate the products by distillation,
which is energy consuming. Moreover, the products are
similar to petrol containing sulphur that makes them less eco-
friendly and are not accepted from the points of view of,
carbon residues,ash content and pouring point
2.1.2. Micro Emulsification:MinodoraLecaet.al. [12],
Micro emulsification, alsoincrease the cetane number and
reduce the viscosity. Diesel fuel, vegetable oil, alcohol,
surfactant and additive for increasing of cetane number are
mixed and the mixture transformed, under stirring into a micro
emulsion with lowers viscosity. Alcohols as methanol, ethanol
and propanol are used as additives for reducing of viscosity,
higher ones as surfactants and alkyl nitrates as cetane number
improvers. But biodiesel micro emulsions produce injector
needle sticking and formation of carbon deposits due to the
incomplete combustion if they are used for a long time.
2.1.3. Transesterification:The main drawback of vegetable
oil is their high viscosity and low volatility, which causes poor
combustion in diesel engines .The purpose of
transesterification process is to reduce the viscosity of the oil..
The transesterification is the process of removing the
glycerides and combining oil esters of vegetable oil with
alcohol. This process reduces the viscosity to a value
comparable to that of diesel and hence improves combustion.
Apart from these methods transesterification is better than first
two as it shows properties close to diesel.
Figure 1: Structure of triglycerides and principle of the
transesterification reaction
2.2 Effectof Bio Diesel on Combustion and Emission
ofDiesel Engines:
YuZhang et al [1] investigated the use of blends of methyl
esters of soybean oil and diesel in a turbo-charged, four-
cylinder, direct injection diesel engine modified with bowl in
piston and medium swirl type. They found that the blends
gave a shorter ignition delay and similar combustion
characteristics as diesel. The results of emission concentration
in flame show that total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions of
biodiesel blends are significantly lower than that of
conventional diesel..
Altinet. al.[3] tested single cylinder direct injection diesel
engine with the use of methyl esters of sunflower oil,
cottonseed oil, soybean oil and corn oil as fuel . They reported
that thermal efficiency did not change and fuel consumption
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 795
increased compared to diesel. The emissions like CO and HC
were reduced by 15% and 16% compared to diesel fuel results.
Schumacher et. al [6] investigated that fuelling with
biodiesel/diesel fuel blends effectively reduced particulate
matter, unburned hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide while
increasing oxides of nitrogen emissions. The optimum blend
of biodiesel and diesel fuel, based on the trade-off of PM
decrease and NOx increase, was a B-20 fuel blend. Increased
NOx emissions can be reduced by retarding engine timing
while subsequently maintaining emission reductions
associated with fuelling a diesel engine with a B-20 fuel blend.
Ali et al. [7] studied the use of different blends of soyabean
methyl ester and ethanol with diesel as fuel in a Cummins 522
kW, six-cylinder, turbo-charged, direct injection. The tests
showed reduction in carbon monoxide emissions and no
change in carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions. The
NOX and smoke emissions were on par with diesel.
Scholl and Sorenson et.al[8] found that carbon monoxide,
oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and smoke emissions were slightly
lower for soybean ester than diesel, whereas HC emission
showed 50% reduction compared to diesel.
Pryor, et al. [10] conducted short and long-term engine tests
using neat soybean oil in a small diesel engine. Short-term
tests with soybean oil indicated the performance similar to that
of diesel and long-term testing could not be carried out due to
power loss and carbon build-up on the injectors. They
concluded that the soybean oil can be considered for short-
term operation only.
Table2:Components of soybean oil and diesel:
Fuel Diesel Soybean oil
Fattyacid analysis Notation %
Palmitic 16:0 10.80
Estearic 18:0 3.00
Oleic 18:1 26.50
Linoleic 18:2 47.30
Linolenic 18:3 9.00
econsenoic 20:1 1.40
Other traces - 0.90
Table3:Comparison of properties of diesel, soybean oil and
soybean ethyl ester:
3. MODELLING OF NOX FORMATION:
Whilenitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), are
grouped together as NOx emissions. NO is predominant in
diesel engine. Therefore, only NO formation is considered and
in simulation model all calculation are carried out with
thermal mechanism.
NO formation is modelled using the Zedovich Mechanism.
The amounts of NO formation for each thermodynamic cycle
can be predicted. After establishing the temperature and
pressure data at each crank angle using Zero dimensional
model the equilibrium concentrations of the nitrogen and
oxygen can be predicted, which is used for better prediction of
NO formation.
The oxidizing of nitrogen is on the chain mechanism, basic
reactions are:
1
2
fK
N O NO N
Property /Fuel Diesel Soybean oil Ethyl
ester
Viscosity at 380
C 2.94 35.36 5.03
Specific gravity at
150
C
0.8162 0.9296 0.8330
Heat of combustion
MJ/kg
42.51 37.16 40.16
Cloud point 0
C 7 -9 15
Pour point 0
C -8 -12 5
Flash point 0
C 53 284 55
Fire point 0
C 59 290 60
Ash content
%(w/W)
0.0005 0.17 0.0049
Carbon
residue%(w/W)
0.17 7.25 0.48
Acid value(w/w) 0.22 0.53 0.28
Free glycerine - - 0.015
Total glycerine - - 0.210
2 2O O
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 796
2
2
fK
N O NO O
1/20
1/2
1 2 22*
*
p
f
K Pd NO
K N O
dt Ru T
(3.13)
1/20
1/2
1 2 2
2
*
*
p
f
K Pd NO
K N O
d Ru T
38370
11
1 1.82*10 * T
fK e
0
TG T
Ru T
pK e
2 0.21
T
P
O
Ru
2
0 0 0
, ,[2* ]T f O f O TG g g
Where
2O
=Equilibrium oxygen concentration in moles
2N
=Equilibrium Nitrogen concentration in moles
4.ANALYSIS OF EMISSION
CHARACTERISTICS:
4.1Carbon dioxide:
From the fig 2 it can be observed as soon as equivalence ratio
increase the CO2 value also increase because combustion
proceeds to completion, oxidation of CO to CO2 occurs
through recombination reactions between CO and various
oxidants. For equivalence ratio higher than 1 amount of air is
reduced and is not sufficient amount for the formation of CO2,
so amount of CO2 is decreased.
Figure 2: Variation of percentage of CO2 with equivalence
ratio
4.2Carbon mono oxide:
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an intermediate product in the
combustion of hydrocarbons .It is formed mainly due to
incomplete combustion, which is affected by lack of oxidants,
temperature, and residence time. Combustion of fuel-rich
mixtures usually produces high CO emissions, but since diesel
combustion is lean and has an abundant amount of air, CO
from diesel combustion is extremely low. However, the main
parameter affecting its formation remains a low A/F ratio.
Before equivalence ratio 1 within the engine enough air is
present so all carbon is converted into carbon di oxide but
after equivalence ratio 1 there is lack of air so carbon is
converted into carbon mono oxide. The concentration of CO
always higher in case of Diesel as compared to bio fuel and
as the percentage of bio fuel increases in Blend the amount of
CO emission decreases because bio diesels have oxygen in its
chemical structure.
Figure 3: Variation of percentage of CO with equivalence
ratio
2 0.79
T
P
N
Ru
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 05 | May-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 797
4.3Nitrous oxide:
NO formation is highly dependent on the combustion
temperature and the amount of oxygen present in the engine.
For equivalence ratio less than 1 within the engine enough
amount of air is present so some nitrogen reacts with oxygen
and converted into NO. But after equivalence ratio 1 there is
lack of air so value of NO decreases. Combustion temperature
of Diesel is more than biodiesel so quantity of exhaust NO is
more than from biodiesel.
Figure 4: Variation of percentage of NO with equivalence
ratio
4.4Water vapours
When mixture of fuel and air is lean water vapour formation is
negligible due to cooling effect of air but when equivalence
ratio is increased the Water vapour formation increases and
become maximum at equivalence ratio 1 since at this
temperature temperature is maximum and after this it starts
decreasing since dissociation effect dominates
Figure 5: Variation of percentage of CO with equivalence
ratio
4.5 Other product:
Before equivalence ratio 1 within the engine enough air is
present so Oxygen presents in exhaust gas in enough quantity.
Before equivalence ratio 1 within the engine enough air is
present so all fuel is burn so there is not formation of hydrogen
But after equivalence ratio 1 there is lack of air so all fuel is
not burn so hydrogen go out with exhaust air.
Figure 6: Variation of percentage of N2 with equivalence
ratio
CONCLUSION
In the present work it was observed that the emissions for B50
and B20 were lower than that for pure diesel. However the
literature provides information that bio diesel combustion
results in higher NOx emissions. The present model calculates
the NO formation based on temperature, practically biodiesel
combustion results in higher NO emissions due to effects like
higher bulk modulus, higher fuel consumptions due to higher
densities.
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