This document discusses integrated rural and urban development in India. It covers the policy background of prioritizing rural development, principal rural-urban interactions like villagers using urban facilities and working in nearby cities/towns. It also discusses factors driving increased interactions like transportation improvements and technology advances. Recommendations include expanding infrastructure, telecommunications, and education/skills programs to better integrate development across rural and urban areas.

1. Unit VI
Integrated Rural
and Urban
Development

2. Syllabus
Integrated Rural and Urban Development
• Policy background, Principal rural urban
socio-economic
interactions,
factors
contributing to rural-urban interaction, effects
of
economic
liberalization
policies, recommendations.

3. Integrated Rural and Urban
Development

4. Policy Background
• The high priority for rural development is reflected in
policy statement and resource allocation in previous five
year plans, manifestos of political parties and prouncements
of political leaders. Its latest manifestation was in
“Approach of Eighth Five Year Plan”, prepared by the
Planning Commission in May 1990.
• It was stated in the paper;
• The new mandate rightly stresses the need to correct these
distortions and to reorient development policy in such a way
that it gives primacy to the immediate and urgent needs of
the poor, reserving at least half the public outlays for the
benefits of rural areas and emphasis on villages and
small scale industries to produce goods and services for
mass consumption using labour intensive techniques.

5. Policy Background

6. Policy Background
• It may be expected that the election manifestos
of political parties would emphasize the
need for high priority to rural development.
The emphasis was justified also in the early
1950s when a large proportion of the villages
did not have basic services such as approach
roads, primary schools, access to health
centers, and even adequate water supply
facilities

7. Villages did not have Basic Services

8. Policy Background
• The villagers felt isolated and neglected. As a
result of various agricultural development
programs implemented during the previous 4
decades, agricultural production has increased by
more than 3 times its level in the early
1950s, with most of the increase coming from
increase in productivity. The progress in rural
development may be expected to continue in
the foreseeable future and could accelerate
faster with more efficient implementation of
rural development programmes.

9. Agricultural Development Programs

10. Policy Background
• The perception of competition between rural
and urban development should change such
that rural and urban areas should be viewed
as inter-related parts of a settlement
system, which should be developed in an
integrated manner.

11. Policy Background

12. Policy Background
• It should be added that among the 15 major
states of the country, the interaction are
greater
in
the
states
of
Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Gujarat, K
arnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala and the
western region of U.P. In which there is a
spatial dispersed patterns of Urbanization i.e.
there is a large number of small and
medium-sized towns and cities along with
one or more metropolitan cities.

13. Rural Urban Interactions

14. Policy Background
• The effects are much less in the states of
central India notably Bihar, Orissa, West
Bengal, and Assam and central region of
U.P. & Madhya Pradesh.
• These states have concentrated pattern of
urbanization i.e. their urban population is
concentrated in a few large cities and the
number of small medium-sized towns/ cities
is relatively small.

15. Policy Background

16. Concentrated Urbanization

17. Policy Background
• It will be seen that in the states with dispersed
urbanization the percentage of urban population, is
higher than the national average in the majority of
districts. On the other hand in states with
concentrated urbanization the percentage is lower
than the national average in the majority of
districts.
• The best example of concentrated urbanization is
West Bengal; almost all its urban population is
concentrated
in
the
districts
of
Kolkata, Howrah, and Hooghly which form part of
the Kolkata Metropolitan District while rest of the
state is largely rural.

18. Kolkata Metropolitan District

19. Policy Background
• It can be seen that states with dispersed
urbanization are generally at a higher level
of economic development than those with
concentrated urbanization.

20. Principal Rural-Urban SocioEconomic Interactions
• The principal types of interactions are listed
below and are discussed at some length in
subsequent paragraphs.
• Use
by
villages
of
commercial.
Industrial, social service and recreational
facilities located in cities and towns;
• Work in cities and towns by villagers living
within commuting distance of them and use of
such villages as dormitories by workers in the
cities. Travel between rural homes, and urban
work
place
could
be
on foot,
by
bicycle, motorcycle , bus or train.

21. Principal Rural-Urban Socio-Economic
Interactions

22. Principal Rural-Urban SocioEconomic Interactions
• Production by villagers of food including
high
value
perishables
foodsmilk,
vegetables,
meat,
poultry
products, fruits etc- for urban market;
• Diversion of agricultural and other rural
lands, located on fringes of cities for
residential, industrial, commercial or other
urban uses.
• Rural to Urban migration.

23. Principal Rural-Urban SocioEconomic Interactions

24. Principal Rural-Urban SocioEconomic Interactions

25. Use by villagers of commercial, Industrial Social
Services and Recreational Facilities Located in Cities
and Towns.
• The villagers go to urban places in order to sell
their produce, to buy consumer, intermediate
or producer goods, to obtain short or medium
term loans from commercial & cooperative
banks or to obtain other services mentioned
above.
• With progressive modernization of the rural
economy as a result of improvement in
transport and communication, spread of
modern production techniques there is a rise in
rural middle class, which wants a high
standard of living.

26. Rural-Urban Socio-Economic
Interactions

27. Rural-Urban Socio-Economic
Interactions
• One would expect that villagers would use the
commercial and other service facilities
located in small or medium-sized towns
which are nearest to them.

28. Rural-Urban Socio-Economic
Interactions

29. Works by Villagers in Cities and Towns
Living within Commuting Distance from them
• Such work increases employment & income
thus providing relief from rural unemployment
or under-employment and poverty, diversifies
consumption among rural households and is
also a strong influence for social change.
• Both workers from poor landless & artesian
families, belonging to the disadvantaged
section of rural community, who are not needed
for agricultural work are benefited.

30. Works by Villagers in Cities and Towns
Living within Commuting Distance from them

31. Works by Villagers in Cities and Towns
Living within Commuting Distance from them
• There is less pressure for rural-to-urban
migration because rural living and urban
work can be combined and there is less need
for expanding housing and infrastructure
facilities in the cities. The social change
effects are produced by spread of urban
consumption patterns and weakening of
traditional ties of cast & community; they
include reduction in disabilities suffered by
the scheduled castes and the scheduled
tribes.

32. Works by Villagers in Cities and Towns
Living within Commuting Distance from them

33. Increasing Production of Perishable foods
benefits both farmers and other Groups in
Villages.
• It leads also to the establishment of backward or
forward –linked industries in major production
centers. Production and sale of milk by
small, marginal farmers or the landless who
keep one or two milk animals, has been an
important components of dairy development in
kheda district of Gujarat where the well known
AMUL dairy is located. It is being actively
encouraged now by the central government as
well as by several state governments under the
“Operation Flood” program.

34. Increasing Production of Perishable foods
benefits both farmers and other Groups in
Villages.

35. Increasing Production of Perishable foods
benefits both farmers and other Groups in
Villages.
• It may be mentioned that the majority of milk
producer in Kheda district are women.
Payment by the dairy for the milk sold by
them, adds to their income, which they can
spend on meeting their own needs and those of
their childrens.
• Production of poultry products, traditionally an
activity of scheduled cast & scheduled
tribes, has developed during the last decade
into a highly specialized and efficient small
industry.

36. Increasing Production of Perishable foods
benefits both farmers and other Groups in
Villages

37. Increasing Production of Perishable foods
benefits both farmers and other Groups in
Villages.
• Modern poultry farms have been established
both near and within metropolitan areas of
large cities and at various specialized centers.
• Production of fruit, which had been an
industry with traditional well established
centers and has also spread to new centers.
• There is a great potential for further
increase in production of perishable foods
for both domestic and international markets.

38. Increasing Production of Perishable foods
benefits both farmers and other Groups in
Villages.

39. Diversion of Rural Land located on the
Outskirts of Cities
• If the land is acquired from small, marginal
farmers at low prices and payments of
compensation to them is delayed, they become
landless and have to work as laborers on
construction projects. These effects have been
seen in the New Mumbai Area. And on a much
large scale in the vicinity of the industrial
townships located next to the steel and heavy
industry plants in the central and eastern
states
of
IndiaMadhya
Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and
Andhra Pradesh.

40. Diversion of Rural Land located on
the Outskirts of Cities

41. Diversion of Rural Land located on
the Outskirts of Cities
• Furthermore dispossessed
former landowners, who belong mainly to the scheduled
tribes, suffer loss of social status and self
esteem.
• These effects are the principal cause of
discontent among the tribal population of these
states and tensions, which frequently erupted
in violent conflict, between them and the
new comers.

42. Diversion of Rural Land located on
the Outskirts of Cities

43. Diversion of Rural Land located on
the Outskirts of Cities
• If the payment of compensation is timely and adequate
and is used by the recipients in buying farmland
elsewhere,
starting
non-agricultural
enterprises, such as running of buses or
trucks, small industries or retail or wholesale
shops, education of childrens, their income increases
and living improves.
• These beneficial effects are lost, however if funds are
squandered in Idleness, consumption such as large
expenditure on marriages, funerals, or other
ceremonies, court cases, furthermore the habitation
areas of villages are often reduced to ghettos within
the expanding cities.

44. Diversion of Rural Land located on
the Outskirts of Cities

45. Rural to Urban Migration Reduces UnderEmployment or Unemployment in the Villages and
Increase Income through Remittance.
• On the other hand, the villagers are deprived of
their most productive and dynamic manpower
because most of the migrants are young men and
women who aspire for more secure and higher
income and a better life in the cities than in the
villages. Although these aspiration are fulfilled
only for a minority and the majority of the
migrant find uncertain, low paid employment
in the informal sector of the cities and have to
live in the misery of the slums.

46. Rural to Urban Migration Reduces UnderEmployment or Unemployment in the Villages
and Increase Income through Remittance.

47. Rural to Urban Migration Reduces UnderEmployment or Unemployment in the Villages and
Increase Income through Remittance.
• Variation in the number of migrants from year to
year depends both on variation in employment
opportunities in the cities and economic conditions
in the villages.
• Migration to large cities at present is and that of the tea
gardens of Assam or overseas in the last
century, was predominantly from poor and
backward districts of U.P. Bihar, Orissa, Andhra
Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The economies of some of
the districts in these regions are often called remittance
economies because remittance from migrants is the
largest source of income there.

48. Rural to Urban Migration Reduces UnderEmployment or Unemployment in the Villages and
Increase Income through Remittance.

49. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions
• The areas can be divided into two categories
• Villages located within daily commuting
distances of cities, particularly large cities,
• Rural Corridors where a number of towns
and cities are located within a short distance
of one another and the intervening villages are
being progressively urbanized.

50. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions
Well Developed Corridors
• Coastal
Gujarat-Maharashtra:
from
Ahmadabad through Vadodara & Surat in Gujarat
to Mumbai and from Mumbai to Pune;
• Coastal Kerala-Karnataka: from Trivandrum in
Kerala to Mangalore in Karnataka along the west
coast of India;
• Punjab-Haryana-Western Uttar Pradesh from
Amritsar in Punjab through Haryana to Delhi

51. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions

52. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions

53. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions
Incipent Corridors
• The most important incipient corridors are the
following:
• From Mumbai eastward to Nagpur and Chandrapur
in Maharashtra.
• From Bangalore in Karnataka to Chennai in Tamil
Nadu.
• From Chennai West to Coimbatore and south-west to
Tiruchchirappalli and Madurai in Tamil Nadu.
• From Kanpur to Lucknow in Central Uttar-pradesh.

54. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions

55. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions
• The corridors have been developed mainly during the
four decades from 1951-91; the principal factors in
their development have been the following
• Improvement
in
transport
and
communications, particularly expansion of highways
and feeder roads,
• Establishment of new large and small industrial
enterprises
• Modernization of agricultural, near universal rural
electrification and subsequent expansion of irrigation
by electric pumps.
• There is a trend towards the extension of most of the
corridors and the development of new ones.

56. Areas of High Rural –Urban
Interactions

57. Principal Factors Contributing to
Increase in the Rural-Urban Interactions
• The most Important factors some of which are
inter-related, are the following.
• Rapid Urbanization
• Growth of modern manufacturing industries
and service activities and their concentration in an
around large cities.
• Increase in transport and communication
leading to increasing travel and transport of
goods between villages and urban places by
villagers on the other hand and by workers in the
urban-based industries and service activities on
the other.

58. Principal Factors Contributing to Increase in
the Rural-Urban Interactions

59. Principal Factors Contributing to
Increase in the Rural-Urban Interactions
• Technological
advances
in
agriculture, leading to increase in agricultural
output including output of perishable foods for
urban markets.
• Spread of Information through the news
and
entertainment
medianewspapers,
magazines,
radio
and
television.

60. Principal Factors Contributing to
Increase in the Rural-Urban Interactions

61. The Prospect: Probable Effects of
Economic Liberalization Policies.
• An Increasing proportion of the work force, for
industry, could be drawn from the neighboring
villages, with the spread of the needed skill
among the villagers. This will reduce the
pressure of migration from villages to large cities.
The pressure would be reduced further, if with
improvement
of
transport
and
communication, the satellite towns and villages
at the periphery of large cities were used as
dormitories by workers in the cities much
more than at present.

62. The Prospect: Probable Effects of
Economic Liberalization Policies.
• Rapid economic growth would result also in
significant reduction in rural and urban
poverty, if it is accomplished by an enlightened
policy on distribution of its benefits.
• Expansion/ Improvement of physical and social
infrastructures would be more rapid and their
operation would be more efficient as private
sector resources of finances and management
become available to supplement those of the
public sector.

63. The Prospect: Probable Effects of
Economic Liberalization Policies

64. The Prospect: Probable Effects of
Economic Liberalization Policies.
• Generation
and
distribution
of
electricity, telecommunications, constructio
n of highways and operation of passenger
road transport are examples of services
which are suitable for private sector
participation because their output can be priced
at levels which would attract participation.

65. The Prospect: Probable Effects of
Economic Liberalization Policies

66. Recommendations
• Programmes for progress towards integrated
rural and urban development. The most
important programme are listed and discussed
briefly below:
• Expansion and improvement of Transportation
Infrastructures, particularly highway and feeder
roads.
• Improvement of telecommunications by
exploiting aggressively the rapid advances in
technology that have occurred during the last two
decades and still continuing.

67. Recommendations

68. Recommendations
• Implementing a massive education program with the
following objective
• Achievement of functional literacy among all adults.
• Rapid diffusion of marketable skills-technical/
vocational; and managerial-among both rural and urban
youth.
• Multi-faceted social education, which would
maximize the positive and minimize the negative
effects of rural-urban interactions. Particular emphasis
should be given in the program to women with suitable
changes in its content to meet their particular needs.

69. Recommendations

70. Recommendations
• Policies and programmes aimed at achieving
decentralized industrial development.
• Increasing production of high value perishable
foods and of industries processing them for
both the domestic and inter-national markets.
• Institutional Cooperation
• The legislation for establishment of the
institutions
for
rural
development
and
administration on the other hand and urban local
bodies on the other hand should specify the
patterns of interaction between them.

71. Recommendations

72. Recommendations
• Micro-regional plans: preparation of micro-regional
plans can be useful tools for progress towards
integrated rural and urban development.
• Through them the common problems of rural and
urban areas such as unemployment, poverty and
deficiency of physical and social infrastructure can
be identified and steps taken to elevate them.
• Furthermore, policies and programs can be formulated
and implemented for development and conservation of
national resources such as water. The most suitable
areal units for preparation of micro-regional plans are
districts and metropolitan areas of large cities.

73. Recommendations

74. Recommendations
District Development Plans
• Such plans should be prepared initially for a limited number
of districts and the process should be extended to a
phased manner so as to achieve complete coverage of all
district over a period of years.
Metropolitan Plans
• This plans provides the global envelope for preparation of
plans of the town/ cities including within the region.
Metropolitan development plans should give special
attention
to
reducing
unemployment
and
poverty, particularly in the rural areas. This will reduce
pressure of migration from villages to town and
cities, and from small towns to metropolitan cities.

75. Recommendations

76. References
• Urbanization Urban Development & Metropolitan
Cities in India
•
Dr V. Nath Concept Publications

77. Thanks…..