According to World Bank
“Rural development is growth strategy for a particular target population -the rural poor . It involves extending of benefits of development to those future lies in the pursuit of livelihood in rural areas .These include small farmers, landless and women.”
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a family of approaches and methods to enable rural people to share, enhance & analyze their knowledge of life & conditions, to plan & to act. Also known as Participatory Learning and Action (PLA).these slides will help you to understand the concept behind the PRA tools used in the extension surveys, to acquaint themselves with the knowlegde of village, town or area of interest.
According to World Bank
“Rural development is growth strategy for a particular target population -the rural poor . It involves extending of benefits of development to those future lies in the pursuit of livelihood in rural areas .These include small farmers, landless and women.”
Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is a family of approaches and methods to enable rural people to share, enhance & analyze their knowledge of life & conditions, to plan & to act. Also known as Participatory Learning and Action (PLA).these slides will help you to understand the concept behind the PRA tools used in the extension surveys, to acquaint themselves with the knowlegde of village, town or area of interest.
community development Programme (CDP) in rural development Ravi Adhikari
community development project in rural development
importance of community development project in rural development
Community Development Programmes Objectives & Features
Tribal sub plan and Special Component PlanApurv Vivek
The Sub-Plan as presented in the summary is unique in many respects. It is mentioned in the preface that 'through the planning process was initiated about 25 years ago in the country, the rate of economic development of all the weaker sections of the community including the Adivasis has been extremely low in spite of special programmes for them'. The Sub-Plan proposed an allocation of Rs 130 crores for tribal areas in different districts.
MGNREGA An Overview include all the basic information related to MGNREGA like its introduction, timeline of MGNREGA, It's salient features, Stakeholders associated with MGNREGA. Also include the performance and impact of MGNREGA on different issues like on Agriculture, on socio-economic of tribal people, on wage rates in agriculture, on women empowerment etc.
To get full detailed description about the topic contact me on alkesh.patel.2711@gmail.com
In this slide,,,I showed and mentioned about the history and how it is working.....in the country of rural areas to develop the socio economic of people residing in village and nearby..
Poverty Alleviation Programmes; Area Development Programmes; Women Development Programmes; Agricultural Development Programmes Implemented By State Department Of Agriculture
community development Programme (CDP) in rural development Ravi Adhikari
community development project in rural development
importance of community development project in rural development
Community Development Programmes Objectives & Features
Tribal sub plan and Special Component PlanApurv Vivek
The Sub-Plan as presented in the summary is unique in many respects. It is mentioned in the preface that 'through the planning process was initiated about 25 years ago in the country, the rate of economic development of all the weaker sections of the community including the Adivasis has been extremely low in spite of special programmes for them'. The Sub-Plan proposed an allocation of Rs 130 crores for tribal areas in different districts.
MGNREGA An Overview include all the basic information related to MGNREGA like its introduction, timeline of MGNREGA, It's salient features, Stakeholders associated with MGNREGA. Also include the performance and impact of MGNREGA on different issues like on Agriculture, on socio-economic of tribal people, on wage rates in agriculture, on women empowerment etc.
To get full detailed description about the topic contact me on alkesh.patel.2711@gmail.com
In this slide,,,I showed and mentioned about the history and how it is working.....in the country of rural areas to develop the socio economic of people residing in village and nearby..
Poverty Alleviation Programmes; Area Development Programmes; Women Development Programmes; Agricultural Development Programmes Implemented By State Department Of Agriculture
Evaluation of RD policies and ProgrammesJayanta Dutta
This ppt covers the history of rural development programmes and problems in implementing rural development policies and programmes in India. This will be helpful for PG students of State Agril. Universities under their Compulsory Courses
Dimensions of Agricultural Extension: Prepaired by Basvraj L PisureBasvraj Pisure
This presentation includes the History and development of Agricultural Extension Education and also includes new dimensions of Agricultural Extension Education. It also includes different developmental programmes related to agricultural development and extension education.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. INTRODUCTION
• A systematic scientific and integrated use of all resources enabling
every person to engage himself in a productive and socially useful
occupation and earn an income that would meet at least the basic
needs (Subramaniyam, 1977)
• It aims to provide self-employment program to poor rural families
to help them increase their income and cross the poverty line. It
mainly targets the poor families which are living below the poverty
line such as small farmers, agricultural laborers including the rural
artisans.
• Based on concept that no development i.e. sectorial or territorial
can be obtained without the integration of more than one
component.
• It is a multilevel and multi-sector approach of development.
3. The concept of Integrated Rural Development Model could be
understood clearly by looking into the meaning of component
concepts like 'Integration’, ‘Rural’ , ‘Development’ and ‘model’.
• Integrated : It focuses promotive combination of more than
one component to improve what is needed to be. A poor
village needs help with many aspects of life and all of these
are interrelated. Complex problems need complex solutions.
• Rural : Those areas devoid of the requirements not fulfilled to
sustain quality of life and the needs are in general greater
than in the cities.
• Development : Process of building local capacities,
knowledge and infrastructure that helps communities reach a
permanent improvement in living standards that endures long
after a project or programme has ended.
• Model : Model is a representation, generally in miniature, to
show the construction or appearance of something.
4. History
• The earlier strategies focused more on the growth of individual sectors of the
economy paying no or too little regard to the regional and personal distribution of
the growth effects.. The idea was that the various complementary activities of rural
development required a single administrative framework rather than being
implemented by a variety of separate agencies. IRDP has been designed for the
upliftment of the rural poor. Integrated rural development became an increasingly
important focus of efforts in bilateral and multilateral development assistance
programmes.
• Three different perception contributed to the rise in IRDP approach .They are:
1. even rapid growth of income in rural areas did not assure either the availability or
equitable access to social services and amenities
2. emergence of ‘systems thinking’ about institutional design and programme
implementation.
3. growing disappointment of bureaucratic approaches to rural development.
• 1970- Bicol River Basin Development Program in Philippines
• 1974- Integrated Hill Development Project
5. IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
• promotes the overall development of rural poor.
• Effective and efficient for rural development.
• Able to identify, analyze and solve rural problems.
• Tool for controlling unemployment and migration
in rural areas.
• Helps in optimum utilization of local resources.
• Act as catalyst to foster meaningful peoples
participation.
6. Integrated Rural Development
Projects of Nepal
• In Nepal IRDPs were generally designed for general rural
development with long term perspective ranging from 15 to 20
years of development programs. The integrated rural development
project appeared very sound in Nepal.
• Generally IRDP are operated under three phases:
1. Infrastructure building and program initiation
2. Intensive implementation and strengthening local institutions
3. Handing over responsibilities to concerned district line agencies
and completion of project
• There are 11 IRDPs which were designed and launched by
various bilateral and multilateral agencies.
7. S.
N
Name of IRDP
and Donor
Initiation
year/Duration
Coverage Objective
1. Integrated Hill
Development
Project (IHDP)
Donor: Swiss bank
Initiation : 1974
Duration : 16 years
Sindupalchowk
and dolakha
i. To assist local
population and local
institution to improve
their living condition.
ii. To establish ecological
balance on sustainable
basis.
2. Rasuwa Nuwakot
IRDP
Donor : World Bank
Initiation : 1976
Duration : 20 years
Rasuwa
Nuwakot
i. To increase productivity
and employment in
agriculture and off farm
activities.
ii. To promote
participation and
institutional
development.
3. Sagarmatha IRDP
Donor :
ADB/IFAD/EEC
Initiation : 1978
Duration :15 years
Udayapur, Siraha,
Saptari
i. To improve the living
condition of people
with sustained growth
of economy of that
area.
ii. To strengthen rural
economy and income
generation. 7
8. 4. Mahakali Hills
IRDP
Donor:
IDA/UNDP
Initiation : 1979
Duration :5 years
Darchula,Baitadi,
Dadeldhura
i. To raise agricultural production
to levels whereby farmers
could meet full family
subsistence.
5. Karnali-Bheri
IRDP
Donor :
Canada
Initiation : 1981
Duration : 20 years
Surkhet, dailekh
Jumla
i. To develop series of integrated
self sustaining development
project in order to contribute
social and economic benefit of
residents.
6. Rapti IRDP
Donor : USA
Initiation : 1980
Duration : 20years
Dang,Pyuthan,
Salyan,Rolpa,
Rukum.
i. To increase quality of life
including income and
production level of incomes.
7. Koshi Hill
Area RDP
Donor : UK
Initiation : 1977
Duration :15 years
Sankhuwasava,Bhojp
ur,Terhathum,
Dhankuta
i. To strengthen local services and
promote balance social and
economic development from
Dharan-Dhankuta road.
8
9. 8. Dhading District
Development
Project Donor :
GTZ/Germany
Initiation : 1983
Duration :15
years
Dhading i. To improve the living
condition of large
section of population
in dhading
ii. To promote off farm
employment
opportunities.
9. Gulmi-
Arghakhanchi
RDP Donor : EEC
Initiation : 1990
Duration
:12years
Gulmi and
Arghakhanchi
i. To improve economic
condition of rural
community on
sustainable basis.
ii. To alleviate poverty.
10. Palpa District
IRDP
Initiation :
1988/89
Palpa i. To improve the living
condition of people of
palpa district.
11. Small Farmers
Development
Project
Initiation : 1975
Duration :
continue
43 districts i. To improve the
income and standard
of living of small
farmers.
ii. To adopt local
delivery mechanism.
9
10. Approaches of IRDP in Nepal
• Tuki System
• System of field assistant
• Integrated Village Development
• Local Private Enterprises
• Confidence building measure
• Irrigation system approach
11. Tuki system
• Tuki system was developed by IHDP to support extension
activities in the Dolakha and Sindhupalchowk districts.
• The concept of Tuki system is that villagers are in darkness
and if provided some lights they can easily find their way
themselves towards development of their way of life.
• The Tuki system differed from other approaches in the
following aspect: Other approaches depended on paid,
professionally trained, external extension workers who
often came from other ethnic groups and had frequently
been transferred from other areas. The Tuki system,
however, focused on assigning extension functions to
locally-rooted, volunteer farmers.
12. System of field assistant
• Rassuwa Nuwakot IRDP Sagarmatha IRDP,
Seti IRDP and Mahakali IRDP have adopted
the concept of field assistant.
• JT and JTA are government employees and are
supposed to delivery inputs and information
in rural areas.
• The overall performance was not found
effective as the agents are outsiders and
people did not trust them much.
13. Integrated village development
approach
• The approach had a unique provision of group
provision at village level .
• These village groups were expected to interact
with district line agencies regarding
development programs.
• This approach was not found to be applied
practically .
14. Local Private enterprise approach
• As the semi government organizations failed
to deliver inputs in time in the first phase of
implementation, this approach was used in
second phase of Rapti IRDP .
• It has emphasized development of local
private enterprises for delivery of inputs.
15. Confidence building approach
• It was an unique approach adopted by
Dhading IRDP for motivating them in small
schemes development.
• Grant of Rs.25000 was provided to all farmers
of every wards and the project was found
quite successful.
• Small projects were found to be completed in
time
16. Irrigation system approach
• Mechi IRDP was based on hill irrigation
system.
• The focus has been on development of
irrigation facilities and it is assumed that it will
contribute substantially to overall
development of district.
• 50 irrigation projects in different districts of
Mechi zone were planned.
17. IRDPs IMPACT EVALUATION
Positive Impacts
i. Infrastructure support for production and
marketing.
ii. Pakhribas Ag. Research Centre funded by koshi
hill IRDP.
iii. Proved useful in promoting investment in rural
areas, particularly for the poorer sections.
iv. Enhanced production capacity at local level
v. Construction of new roads and maintenance of
new roads.
vi. Development of irrigation projects.
17
18. Problems of implementation
• Long delay in disbursement of budgetary fund
• Shortage of technical manpower
• Inadequate field allowances and differential
allowances among staff
• Lack of coordination among different ministries at
national level and among district line agencies at
district level.
• Poor supervision and monitoring.
• Impressive in principle but difficult to put into
operation.
19. REFERENCES
Amatya, S. L. (1989). The divergent approaches of IRDPs and problems of
implementation in Nepal. Contribution to Nepalese Studies, 16(1), 43-54.
Subedi, M. S. (2005). Foreign aid, sustainable development and Rapti
IRDP.
Dreze, J. (1990). Poverty in India and the IRDP Delusion. Economic and
Political Weekly, A95-A104.
Ruttan, V. W. (1975). Integrated rural development programs: a skeptical
perspective. International Development Review, 17(4), 9.
Shortall, S., & Shucksmith, M. (1998). Integrated rural development:
issues arising from the Scottish experience. European Planning
Studies, 6(1), 73-88.
Pradhan, B. B. (1985). Integrated rural development projects in Nepal-a
review.