This document discusses insulin, including its discovery, function, production, and types. It notes that insulin regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism by absorbing glucose from the blood. It is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas. The document then summarizes different types of insulin including natural human insulin, semi-synthetic insulin, insulin analogues which are altered forms that function similarly to natural insulin but are produced through recombinant DNA technology. It classifies insulin analogues as rapid acting, long acting, or short acting and provides examples of each.

1. By Pinky Varshney
Lucknow university

2. Insulin is a peptide hormone that regulates
the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats
by absorption of glucose from blood.
Insulin is secreted by beta cells of islets of
Langherhans of pancreas.

3. In 1869 the discovery came
into light by works of Paul
Langherhans
Oscar minkowski found a
relation between pancreas and
blood sugar level.

6. Result due to low insulin production
Result due to destruction or decrease
of insulin producing beta cells

7.  Insulinoma – a tumor of pancreatic beta cells
producing excessive insulin.
 Polycystic ovary syndrome – a complex syndrome in
women in the reproductive years where an ovulation
and androgen excess occur.

8. As most of the people are suffering
from Diabetes so the demand for
insulin has also increased.
This lead to improvement in insulin
so as to obtain greater yield and
better results.

9. For synthesis of insulin the structure of
insulin must be known.
The Natural human insulin can be extracted, crystallized
and purified from human pancreas tissue. As beef and pig
pancreas differ from human insulin structure hence they
have adverse effects like allergy.
Semi synthetic insulin can be made from proinsulin by
removing certain amino acids .such insulin may cause
hypoglycemia.

10.  Is an altered form of insulin different from natural insulin
performing the same function as natural insulin.
 The analogue insulin is prepared by recombinant DNA
technology.
 The insulin analogues have been classified into
Rapid acting
Long acting
Short acting

13. Thus Both are made by altering amino acid structures.
LISPRO
 Is marketed as
Humalog. In this the
Lysine and Proline
residues at c terminal
of B chain are
reversed thus
blocking the
formation of dimmers
and hexamers
ASPART
 Is marketed as
Novolog. The amino
acid B-28 Proline is
substituted with
Aspartic acid and
preventing the
formation of
hexamers.

15. Long acting insulin
These start working in 4-6 hour and are
active for 24-28 hour. They include
Degludec , Detemir and Glargine.
Short acting insulin
These start working in 30 minutes and is
active for 5-8 hour. They include regular
Humulin or novolin.