Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Autacoids - pharmacological actions and drugs related to them. SIVASWAROOP YARASI
Autacoids or "autocoids" are biological factors which act like local hormones, have a brief duration, and act near the site of synthesis. The word autacoids comes from the Greek "autos" (self) and "acos" (relief, i.e. drug).
Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec, among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk. Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to other PPIs. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, and increased intestinal gas.[1][9] Serious side effects may include Clostridium difficile colitis, an increased risk of pneumonia, an increased risk of bone fractures, and the potential of masking stomach cancer.[1] It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy.[1] It works by blocking the release of stomach acid.[1]
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Radioactive iodine, I131
Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec, among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.It is also used to prevent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in people who are at high risk. Omeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and its effectiveness is similar to other PPIs. It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal pain, and increased intestinal gas.[1][9] Serious side effects may include Clostridium difficile colitis, an increased risk of pneumonia, an increased risk of bone fractures, and the potential of masking stomach cancer.[1] It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy.[1] It works by blocking the release of stomach acid.[1]
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of esophagus, stomach and/or the upper portion of small intestine. Peptic ulcer occur mainly due to imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors in the stomach.
Drugs affecting the GI system are used in the treatment of gastric acidity, peptic ulcers, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), bowel motility disorders (gastroparesis [delayed gastric emptying due to partial paralysis of the stomach muscles], constipation, and diarrhea), and for the treatment of nausea and vomiting.
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Similar to Digestive Pharmacology/ Drug acting on GIT (20)
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. DRUG ACTING ON ALIMENTARY CANAL
Dr. YOUSUF ALI SARKER
Department of Pharmacology
Faculty of Veterinary Science, BAU
3. TALK PLAN
Introduction
Drug acting on mouth and pharynx
Drug acting on esophagus
Drug acting on stomach
Drug acting on intestine
References
4. INTRODUCTION
The digestive system process food/drugs into molecules
that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body and
elimination
A long continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the
anus.
Epithelial layer:
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscular layer
4. Adventatia or serosa
Site of drug interaction
5. Salivary stimulant or Sialogogue
Direct sialogogue
Carbamoylcholine, arecoline, pilocarpine
Indirect sialogogue or reflex sialogogue
Simple bitter
Alkaloid bitter
Aromatic bitter
Antisialogogue
Atropine, hyoscine, hyosciamine, kaolin
Appetizing and stomachic
DRUG ACTING ON MOUTH AND PHARYNX
6. Salivary stimulant or Sialogogue
Mechanism of action
Incase of reflex sialogogue salivation causes by stimulating taste bud
of tongue
Salivary aciner cell
Activation of cAMP or Ca2+ dependent pathway
Intracellular increases Ca2+Regulate secretory granules
Depolarization occursActivation of receptors (M3)
cAMP pathway Ca2+ pathway
Secretion occurs (Melvin, 2005)
7. Antisialogogue
Mechanism of action
Competitive antagonist for the receptors which are
responsible for salivation
e.g.: Muscarinic (M1. M2, M3, M4), adrenergic receptors
Reduce flow and fluidity of saliva
Used to limit the flow of excess saliva, which often
occurs secondary to anesthetic drug use
Atropine, hyoscine etc
8. Appetizing and Stomachic
Appetite is primarily controlled by ventral and lateral
nuclei of hypothalamus.
Several neuro-transmitter, glucocorticoids and B-
vitamins can non-specifically stimulate/ control appetite
Ammonium bicarbonate
Sodium bicarbonate
Pulv. nux vomica
Pulv. ginger
Pulv. gentian
9. DRUG ACTING ON ESOPHAGUS
Parasympathomymetics drugs: (arecoline or pilocarpine)
Stimulate salivation and increase esophageal peristalsis for the relief
of choke in animals
Phenothiazine derivative tranquilizers relief choke by relaxing
esophagus
Metoclopramide
Increases esophageal motility
Improve gastrooesophageal sphincter function
Accelerate gastric emptying
H2-antagonists
For gastroesophagel reflex disease(GERD)
Proton-pump inhibitors
10. Emetics
Antiemetics
Antacids
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI)
H2 blockers
Demulcents
Carminatives and
Antizymotics
DRUG ACTING ON STOMACH
11. Drugs are those causes emesis or vomition
Changes in GI muscle; rapid oral or rectal expulsion of GI contents
Treatment of toxic ingestion, acute indigestion
Morphine, Apomorphine, NaCl solution, Ipecacuanha
Emetics
(Stewart, 2010)
Classification
Centrally acting Peripherally acting Both
Morphine
Apomorphine
Nikethamide
Mustard
Antimony and K+ tartrate
Hypertonic NaCl solution
Salts of heavy metals
Ipecacuanha
(emetine &
cephaeline)
(Hornby, 2001)
13. Drugs which assist in suppressing emesis
Several neurotransmitters are responsible for stimulating
the vomiting center
Successful therapy involves blocking one or more
receptor for these neurotransmitter.
Antiemetics
Antiemetic drugs based on receptor antagonism
5-HT1, HT3 M1, M3 D2 H1 NK1
Apomorphine HCl
Dolasetron
Scopolamine Chlorpromazin
Metclorpromide
Promethazine
Doxylamine
Aprepitant
Fosaprepitant
(Riviere & Papich, n.d.)
14. Antiemetic (cntd)
Mechanism of action (Metclorpromide)
Increases peristalsis of the jejunum and duodenum
Inhibit the action of dopamine (D2 receptor)
Increases tone and amplitude of gastric contractions
Relaxes the pyloric sphincter and duodenal bulb
Pre- anesthetic medication
Motion sickness
Drug induced vomition
Morning sickness
Radiation sickness
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Constipation
Euphoria
Therapeutic Uses Adverse Effects
21. Histamine H2 receptor blockers
Inhibit secretion of gastric acid through competitive inhibition of
Histamine H2 receptors
Prevention & treatment of PUD, Esophagitis, GI bleeding,
stress ulcers
May alter the effects of other drugs through interactions with
CYP450 (especially cimetidine)
e.g.: Ranitidine, Cimetadine, Famotadine, Nizatidine,
Roxitidine
23. Coat, protect, lubricate and sooth gastric mucosa of GIT
Liquid paraffin, Vegetable oil, glycerol, Sugar
Demulcents
Agents
Mechanism of action
Coat lining of GIT
Inhibit irritation to lining
Protection & soothing
24. Expulsion of gases from the stomach (eruction)
Volatile oil, NaHCO3, MgCO3,Fennel, Peppermint
Carminatives
Correct dosage
Mechanism of action
Mild irritation to gastrointestinal mucosa
Release gas from stomach
Vasodilatation
Relaxation of gastro-intestinal musculature
(cardiac sphincter)
25. Prevent or decrease bacterial or enzymatic fermentation
Prevent further gas production during bloat or tympany
Volatile oil (liq. paraffin), chloroform, chloral hydrate, ethyl
alcohol
Antizymotics
Methyl group can increase surface tension of fluid/foam
Decrease foam stability
Mechanism of action
26. Emollient Laxative
Liquid Paraffin
Anionic Surfactant
Bulk Laxative
Stimulant Laxative
Osmotic Laxative
DRUG ACTING ON INTESTINE
Classification
Laxative are the agent that evaquate Soft formed
stool without griping and lose of water
Laxative
Di Palma, 2007
27. Mechanism of Action of Laxative
Little amount is absorbed
Increase the bulk of feces
Increase water content of the feces
Promote evacuation of feces
Polyethylene glycol (PEG3350) is a modern laxative designed to act
without the use of metabolizable or irritating substances
Di Palma, 2007
28. Purgative
Bulk Purgative
Methyl cellulose
Ispaghula husk
Osmotic Purgative
MgSO4
Lactulose
Faecal Softners (Emoliants)
Liquid paraffin
Stimulant Purgative
Glycerol
Purgative are the agent that promote defaecation as
a result of muscle contraction
Classification
29. Mechanism of Action of Purgative
They absorb water and swell and an emollient gel formation
The increased volume or bulk leads to distention with reflex
contraction producing peristaltic activity
Feces remain soft and hydrate
Defecation occurs
30. Cathertics
Oral administration of MgSO4
↓
Slow and incomplete absorption from GIT
↓
Water retained in the intestinal lumen by peristaltic movement
↓
Indirectly increased peristaltic movement, Semi-fluid and watery
evacuation
Evacuate More Fluid Feces
Osmotic Cathartics
Irritant Chathartics
Mechanism of Action
(Toxicologists, 2004)
31. Mechanism of Action
Astringent
↓
Protein precipitation
↓
Covers the surface of the cell or tissue
↓
Tissue remain impermeable to the passage of fluid in
either direction
↓
No water lose
Antidiarrhoeal
Astringent
Antispasmodic
32. Enema
GIT surgery
Radiological examination
Endoscopy
Before delivery
Rectal suppository
Uterine suppository
Vaginal suppository
Indication
33. REFERENCES
Abdel-Aziz, H., Windeck, T., Ploch, M., & Verspohl, E. J. (2006). Mode of action
of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: Binding studies, cation uptake by
the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. European
Journal of Pharmacology, 530(1-2), 136–143.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
Di Palma, J. a, Cleveland, M. V., McGowan, J., & Herrera, J. L. (2007). A
randomized, multicenter comparison of polyethylene glycol laxative and
tegaserod in treatment of patients with chronic constipation. The American
Journal of Gastroenterology, 102(9), 1964–1971. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-
0241.2007.01365.x
Lundell, L. (2015). The physiological background behind and course of
development of the first proton pump inhibitor. Scandinavian Journal of
Gastroenterology, (January), 1–5. http://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2015.1013981
34. Najm, W. I. (2011). Peptic Ulcer Disease. Primary Care - Clinics in Office
Practice, 38(3), 383–394. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2011.05.001
Riviere, J. E., & Papich, M. G. (n.d.). Veterinary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
(pp. 1247–1270). WILEY-BLACKWELL.
Scully, C. (2003). Drug effects on salivary glands: dry mouth., 44(10), 165–176.
Retrieved from http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/157676/
Toxicologists, C. (2004). Position paper: cathartics. Journal of Toxicology.
Clinical Toxicology, 42(3), 243–253. http://doi.org/10.1081/CLT-120039801
REFERENCES (CNTD)
Release ingredients(mucilage), These gummy, slimy chemicals have a clear and direct action on the lining of the intestines that soothes and reduces irritation by direct contac