This document discusses different types of projected aids used in education, including overhead projectors, slide projectors, and PowerPoint. It provides definitions, functions, classifications, parts, guidelines for use, advantages, and disadvantages of each type. Overhead projectors allow teachers to write on transparencies to simultaneously project concepts. Slide projectors display small photographic images sequentially. PowerPoint offers flexibility in content and display but requires careful formatting of text, fonts, and colors for readability. Proper use and care of the projection equipment is also outlined.

1. PROJECTED AIDS
R.PUSHPAKALAMBIGA,
M.SC(NURSING) 1 YEAR.

2. DEFINITION:
Projected AV
aids are
pictures shown
on screen by
use of different
types of
machines.

3. FUNCTIONS :
 They have high degree of interest for
students.
 They make more learning permanent.
 They supply a concrete basis for
conceptual thinking and hence reduce
meaningless word response of students.
 Develop continuity of thoughts.

4. CLASSIFICATION:
 Over head projector
 Slide projector
 Power point

5. OVER HEAD
PROJECTOR(OHP)

6. DEFINITION:
The name comes from the fact that
the projected image is behind and
over the head of the speaker.
The teacher can write or draw
diagrams on the transparency while
he teaches; these are projected
simultaneously on the screen by the
OHP.

7. PURPOSES:
 To develop concepts and sequences in a
subject.
 To test students performance, while others
classmates observe.
 To give illusion of motion in the
transparency.
 To show relationship by means of
transparent overlays in contrasting colour.

8. MATERIALS REQUIRED:
 Acetate sheet
 Cellophane paper pens
spirit based inks(permanent)
water based ink ( temporary)
 Lined paper.

9. OVERHEAD
TRANSPARENCIES:
 Transparencies are popular
instructional medium. They are simple
and easy to prepare and easy to
operate with the OHP which is light
weight.

10. PREPARING A
TRANSPARENCY:
Size of acetate sheet measures
18cm*22.5cm.
Placed lined paper beneath the acetate
sheet before writing the material.
Use simple letter 6mm for text and 9mm for
titles.
Use capital letters for titles.
It should be clearly read from distance of 2
meters.

11. contd,
 Best colour- black ,blue, green.
 Use colors and words with discretion.
 Have one main idea on each transparency.
 Content should clear, simple and not be a
clumsy.
 Don’t use all capital letters.
 Use diagram in proportion to its lettering.
 Avoid too much information on single
transparency.

12. RULE OF SIX FOR PREPARING
TRANSPARENCIES:
 Six lines per transparency
 Six words per line
 Six mm smallest letter size
 Six cm (3+3 on each side) margin

13. PARTS OF OVER HEAD
PROJECTOR

14. SCREENS FOR
PROJECTIONS:
Types of screen are,
 Aluminium coated
 Glass board
 Flat white screen
 Screens should be mounted properly an at
a proper angles.

15. STEPS IN USING OHP:
Keep the screen above the
participants heads.
Place the OHP on a table facing to
screen.
Pit the plug into the power wall socket
switch on the blower first and lamp.

16. Contd,
Place the acetate transparency on the
glass top.
Move the objective lens and mirror up
and down to get the image on the
screen.
Explain the material on the
transparency with a small pointer

17. Contd,
Turn the screen off between the
slides if you are going to talk for more
minutes.
Talk to audience not to the screen.
Switch off the bulb when not in use .
Don’t move the OHP when it is in use;
it may increase the chance of losing
oh OHP.

18. SOME DO’S AND DONT’S
WHILE USING OHP

19. DO’S:
 Focus and position image before
presentation
 Stand to the side of the screen
 Turnoff projector when not in use
 use colors to attract attention

20. Contd,
 Put captions on top
 Have images in to two-thirds of visual
position image at the top of screen
 Use pen or ruler to point
 Use upper and lower case letters.

21. DONT’S:
 Walk or stand in front of screen.
 Leave the projector on when you’ve talking
about something.
 Write closely on the whole of transparency
sheet.
 Have images type-written or too small
 Use black to point.
 Use only capital letter.

22. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Permits the teacher
pointing the material and
observe the student on
same time
 It can be used in fairly
lighted room.
 Materials projected can be
changed quickly abs easily.
 It can be prepared in short
notice.
 Preserved for future use.
 OHP sheet can be quite
cheap
 It is too costly
 Writing by some type of
pen get blotted out on
plastic.
 Need electricity and OHP
bulbs are very sensitive
to jerky movements.
 Transparencies are large
compared to other
projected aids like slides.
 Require good
handwriting .

23. SLIDE PROJECTOR:

24. DEFINITION:
 Slides is a small piece of film or other
transparent material containing a single
pictorial or graphic image which can be
viewed with the help of a slide projector or
slide viewer.

25. PURPOSES:
To visualize an entire teaching
session.
To make the abstract fact more
understandable and interesting.
To show pictures using slides.

26. METHOD OF SLIDES:
 BASED ON METHOD OF PERPARATION:
a) Photographic slides
b) Handmade slides
c) Computer made slides
 BASED ON CONTENT OF SLIDES:
a) Live slides
b) Flat copy slides

27. PREPARATION:
Collect all available slides.
Check them thoroughly.
Choose at least 5 to 6 slides for
presentation.
Arrange the chosen slides in a proper
sequence
Start teaching
Interruption during the slide show will result
in the lost of interest.

28. STRUCTURE:
 Consists of metal case having concave
reflector.
 500 watt or 1000watt straight filament bulb.
 Set of concave lens called condenser.
 The metal core is fitted with as small
exhaust fan to blow out the excess heat.

29. PARTS OF SLIDE
PROJECTOR:

30. GUIDELINES:
 Place the slide projector on a rigid and
stable table.
 Place the screen at an appropriate place.
 Insert the slide projector or film strip carrier
in its place after opening the tube.
 Mount a slide or film strip on its carrier.
 Insert the projector cord plug into the wall
socket.
 Darken the room.

31. Contd,
 Switch on the cooling fan first and then the
projection bulb.
 Focus the image.
 Show the slide and explain.
 Insert the next slide.
 Present the slides or frames sequentially,
 Switch off the bulb first then the cooling fan
 Unplug the slide projector and store it back
in its box.

32. CARE OF SLIDES AND
EQUIPMENTS:
 They require care in handling and storage
 Store vertically in cardboard trays of right
size
 Tray should be covered.
 They should be catalogued subject wise.
 Container should be properly labeled.
 Don’t handle projector while bulb is still hot.
 Protect from environment,
dust,dirt,moisture.

33. ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
 Small in size
 Require simple skills
 Can be stored and also
carried around easily.
 A logical and sequential
order of presentation.
 Save time in teaching
 Capture attention and
interest of students.
 Interaction with students
and group participation is
possible.
 Needed a darkened
room.
 Require equipment and
power that will need to
be maintained.
 Sequence cannot be
changed.
 Visual media only; it
requires audio or printed
text.
 Require professional
assistance for final
production.

34. POWER POINT:

35. DEFINITION:
It is a Microsoft presentation software
program that creates a slide show of
important notes to display during a
presentation.

36. GUIDELINES FOR POWER
POINT PRESENTATION:
 Alternative to using OHP
 Production of interesting and visually
attractive presentation.
 Flexibility both in terms of content and
display
 Graphics, drawings, tables and
organizational charts.
 Keep presentation simple and clear

37. Contd,
 Limit number of slides not more than 12 for
a 10 minute presentation.
 Ensure text contrasts with the background
 Avoid patterned background
 Comply with copyright law, when pictures,
charts, tables are used.
 Use on one or two animation effects.

38. ERRORS:
 Use “ special effects” sparingly
 They rarely add anything to the
presentation.
 And can be extremely annoying and
distracting.

39. FONT ERRORS:
SELECTION
 funky fonts are distracting and
hard to read
 This is a sans serif font (Arial)
 This is a serif font

40. FONT ERRORS: SIZE
 Too small is hard to see , and this is smaller that the minimum
resolvable acuity for most of audience
 Beyond minimum resolvable
acuity
 Make big enough to see easily.

41. FONT SIZE:
 Titles- 40 to 72 pt
 Text – 28 to 40 pt
 Never smaller than 28 pt

42. FONT ERRORS : CASE
SELECTION
 ALL CAPS IS NOT VERY READABLE
FOR LONG PASSAGES; AVOID THIS
EXCEPT FOR SHORT TITLES AND
ABBREVIATIONS
 Sentence case is much more
readable!

43. FONT ERRORS:
ALIGNMENT
 This passage is more difficult for you
to read because it is centered, instead
of left justified. Don’t do this.
 This passage is left justified and
easier for you to read. Do this.

44. FONT COLORS:
 Chromatic aberration of the eye
causes different colors in the slide to
appear to be at different depths; and
makes it hard to read.
( don’t do it)

45. Avoid this;
 This section has lower contrast than
what comes next and is harder to
read
 Do this
 White on black is easy to see

46. GUIDELINES FOR LCD
PROJECTION:
• surface should be neutral colour and best
suited for natural colors.
 Placed 5-15 feet away from projection.
 The power cable should be connected at
back of LCD projector.
 Content should ne clearly projected on
screen.

47. Contd.
 Blinking of lamp warning light notifies
the need of lamp to be charged.
 To shut off the LCD projector the
power button should be pressed.
 Teacher should wait for projection fan
off before projector is unplugged.

48. ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
 If you get lost, you can
casually look at the power
point for guidance.
 Images and good
presentation can makes
PPT more engaging.
 Looks more professional
 Students can register the
information more as they
can observe the PPT
 Technically faults can
rise
 Time consuming
 You will not able to
change any slide during
a presentation.
 Presenter cannot get into
giving their full heart to
the presentation.

49. REFERENCE:
 Jaspreet kauri sodhi(2017).
Comprehensive textbook of nursing
education. Published by jaypee
 Sudha R(2013). Nursing education
principles and concepts. Published by
jaypee.
 Née raja K P (2011). Textbook of
communication and education
technology for nurses. Published by
jaypee.

50. Contd,
 Basavanthappa(2003). Nursing
education. Published by jaypee.
 Suresh K Sharma(2016).
Communication and educational
technology. Published by Elsevier.