The document discusses immunity and infection, including: 1) The chain of infection involves a pathogen, reservoir, transmission, entry and establishment in a new host. Breaking the chain prevents spread of disease. 2) The immune system defends against pathogens through physical and chemical barriers, and cells and antibodies that fight infection. 3) Pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites can cause infectious diseases. Emerging diseases are on the rise due to factors like drug resistance, travel and human behavior. 4) Maintaining a healthy immune system involves good nutrition, exercise, rest and controlling stress. Sexually transmitted diseases pose major health risks and can be prevented through education and safe practices.

1. Immunity and Infection Chapter 13

2. The Chain of Infection Links in the Chain Transmitted through a chain (six links) Pathogen - disease causing microorganism Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal or environmental component Portal of Exit Transmission Direct transmission Indirect transmission Portal of entry Penetration of the skin Inhalation Ingestion New host Breaking the Chain

3. Body’s Defense System Physical and Chemical barriers Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract The Immune System Immunological Defenders Neutrophils Macrophages Natural killer cells Dendritic cells Lymphocytes T-cells Helper, Killer, and Suppressor B-cells Antibodies Memory T and B cells

4. The Inflammatory Response Histamine. Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling. The immune response Phase 1 – Dendritic cells are drawn to the site Phase 2 – Helper T cells multiply Production of Killer T and B cells Cytokines – chemical messengers Phase 3 – Killer T cells strike Cell-mediated immune Anti-body mediated immune response Phase 4 – Last Phase – Suppressor T-cells Slow down activity

5. The Immune Response

6. Immunity An infected person will never get the same illness again. Lymphocytes create amplification of the immune response are reserved by memory T and B cells Symptoms and contagion Incubation – viruses are multiplying in the body or when bacteria are actively multiplying Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the immune response cycle Prodromal period – the infected host has acquired immunity

7. Immunization The process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen. Types of vaccines VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. (active immunity). PASSIVE IMMUNITY - Injection of antibodies produced by other human beings or animals.

8. Allergy: The Body’s Defense System Gone Haywire Allergies Allergens Pollen, Dander, Dust mites, Molds, Food, Insects The Allergic response Immunoglobulin (IgE) Anaphylaxis Dealing with Allergies Avoidance Medication Immunotherapy

10. The Troublemakers: Pathogens and Disease Bacteria – Microscopic single celled organism Pneumonia Meningitis Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections Toxic shock and other staphylococcal Tuberculosis Lyme Disease and other tickborne infections Ulcers Other Bacterial infections Tetanus Pertussis Urinary tract infections

11. Antibiotic Treatment Actions of Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Proper antibiotics usage Don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick Use antibiotics as directed Never take an antibiotic without an prescription

12. Pathogens Viruses – (parasites – take what they need) Common Cold Influenza Measles, Mumps and Rubella Chickenpox, Cold Sores, and other herpes-virus infections Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Viral Hepatitis Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment

13. Pathogens Fungi – Primitive plant – Yeast infections, athletes foot, and ringworm Candida albicans Protozoa – Microscopic single-celled animal – Malaria, African sleeping sickness, Giardiasis, Tricomonias, Trypanosomiasis, and Amoebic dysentary. Parasitic worm – Largest organism that can enter the body – Tapeworm, Hookworm, and Pinworm. Prions - Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to “proteinaceous infectious particles. Lack DNA and RNA

14. Emerging Infectious Diseases Selected Infections of concern West Nile virus Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Rotavirus Escherichia coli Hantavirus Ebola

15. Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections Drug Resistance Poverty Breakdown of public health measures Environmental changes Travel and Commerce Mass food production and distribution Human behaviors Bioterrorism

16. How to Support Your Immune System How to support your immune system Public Health Taking care of yourself Nutrition Exercise Rest Moderation of Lifestyle Controlling Stress

17. Sexual Transmitted Diseases The United States has the highest rate of Sexual Transmitted Diseases of any developed nation

18. The Major STDS (STD’s) Seven different STDs pose major health threats HIV/AIDS Hepatitis Syphilis Chlamydia Gonorrhea Herpes HPV

19. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Leading cause of death in many parts of the world. Worldwide, AIDS is the leading cause of death for people age 15-59 Approximately 65 Million people around the world are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). More than 25 million have died worldwide Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus which causes AIDS.

20. Approximate number of people living with HIV/AIDS in 2006

21. HIV Infection and AIDS By 2004, an estimated 1,000,000 Americans were believed to be living with HIV, with an estimated annual incidence of 40,000 cases Estimated 1.5 million Americans have died 2006, researchers discovered a group of chimpanzees in Cameroon that carry SIVspc 1930s Genetic evidence shows that SIV first spread to humans What is HIV Infections? HIV attacks and invades CD4 T-cells, monocytes and macrophages. AIDS opens the possibility for a opportunistic infections. Once initial symptoms resolve, the asymptomatic period may last from 2 to 20 years.

22. Transmitting the Virus HIV lives only within cells and body fluids. 3 primary means of transmission are: (1)Specific kinds of sexual contact, (2) direct exposure to infected blood, and (3) HIV-infected women to her fetus. Sexual contact Direct contact with infected blood. Mother-to-Child transmission. Not through casual contact.

23. Populations of Special Concern for HIV infection Most common exposure has been sexual activity between men; injection drug use, and heterosexual contact. African American men and women are vastly overrepresented among people newly diagnosed with AIDS. See “HIV/AIDS Among African Americans and Latinos”

25. Symptoms of HIV Infection Few days or weeks, half the people will develop (Flu like symptoms) Fever, fatigue, rashes, headache, swollen lymph nodes, body aches, night sweats, sore throat, nausea and diarrhea. Specialized test HIV RNA assay. Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia (protozoal infection). Kaposis sarcoma. Difficult to treat yeast infections in women Tuberculosis

26. Diagnosing HIV Infection and AIDS Most common is tests for the presence of antibodies to the virus. HIV antibody test ELISA (first test) if positive then the. Western blot (second test) IF HIV-positive then check the status of the CD4-t cells. New diagnostic test – HIV Replication Capacity.

27. Diagnosing HIV Infection and AIDS Treatment (NO CURE). Antiviral drugs. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Zidovudine (AZT). Protease inhibitors. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Structured intermittent therapy. Fusion inhibitors Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) Inhibit the fusion of viral and cell membranes Post-Exposure prophylaxis. Treatment for opportunistic infections. HIV and Pregnancy

29. Prevention Make careful choices about sexual activity. Do Not share drug needles. Participate in an HIV educational program.

30. Chlamydia Trachomatis Most prevalent bacterial STD in the U.S. Bacterial infection - Can cause sterility in men and women WOMEN infects the cervix and to urethra, fallopian tubes & ovaries, PID, bladder infections. MEN- Epididymitis, urethra to testes, urethritis, bladder infections, watery discharge. Symptoms – ASYMPTOMATIC : Discharge, pain and burning while urinating, vaginal bleeding, painful intercourse, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, inflammation of rectum or cervix, swelling and pain in the testes.

31. Chlamydia Trachomatis Spread - vaginal and anal intercourse, from the birth canal to the fetus Diagnosis - Examination of tissue samples or urine Treatment - Both partners treated fully with antibiotics Protection

32. Gonorrhea 700,000 new cases every year in the U.S. Bacterial infection - Can cause sterility, arthritis and heart problems PID, can cause ectopic pregnancy, premature labor and still birth, arthritis, rashes Symptoms – Women - Asymptomatic - Frequent burning urination, menstrual irregularities, pelvic pain, discharge. Males – thick yellow-white discharge, painful urination.

33. Gonorrhea Spread - Vaginal, anal and oral sex. Diagnosis - Microscopic exam of discharge. Treatment - Oral antibiotics - People often have chlamydia at same time. Protection

34. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease PID Progressive infection that harms a women’s reproductive system. Can lead to sterility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pain - treated or not. Caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea. Symptoms - long and painful periods, discharge, spotting, low abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, pain during intercourse.

35. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease PID Treatment - Antibiotics, bed rest, sexual abstinence and maybe surgery to remove scarring Diagnosis - Pelvic Exam, cultures, laparoscopy Protection

36. Human Papillomavirus Infection More than 80% of sexually active individuals will have been infected with HPV by the age of 50. Symptoms Small bump on the skin or a large, warty growth Cauliflower-like mass May cause irritation and bleeding How is it spread Diagnosis Appearance of the lesions Women who are positive should have a Pap test very 12 months Treatment Removed by cryosurgery, electrocautery or laser surgery Protection

37. Genital Herpes 45 million have been diagnosed Two forms - Herpes simples virus-1 and -2. Type 1 is associated with cold sores and fever blisters. 50-80% of U.S. adults have anitibodies to HSV-1 Both are sexually transmitted. Remains in the body for life. Symptoms – 90% have no symptoms Recurring rash, pain ulceration's. Primary outbreak - pain and discomfort around infected area, itching, burning during urination. 2-20 days after infection - may years before outbreak.

38. Genital Herpes Spread - T ouching, sexual intimacy - including kissing, vaginal, oral and anal sex Diagnosis - Examination of sores and culturing of fluid taken from sores Treatment - No cure - symptoms are relieved by drugs Protection - Refrain for sex during out break HSV-1 and 2 can cause miscarriages or still births along with serious health issues of newborns

39. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Can cause liver disease and death Preventable with vaccination. 750,000 total acquired sexually Transmission - Semen, saliva, blood and urine Symptoms - Extreme fatigue, headache, fever, hives, lack of appetite, nausea, vomiting, tenderness in lower abdomen Diagnosis and Treatment Blood Test No cure Prevention

40. Syphilis Syphilis organism remains in the body for life and leads to disfigurement, neurological disorders, or death. Effective antibiotics and condom use. Symptoms – Primary phase- 3 weeks - 90 days - painless sores and wet ulcers (chancre) and swollen glands. Secondary Phase - 3-6 weeks - up to 2 years body rash, mild fever, fatigue, sore throat (Flu like symptoms), and hair loss. Late phase (tertiary)- Damage to organs and nervous system.

41. Other STD’s Trichomoniasis Bacterial vaginosis (BV) Pubic Lice Scabies

42. What You Can Do Education. Diagnosis and Treatment Get vaccinated Be alert for symptoms Get tested Inform your partners Get Treated Prevention Use a barrier defense. Know your potential partner. Ask. Are you ready to have sex?

43. Immunity and Infection Chapter 13