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- 2. What is STD? STDs can be transmitted many different ways, but most can be passed by: • Vaginal sex • Anal sex • Oral sex • Skin-to-skin contact • Infected Mother to child
- 3. Why Is This Important? Often no signs or symptoms People are unaware of infection, and don’t receive treatment. Long-term damage May have passed infection to others
- 4. MYTHS OF STDs True or False 1. Most people with an STD experience painful symptoms. 2. Birth control pills prevent the spread of STDs. 3. Abstinence is the best way to prevent STDs. 4. If you get an STD once, and are treated, you can’t get it again. 5. Condoms help prevent the spread of STDs
- 5. Bacterial • Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) - not officially an STI but affected by sexual activity. • Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) • Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) • Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) (Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes L1, L2, L3.) • Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Types and their pathogenic causes
- 6. • Viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B virus) • Herpes Simplex (Herpes simplex virus (1, 2) • HIV/ AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • Genital warts - ("low risk" types of Human papillomavirus HPV) Fungal • Yeast Infection Protozoal • Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Parasites • Pubic lice (Phthirius pubis) Viral
- 7. Are STDs curable? Antibiotics can cure bacterial STDs: Chlamydia Gonorrhea* Syphilis Trichomoniasis Treatment can improve the lives of many people living with viral STDs: HIV Herpes HPV Hepatitis B Curable Not Curable
- 8. Female Male Symptoms: • Discharge from the penis • Burning sensation when urinating • Pain & swelling in one or both testicles (less common) Can lead to: • Infection spreads to tube that carries sperm from the testicles -Pain -Fever • Inability to have children (rare) Chlamydia Symptoms: • Abnormal vaginal discharge • Burning sensation when urinating Can lead to: • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -Abdominal & pelvic pain -Long-term pelvic pain -inability to get pregnant -ectopic pregnancy Usually NO SYMPTOMS!!!
- 9. Female Male Symptoms: • Burning sensation when urinating • A white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis • Painful or swollen testicles (less common) Can lead to: • Painful condition in the tubes attached to the testicles. -Inability to have children (rare) -Sterile Gonorrhea19 Symptoms: • Painful or burning sensation when urinating • Increased vaginal discharge • Vaginal bleeding between periods Can lead to: • Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) -Formation of scar tissue that blocks fallopian tubes -Ectopic pregnancy -Inability to get pregnant -Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain
- 10. Primary Syphilis Chancre the syphilis sore • Appears within 2-6 weeks after exposure (could take up to 3 months) • Firm, round, and painless • Typically disappear after a few weeks without treatment
- 11. Secondary Syphilis Rash: • Can develop anywhere on the body • Usually rough, red or reddish brown spots when on palms of the hands and/or the bottoms of the feet • Non-itchy • Usually appears 4 weeks after chancre heals • Will go away without treatment, but infection will progress to next stage of syphilis.
- 12. Latent Syphilis20 The period when there are no signs/symptoms but syphilis is still present in the body If left untreated, Patient can continue to have syphilis in their body for years without any signs or symptoms.
- 13. Neuro syphilis Usually occurs during late syphilis but can occur at anytime during the infection Symptoms: • Difficulty coordinating muscle movements • Paralysis (not able to move certain parts of your body) • Blindness • Dementia (mental disorder) • Damage to internal organs • Can result in death More likely to occur early in the disease process if HIV infection is also present.
- 14. Late (Tertiary) Syphilis20 Typically Occurs 10-30 years after infection begins. • Can damage almost any part of the body including the heart, brain, spinal cord, eyes and bones • Can result in mental illness, blindness, deafness, heart disease and death • Gummas (a small soft swelling)
- 15. Female Male Symptoms: • Itching or irritation inside the penis • Burning after urination or ejaculation • Some discharge from the penis Infection usually occurs: • Inside of the penis (urethra) Trichomoniasis Symptoms: • Itching, burning, redness or soreness of the genitals • Discomfort with urination • Thin discharge (can be clear, white, yellowish, or greenish) with an unusual smell Infection usually occurs: • Lower genital tract: vulva, vagina, or urethra • Passed during sex • 70% of infected people have no signs/symptoms. Complication: can increase the risk of getting or spreading other sexually transmitted infections.
- 16. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) A serious infection that affects a woman’s reproductive organs. Often caused by untreated STDs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea. No tests for PID May experience mild or no symptoms Symptoms may be: • Pain in your lower abdomen • Fever • An unusual discharge with a bad odor from your vagina • Pain and or bleeding when you have sex • Burning sensation when you urinate • Bleeding between periods
- 17. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) PID can be cured if caught early. However, treatment won’t undo any damage that has already happened to reproductive system. Some complications of PID are: • Formation of scar tissue both outside and inside the fallopian tubes that can lead to tubal blockage • Ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb) • Infertility (inability to get pregnant) • Long-term pelvic/abdominal pain
- 18. Genital Herpes caused by two types of viruses The viruses are called herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2). NO CURE 1 in 6 people aged 14-49 have genital herpes
- 19. Genital Herpes How is Herpes Spread? • Vaginal, oral, or anal sex with someone who has the disease. Usually NO or very mild symptoms. Symptoms: 1. One or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth. 2. The blisters break and leave painful sores that may take weeks to heal. These symptoms are sometimes called “having an outbreak”. Most people who have herpes do not know it!
- 20. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)24 How is HPV transmitted? • Vaginal sex • Anal sex • Oral sex (Vaginal & anal most common) HPV is VERY common. Most sexually-active men and women will get at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives.
- 21. Health Problems Caused by HPV Most people with HPV do not know they are infected and never develop symptoms or health problems from it. There is no treatment for the virus itself. However, there are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause: 1. Genital warts 2. Cervical pre-cancer 3. Other HPV-related cancers
- 22. Hepatitis The most common types of viral hepatitis are: Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C “Hepatitis” means inflammation of the liver. How is Hepatitis spread? Hepatitis A when a person ingests fecal matter—even in very small amounts— from contact with objects, food, or drinks contaminated by feces from an infected person. Hepatitis B when blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person infected with the virus - even in very small amounts - enters the body of someone who is not infected. Hepatitis C when blood from a person infected with the virus - even in very small amounts - enters the body of someone who is not infected.
- 23. Hepatitis25 How long does Hepatitis last? Hepatitis A A few weeks - several months Hepatitis B Mild illness (a few weeks) – Life long or chronic condition Hepatitis C Mild illness (a few weeks) – life-long How serious is it?
- 24. Human Immunodeficiency Virus “HIV is a virus spread through body fluids that affects specific cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, or T cells”. 26 HIV AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome • AIDS is a late stage of the HIV infection • Once diagnosed, body has hard time fighting disease and certain cancers. • NO cure for AIDS, but there is treatment
- 25. HIV/AIDS Info & History In 1981, the first cases of AIDS were identified among gay men in the US. However, scientists later found evidence that the disease existed in the world as early as 1959. The first documented case of HIV was traced back to 1959 using preserved blood samples, which were analyzed in 1998. In first-world countries, AIDS is now a chronic disease, but this was not the case in the past. AIDS is 100% preventable
- 26. How is HIV Spread? HIV is passed from person to person through the exchange of bodily fluids. 3 Main Ways: 1. Unprotected sex with people living with HIV (vaginal, oral, or anal) 2. Blood to blood contact 3. Exposure to HIV before or during birth or through breastfeeding
- 27. Normal Immune Response T-cellsVirus Virus binds to T-cells Antibodies bind to virus Normal response: Virus invades blood stream and binds to lymphocytes. Lymphocytes make antibodies to the virus. Antibodies bind to the virus and destroy the virus. Virus Antibodies kill virus
- 28. Immune Response to HIV HIV destroys T-cells (CD4 cells) Cannot destroy virus HIV T-cells cannot produce antibodies
- 29. T-Cell Count If 1,200 or higher, the individual has a normal immune system. If 800 or less, the immune system is weakened and individual is susceptible to infection. If 200 or less, AIDS is diagnosed. Once a person is diagnosed with AIDS, she or he is always categorized as having AIDS, even if her or his T-cell count increases.
- 30. Criteria for Diagnosing AIDS A CD4 cell (type of T-cell) count of 200 or less, or One opportunistic infection. • An opportunistic infection is an infection that typically does not affect individuals with normal immune systems.
- 31. What Fluids Transmit HIV? • Blood • Vaginal Fluids • Semen • Breast Milk HIV Can Enter The Body Through: HIV “Flu-like” symptoms (if any) about 2-4 weeks after exposure: Fever Enlarged lymph nodes Sore throat Rash
- 32. What’s the difference between HIV and AIDS? Blood tests positive Healthy, HIV+ can last for years Symptomatic HIV/AIDS Spectrum of HIV Infection Possible Minor Symptoms HIV, a virus, eventually causes AIDS, a syndrome.
- 33. Testing HIV: • Everyone aged 15 through 64 should get tested at least once. • People who have occasional exposure to HIV risks = at least once a year • People who are at high risk for HIV infection = 3-6 months. Syphilis: Get tested for syphilis if you: • Are pregnant • Are a man who has sex with men • Have sex for drugs or money • You have HIV or another STD • You’ve had sex with someone who tested positive for syphilis Chlamydia & Gonorrhea:37 For women: If you are age 24 or younger and having sex = once every year If you are age 25 or older = if you have more than one sex partner or a new sex partner. If you have had sex with someone who tested positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea. For men: Talk with a doctor about getting tested if you have had sex with someone who tested positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea.
- 34. Men • Urethritis, Epididymitis, Proctitis, Urethral strictures Women • Cervicitis, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID) • Ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, Premature birth Both Sexes • Infertility, Urethral fistulas, Blindness • Genital Elephantiasis, Frozen Pelvis • Meningitis, Intestinal obstruction and/or perforation Complications
- 35. Reducing risk of STDs No Risk — Abstinence (sex): not having oral, vaginal or anal sex No genital contact: Mutual monogamy between non- infected partners Reduced Risk — Protected Sex: “Correct and consistent” use of condoms/barriers29 Fewer sexual partners Regular STD testing
- 36. • Abstinence • Safe sex – condoms use • Counseling, active & prompt treatment of sexual partners • Health Education on STI • Vaccines against some viral STIs, such as Hepatitis B and some types of HPV. • Prudent antimicrobial use • Hygiene (genitals, hands) • Dental Dams • Female Condoms • More than 98% effective when used correctly and consistently Prevention
- 37. REFERENCES • http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Simia n_immunodeficiency_virus • http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/AIDS • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV • http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1999/499_ aids.html • http://www.avert.org/origins.htm
Editor's Notes
- Suggestion: Add animation to the “STDs can be transmitted many different ways, but most can be passed by:” section. STD’s transmitted by exchange of body fluids: Gonorrhea Chlamydia Syphilis Trichomoniasis HIV Hepatitis STD’s transmitted by skin-to-skin contact: Genital warts Herpes Scabies Pubic Lice
- *While gonorrhea is curable with antibiotics, a growing number of strains are now resistant to penicillin and other drugs used in treatment. The vast majority of infections, however, are treatable. Bacterial diseases such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis are curable STDs. They can be treated by antibiotics. Viral STDs such as HIV, Herpes, HPV, and Hepatitis B are life-long STDs. There is treatment available, but no cure.
- Most frequently reported STD in the U.S. Known as a “silent” disease (usually no symptoms are shown) A large number of cases are not reported because most people with chlamydia are asymptomatic and do not seek testing. Female: Ectopic pregnancy - pregnancy outside the uterus (potentially deadly?) If you are a woman, untreated chlamydia can spread to your uterus and fallopian tubes (tubes that carry fertilized eggs from the ovaries to the uterus), causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). 75% of women with chlamydia infections are asymptomatic. The CDC reports that women have reported rates of chlamydia infection 3x higher than men. Male: Men rarely have health problems linked to chlamydia. Infection sometimes spreads to the tube that carries sperm from the testicles, causing pain and fever. Rarely, chlamydia can prevent a man from being able to have children. Note: Men and women can also get infected with chlamydia in their rectum, either by having receptive anal sex, or by spread from another infected site (such as the vagina). While these infections often cause no symptoms, they can cause: •Rectal pain •Discharge •Bleeding
- Note: Rectal infections of gonorrhea may either cause no symptoms or cause symptoms in both men and women that may include: •Discharge •Anal itching •Soreness •Bleeding •Painful bowel movements Untreated gonorrhea may also increase your chances of getting or giving HIV – the virus that causes AIDS. Rarely, untreated gonorrhea can also spread to your blood or joints. Some men with gonorrhea may have no symptoms at all. Most women with gonorrhea do not have any symptoms. Even when a woman has symptoms, they are often mild and can be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection.
- Chancre- The painless syphilis sore can be confused for an ingrown hair, zipper cut, or other seemingly harmless bump. You could also be infected with syphilis and have very mild symptoms or none at all. Sores can be found on the penis, vagina, anus, in the rectum, or on the lips and in the mouth (the part of the body exposed to infection). Note: The primary stage of syphilis is generally characterized by the appearance of a single chancre which typically appears within 2-6 weeks after exposure, but could take up to 3 months to appear. The sore appears at the location where syphilis entered the body and is usually firm, round, and painless. These sores typically disappear within a few weeks and heal without treatment. However, without adequate treatment, the infection will still progress to the secondary stage. Note: A syphilis infection is called an ‘early’ case if a patient has been infected for a year or less, such as during the primary or secondary stages of syphilis. People who have ‘early’ syphilis infections can more easily spread the infection to their sex partners.
- The non-itchy body rash that develops during the second stage of syphilis can show up on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet, all over your body, or in just a few places. Secondary syphilis typically begins with a rash that can develop anywhere on the body. This rash usually does not cause itching and can appear while the chancre is healing or several weeks after the chancre has healed. This rash typically looks like rough, red or reddish brown spots on the palms of the hands and/or the bottoms of the feet, but can look different on other parts of the body. The rash can also look like rashes caused by other diseases. •Usually 2-8 weeks after chancre appears Like primary syphilis, the symptoms will go away with or without treatment. Without appropriate treatment, the infection will progress to later stages of syphilis.
- Latent stage occurs between primary and secondary and then after secondary until late syphilis symptoms appear.
- Neurosyphilis typically occurs in the late stage of syphilis but can occur as early as the primary stage especially if co-infected with HIV
- A parasitic infection Most common curable STI in young sexually active women in the U.S. Treatment is inexpensive and effective Many infected persons, especially men, experience no symptoms. When trichomoniasis does cause symptoms, they can range from mild irritation to severe inflammation. Some people with symptoms get them within 5 to 28 days after being infected, but others do not develop symptoms until much later. Symptoms can come and go. Having trichomoniasis can make it feel unpleasant to have sex. Without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years. 3.7 million people have the infection It is not common for the parasite to infect other body parts, like the hands, mouth, or anus. Trichomoniasis can increase the risk of getting or spreading other sexually transmitted infections. For example, trichomoniasis can cause genital inflammation that makes it easier to get infected with the HIV virus, or to pass the HIV virus on to a sex partner. In pregnant women, Trichomoniasis may lead to a premature delivery.
- Often caused by untreated STDs, like chlamydia and gonorrhea: Other infections that are not sexually transmitted can also cause PID. No tests for PID: diagnosis usually based on medical history, physical exam, and other test results. You are more likely to get PID if you: •Have an STD and do not get treated •Have more than one sex partner •Have a sex partner who has sex partners other than you •Have had PID before •Are sexually active and are age 25 or younger •Douche •Use an intrauterine device (IUD) for birth control
- If diagnosed and treated early, the complications of PID can be prevented.
- Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1): mainly transmitted by oral to oral contact periodic appearance of “cold sores” or painful ulcers around the mouth area Infected persons will often experience a tingling, itching or burning sensation around their mouth, before the appearance of sores can also be transmitted to the genitals through oral-genital contact, leading to genital herpes. Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2): Can cause genital herpes (one or more genital or anal blisters or open sores called ulcers) mainly spread during sex through skin-to-skin contact (through contact with genital surfaces, skin, sores or fluids of someone infected with the virus) the occasional appearance of painful genital ulcers. Genital ulcers can have an important negative effect upon a person’s mental wellness and personal relationships. symptoms of new genital herpes infections often include fever, body aches, and swollen lymph nodes. can be transmitted from skin in the genital or anal area that looks normal. HSV-1 and HSV-2: are highly infectious. can be transmitted to neonates (newborn babies), which is rare, but which can be fatal. Note: Majority of genital and perirectal herpetic outbreaks in the U.S. are caused by HSV-2 NO CURE: There is no cure for herpes. However, there are medicines that can prevent or shorten outbreaks. One of these herpes medicines can be taken daily, and makes it less likely that you will pass the infection on to your sex partner(s). Women are more susceptible to the herpes virus A majority of people with the virus are unaware that they are infected, increasing the likelihood of transmitting the infection to their partners. Although anti-viral drugs are available to manage genital herpes, no cure exists. Herpes increases a person’s susceptibility to HIV and causes HIV-infected individuals to be more infectious.
- How is Herpes Spread? Fluids found in a herpes sore carry the virus, and contact with those fluids can cause infection. You can also get herpes from an infected sex partner who does not have a visible sore or who may not know he or she is infected because the virus can be released through your skin and spread the infection to your sex partner(s). Symptoms: You may not notice mild symptoms or you may mistake them for another skin condition, such as a pimple or ingrown hair. An “outbreak”: The first time someone has an outbreak they may also have flu-like symptoms such as fever, body aches, or swollen glands. Repeat outbreaks of genital herpes are common, especially during the first year after infection. Repeat outbreaks are usually shorter and less severe than the first outbreak. Although the infection can stay in the body for the rest of your life, the number of outbreaks tends to decrease over a period of years. Note: If you touch your sores or the fluids from the sores, you may transfer herpes to another part of your body, such as your eyes. Do not touch the sores or fluids to avoid spreading herpes to another part of your body. If you touch the sores or fluids, immediately wash your hands thoroughly to help avoid spreading your infection. Note: Genital herpes can cause sores or breaks in the skin or lining of the mouth, vagina, and rectum. The genital sores caused by herpes can bleed easily. When the sores come into contact with the mouth, vagina, or rectum during sex, they increase the risk of giving or getting HIV if you or your partner has HIV. Note: If you have herpes, you should tell your sex partner(s) and let him or her know that you do and the risk involved. Using condoms may help lower this risk but it will not get rid of the risk completely. Having sores or other symptoms of herpes can increase your risk of spreading the disease. Even if you do not have any symptoms, you can still infect your sex partners.
- HPV is VERY common: There are many types of HPV. Of more than 100 strains, more than 30 different types of HPV are sexually transmitted. Certain “high risk” strains of HPV have been linked to cervical cancer; however, many common strains of HPV, including genital warts, are considered "low-risk." Most of the "low risk" infections resolve themselves on their own without any treatment. There are 6.2 million new cases of HPV diagnosed in the U.S. each year. Regular screenings for changes in the cervix (pap smears) are the best known ways to prevent possible complications from HPV infection (for women). HPV Vaccination (Gardasil): Males & Females age 9-26 can be vaccinated against 4 common strains of HPV (Types 6, 11, 16, 18). -preferably ages 11 or 12- Gardasil for Anal Cancer Prevention (Types 6, 11, 16, 18): HPV associated with approximately 90% of anal cancer •Males and females 9-26 years of age
- 1. Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. A healthcare provider can usually diagnose warts by looking at the genital area. Genital warts can be treated by you or your physician. If left untreated, genital warts may go away, stay the same, or grow in size or number. 2. Cervical pre-cancer can be treated. Women who get routine Pap tests and follow up as needed can identify problems before cancer develops. Prevention is always better than treatment 3. Other HPV-related cancers: HPV can cause cervical and other cancers including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils (called oropharyngeal cancer). Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. Other HPV-related cancers (Not cervical cancer) are also more treatable when diagnosed and treated early. Note: There is no way to know which people who have HPV will develop cancer or other health problems. People with weak immune systems (including individuals with HIV/AIDS) may be less able to fight off HPV and more likely to develop health problems from it. Note: The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types of HPV that can cause cancers. (http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/stdfact-hpv.htm)
- “Hepatitis” means inflammation of the liver: The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, it may not be able to function properly. Hepatitis A: can be sexually transmitted by oral sex (oral to anal contact). Not near as common to be sexually transmitted as B & C. The Hepatitis B virus can also be transmitted from: •Birth to an infected mother •Sex with an infected person •Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles, syringes, and even medical equipment, such as glucose monitors •Sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or razors •Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities Vaccine available for all 3 types: should be done for all infants at birth (most of you are already vaccinated) Symptoms: Many people with hepatitis do not have symptoms and do not know they are infected. If symptoms occur with an acute infection, they can appear anytime from 2 weeks to 6 months after exposure. Symptoms of chronic viral hepatitis can take decades to develop. Symptoms of hepatitis can include: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, grey-colored stools, joint pain, and jaundice.
- How long does Hepatitis last? Hepatitis A: Hepatitis A can last from a few weeks to several months. Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious life-long or chronic condition. More than 90% of unimmunized infants who get infected develop a chronic infection occurs, whereas 6%–10% of older children and adults who get infected develop chronic Hepatitis B. Hepatitis C: can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious life-long infection. Most people who get infected develop chronic Hepatitis C. How serious is it? Hepatitis A: •People can be sick for a few weeks to a few months •Most recover with no lasting liver damage •Although very rare, death can occur Hepatitis B: •The risk for chronic infection depends on age when infected. When infected as an infant, 90% will develop a chronic infection •15%–25% of chronically infected people develop chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer Hepatitis C: •75%-85% of people who get infected with the Hepatitis C virus develop a chronic infection •5%-20% of people with chronic Hepatitis C develop cirrhosis •1%–5% will die from cirrhosis or liver cancer
- HIV: The letter “H” stands for human. -HIV is a retrovirus meaning it cannot reproduce outside of the human body. -To cause infection, HIV must be able to reproduce and survive. “I” is for Immunodeficiency which refers to an unhealthy immune system which is the body’s natural defense against rare infections and diseases. “V” is for virus. There are viruses that enter the body, stay for awhile then eventually go away like cold or flu viruses. However, HIV does not go away. There is treatment but no cure. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS HIV attacks/hijacks the immune system, which protects the body from infection (why so dangerous) HIV virus locates & destroys CD4 or T cells-white blood cells that help fight disease. The virus takes over the cell using it to replicate itself. AIDS: “A” stands for acquired. HIV does not run in families like diabetes and heart disease (not hereditary). Outside of perinatal (mother to baby) transmission, HIV has to initially enter the body through some external method. “I’ represents the body’s immune system that works to protect the body from infection. “D” refers to a defect in the immune system that causes it not to function properly. “S” stands for syndrome. Diagnosis explanation: Only a medical doctor can diagnose someone with AIDS. For example, when a person takes a test for HIV, the test searches for HIV antibodies. Therefore, a positive result means that person is HIV positive. It is not a diagnosis of AIDS. In order for a doctor to make an AIDS diagnosis, two things must be present: a positive HIV test and presence of an indicator disease or a CD4/T cell count of less than 200.
- 1. Anal sex is the activity that has the highest form of sexual transmission for HIV. This is due to a tighter, thinner lining of the anus. Vaginal sex is next and oral sex carries the least amount of risk of the three (remind group that it is not who you are but what you do that places you at risk for HIV). Both men and women engage in anal sex. It is important that young people know that oral sex, although it’s less risky and does not cause pregnancy, can still place them at risk for many STDs including HIV. 2. Sharing needles fall under blood to blood transmission due to the fact that when someone inserts a needle into his or her veins, small amounts of blood is drawn into the syringe. When that same needle is used on another person, the blood is mixed. When shooting up a drug like heroine, transmission can also occur with “works” ( the spoon, bucket of water and cotton ball that is used while injecting and sharing the drug) 3. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is the spread of HIV from an HIV-infected woman to her child during pregnancy, childbirth (also called labor and delivery), or breastfeeding. It is the most common way that children become infected with HIV. Pregnant women with HIV receive HIV medicines during pregnancy and childbirth to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. In some situations, a woman with HIV may have a scheduled cesarean delivery (C-section) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Babies born to women with HIV receive HIV medicine for 6 weeks after birth. The HIV medicine reduces the risk of infection from any HIV that that may have entered a baby’s body during childbirth. Because HIV can be transmitted in breast milk, women with HIV living should not breastfeed their babies. Baby formula is a safe and healthy alternative to breast milk. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) recommends that all pregnant women get tested for HIV as early as possible in each pregnancy.
- The only way to know if you are infected with HIV is to be tested. You cannot rely on symptoms to know whether you have HIV. Flu-like symptoms: (often described as “the worst flu ever”) can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks after exposure. Just because you have these symptoms doesn’t mean you have HIV. Could be caused from other infections. HIV Can Enter the Body Through: These body fluids (blood, vaginal fluids, semen, breast milk) must come into contact with a mucous membrane or damaged tissue or be directly injected into your bloodstream (by a needle or syringe) for transmission to possibly occur. Mucous membranes are the soft, moist areas just inside the openings to your body. They can be found inside the rectum, the vagina or the opening of the penis through the urethra, and the mouth.
- Fix color spectrum to accentuate different stages.
- HIV: Everyone aged 15 through 64 should get tested one time, regardless of their risk factors. People who have occasional exposure to HIV risks should be tested at least once a year. People who are at high risk for HIV infection should get tested every 3 to 6 months. All pregnant women should be tested during the 1st trimester of pregnancy. If at high risk for HIV: again in the 3rd trimester. Syphilis: Get tested for syphilis if you: Are pregnant Are a man who has sex with men Have sex for drugs or money You have HIV or another STD You’ve had sex with someone who tested positive for syphilis Chlamydia & Gonorrhea: For women: If you are age 24 or younger and having sex, get tested once every year. If you are age 25 or older, get tested if you have more than one sex partner or a new sex partner. If you have had sex with someone who tested positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea. For men: Talk with a doctor about getting tested if you have had sex with someone who tested positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea. Note: Don't let embarrassment at the thought of having an STD keep you from seeking medical attention. Waiting to see a doctor may allow a disease to progress and cause more damage. If you think you may have an STD, or if you have had a partner who may have an STD, you should see a doctor right away.
- No Risk: Abstinence (sex): No bodily fluids exchanged. No bodily fluids exchanged. Someone can choose to be abstinent even if they are not a virgin. Abstinence can be chosen for any period of time (a day, a week, a month, a year, etc.) No genital contact: Mutual Monogamy-When you and your partner are both STD free (have been tested), and you only have sex with each other. Reduced Risk: Protected Sex: Use a new condom for every act of vaginal, anal and oral sex throughout the entire sex act (from start to finish). Before any genital contact, put the condom on the tip of the erect penis with the rolled side out. If the condom does not have a reservoir tip, pinch the tip enough to leave a half-inch space for semen to collect. Holding the tip, unroll the condom all the way to the base of the erect penis. After ejaculation and before the penis gets soft, grip the rim of the condom and carefully withdraw. Then gently pull the condom off the penis, making sure that semen doesn't spill out. Wrap the condom in a tissue and throw it in the trash where others won't handle it. If you feel the condom break at any point during sexual activity, stop immediately, withdraw, remove the broken condom, and put on a new condom. Note: BIRTH CONTROL DOES NOT PROTECT AGAINST HIV/AIDS OR ANY OTHER STDs! (is not a barrier) Suggestion: Sock video if condom application (w/ penis model) demonstration is not allowed. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06kT9yfj7QE Fewer sexual partners: Less exposure equals less chance of STD/STI transmission. Regular STD testing: Will explain in detail on later slide what “regular” means.