Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by pathogens transmitted through sexual contact. Over 20 pathogens can cause STDs, affecting the genital tract and sometimes other sites. Key STDs include gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, genital herpes, and human papillomavirus. Factors influencing STD transmission and prevalence include age, sex, marital status, socioeconomic status, high-risk behaviors, and social determinants. STDs are diagnosed through clinical features and laboratory tests and treated through antimicrobial therapies. Prevention relies on education, screening, partner notification, and barrier methods.
This document discusses sexual health and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins by defining sexual health and describing how STIs are spread primarily through sexual intercourse and can have long-term negative health consequences. It then explains that women are often more vulnerable to STIs due to social factors and biological risks. The document outlines the major STIs affecting millions of people annually and their prevalence worldwide. It also discusses populations at higher risk of STIs and how STIs can be transmitted from mother to child.
This document provides information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It discusses the definitions and differences between STIs and STDs. It also lists some of the most common bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV, and trichomoniasis. The document discusses transmission routes, risk factors, prevalence rates among different age groups, and potential complications of untreated STIs. It also describes some common signs and symptoms of STIs for both males and females.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of HIV. It provides an introduction to HIV and AIDS, including how HIV infects and destroys CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to immunodeficiency. It also discusses the taxonomy of HIV, morphology, epidemiology in Nigeria and globally, reservoirs and transmission routes. Testing methods for HIV include antibody, nucleic acid and antigen testing to diagnose infection.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health problem in the United States and globally. An estimated 12 million new cases of STDs occur each year in the U.S., with adolescents and minority groups having the highest rates. If left untreated, STDs can cause serious health consequences like pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and can increase the risk of HIV transmission. The three most common causes of genital ulcers in the U.S. are herpes, syphilis, and chancroid, which can be difficult to distinguish based on clinical signs alone. Diagnostic testing is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
The document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and infections (STIs). It defines STIs as infections acquired through sexual intercourse that may be symptomatic or asymptomatic, while STDs refer specifically to symptomatic diseases. Common STDs discussed include syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes. The document outlines the stages and symptoms of syphilis in primary, secondary, and tertiary forms. It also provides statistics on incidence rates in different age groups and worldwide burden of STDs.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Kaya Kalp International Sex & Health Clin...Steve Wozniax
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV weakens the immune system by infecting vital cells like CD4+ T cells. This makes the body vulnerable to various infections and illnesses. The virus can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for HIV, but early diagnosis and treatment with antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can significantly improve life expectancy.
This document discusses sexual health and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It begins by defining sexual health and describing how STIs are spread primarily through sexual intercourse and can have long-term negative health consequences. It then explains that women are often more vulnerable to STIs due to social factors and biological risks. The document outlines the major STIs affecting millions of people annually and their prevalence worldwide. It also discusses populations at higher risk of STIs and how STIs can be transmitted from mother to child.
This document provides information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It discusses the definitions and differences between STIs and STDs. It also lists some of the most common bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, HIV, and trichomoniasis. The document discusses transmission routes, risk factors, prevalence rates among different age groups, and potential complications of untreated STIs. It also describes some common signs and symptoms of STIs for both males and females.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It discusses the identification and emergence of AIDS in 1981, the global impact and transmission of HIV, clinical manifestations of AIDS, and methods for controlling and managing the epidemic.
The document discusses laboratory diagnosis of HIV. It provides an introduction to HIV and AIDS, including how HIV infects and destroys CD4+ lymphocytes, leading to immunodeficiency. It also discusses the taxonomy of HIV, morphology, epidemiology in Nigeria and globally, reservoirs and transmission routes. Testing methods for HIV include antibody, nucleic acid and antigen testing to diagnose infection.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health problem in the United States and globally. An estimated 12 million new cases of STDs occur each year in the U.S., with adolescents and minority groups having the highest rates. If left untreated, STDs can cause serious health consequences like pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and can increase the risk of HIV transmission. The three most common causes of genital ulcers in the U.S. are herpes, syphilis, and chancroid, which can be difficult to distinguish based on clinical signs alone. Diagnostic testing is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
The document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and infections (STIs). It defines STIs as infections acquired through sexual intercourse that may be symptomatic or asymptomatic, while STDs refer specifically to symptomatic diseases. Common STDs discussed include syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and herpes. The document outlines the stages and symptoms of syphilis in primary, secondary, and tertiary forms. It also provides statistics on incidence rates in different age groups and worldwide burden of STDs.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)- Kaya Kalp International Sex & Health Clin...Steve Wozniax
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV weakens the immune system by infecting vital cells like CD4+ T cells. This makes the body vulnerable to various infections and illnesses. The virus can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for HIV, but early diagnosis and treatment with antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can significantly improve life expectancy.
The document discusses communicable diseases and human security. It provides an overview of communicable diseases, outlining their importance and selected diseases of public health concern such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. It discusses the global response required, including approaches such as public health interventions, regulations, and partnerships. The World Bank plays a role in mounting a global response by collaborating with other organizations as part of global health partnerships.
This document summarizes a student's paper on HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. It begins by outlining the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, including its origins in 1959 in Congo and transmission routes. It then describes the structure and replication cycle of HIV in detail. The stages of HIV disease progression are explained as acute infection, asymptomatic chronic phase, and symptomatic AIDS. The paper also reviews presentations by HIV experts and fellow student presentations addressing treatment options and the social impacts of HIV/AIDS.
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their impact on human security. It defines communicable diseases as conditions transmitted directly or indirectly from infected people or animals. Selected diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. These diseases place a significant burden on low and middle income countries and can have social, economic, and security impacts. Approaches to control discussed include personal responsibility, public health interventions, regulations and laws, and partnerships. Effective response requires a global approach as communicable diseases respect no borders in an increasingly interconnected world.
Hearing the word “tumor” may naturally cause fear or panic. But a tumor is simply an abnormal buildup of tissue that occurs when cells divide too quickly or don’t die off as they normally should. A lung tumor is a tumor that occurs in the lung tissue itself or in the airways that lead to the lungs. Your airways include your:
Nose.
The inside of your nose (nasal cavity).
Throat (pharynx).
Voice box (larynx).
Windpipe (trachea).
The large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs (bronchi).
Lungs.
Lung tumors can either be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign).
If a healthcare provider tells you that you have a lung tumor and it “looks like it’s benign,” what does that mean? Should you have concerns?
When compared to malignant tumors, benign lung tumors:
Aren’t cancerous, so they won’t spread to other parts of your body.
Grow slowly or might even stop growing or shrink.
Aren’t usually life-threatening.
Usually don’t require removal.
Can expand and push against nearby tissues but won’t invade, destroy or replace other tissues.
The document discusses various sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infectious diseases. It covers bacterial STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral STIs discussed include herpes and HPV. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection that can develop from untreated STIs. The document also addresses HIV/AIDS transmission and treatment. Prevention strategies mentioned are abstinence, monogamy, safer sex practices, and vaccinations.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens a person's immune system. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects cells in the human immune system. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is AIDS, where opportunities infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system. The virus is most often transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent opportunities infections.
The document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, their causes, examples, and strategies for prevention and control. Emerging diseases are caused by new pathogens while re-emerging diseases were previously controlled but have risen again. Factors contributing to emergence include human behavior, travel, microbial adaptation, and breakdown of public health measures. Examples provided include SARS, H1N1 influenza, Ebola, Zika, and Nipah virus. Prevention strategies involve controlling reservoirs, interrupting transmission, protecting susceptible populations, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research. Public health authorities and doctors play key roles in awareness,
This document discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV. It begins with global epidemiology statistics, including that there are 35.3 million people living with HIV worldwide. It then provides more specific statistics on new infections, deaths, at-risk groups, and prevalence by region. Regarding pathogenesis, it explains that HIV primarily attaches to CD4 receptors on cells and integrates its genetic material, leading to infection. It also discusses the body's immune response and how HIV evades detection through high mutation rates. Prevention methods discussed include behavior change, condoms, testing, and antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, providing definitions and descriptions. It begins by defining HIV as the human immunodeficiency virus that infects and damages cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells. It then defines AIDS as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged. The document goes on to provide a brief history of HIV/AIDS, describing its identification and naming over time. It concludes by outlining global statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS and discussing the Bangladesh situation.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health problem in the United States and globally. An estimated 12 million new cases of STDs occur each year in the US, which has the highest rates among developed countries. STDs can cause serious health consequences like pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Groups most affected include adolescents, minority racial and ethnic groups, and those living in poverty with less access to healthcare. Effective treatment and prevention of STDs, including screening and partner treatment, can help reduce transmission.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting an effective global response. It defines communicable diseases and discusses their importance, impact and burden. Key diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and avian influenza. Challenges in controlling these diseases are outlined. Approaches to intervention discussed include personal responsibility, utilitarian approaches, regulations and laws, and partnerships. The role of the World Bank in financing responses is summarized.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting a global response. It defines communicable diseases and their modes of transmission. Key points made include that communicable diseases account for a significant global disease burden, especially in low and middle income countries. Effective response requires approaches like strengthening health systems, partnerships, regulations, and personal responsibility. Selected diseases discussed in more detail include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, avian influenza, and neglected tropical diseases.
This 45-year-old male from a low socioeconomic background presented with symptoms of weight loss, appetite loss, evening fever, cough for over 3 weeks, and hemoptysis. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis based on his symptoms and socioeconomic risk factors. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains a major global infectious disease, with 8 million new cases and 2 million deaths annually worldwide according to the WHO. Risk factors include HIV/AIDS, poverty, and crowded living conditions.
This document provides definitions and discusses key concepts regarding communicable disease epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. Communicable diseases are illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or from the environment. Studying communicable disease epidemiology is important due to changes in disease patterns, discovering new infections, and potential infectious origins of chronic diseases. Terminology discussed includes modes of transmission, hosts, vectors, reservoirs, incidence, prevalence, epidemics, pandemics, and eradication. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza are then summarized as examples of significant communicable diseases.
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in the United States. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to child. The virus was identified in 1983 and proven to cause AIDS in 1984. It is predominantly sexually transmitted worldwide. Transmission can occur through anal sex, vaginal sex, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Risk is reduced through antiretroviral treatment and screening of blood and organ supplies.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with trends in infectious diseases, then defines emerging and re-emerging diseases. Factors that contribute to emergence include changes in the agent, host, and environment. Examples are provided of diseases that have emerged or re-emerged recently, including SARS, avian influenza, hepatitis C, and antibiotic resistance. The response from public health is also mentioned.
1) HIV is a virus that destroys CD4 immune cells, leading to AIDS if left untreated. With medication, a person can live with HIV for decades without progressing to AIDS.
2) HIV was first observed in 1981 and is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in West Africa. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood, and from mother to child.
3) Over 42 million people worldwide are currently living with HIV. While treatments have increased life expectancy, aging poses new health challenges for those with HIV due to increased risk of conditions like dementia, heart disease, and infections.
Viral hepatitis can be caused by five different viruses that infect the liver. They are transmitted through contaminated food/water or exposure to blood/bodily fluids. While they cause liver inflammation, the viruses differ in modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical distribution, and prevention methods.
The document discusses communicable diseases and human security. It provides an overview of communicable diseases, outlining their importance and selected diseases of public health concern such as tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. It discusses the global response required, including approaches such as public health interventions, regulations, and partnerships. The World Bank plays a role in mounting a global response by collaborating with other organizations as part of global health partnerships.
This document summarizes a student's paper on HIV/AIDS pathogenesis. It begins by outlining the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS, including its origins in 1959 in Congo and transmission routes. It then describes the structure and replication cycle of HIV in detail. The stages of HIV disease progression are explained as acute infection, asymptomatic chronic phase, and symptomatic AIDS. The paper also reviews presentations by HIV experts and fellow student presentations addressing treatment options and the social impacts of HIV/AIDS.
This document provides an overview of communicable diseases and their impact on human security. It defines communicable diseases as conditions transmitted directly or indirectly from infected people or animals. Selected diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza. These diseases place a significant burden on low and middle income countries and can have social, economic, and security impacts. Approaches to control discussed include personal responsibility, public health interventions, regulations and laws, and partnerships. Effective response requires a global approach as communicable diseases respect no borders in an increasingly interconnected world.
Hearing the word “tumor” may naturally cause fear or panic. But a tumor is simply an abnormal buildup of tissue that occurs when cells divide too quickly or don’t die off as they normally should. A lung tumor is a tumor that occurs in the lung tissue itself or in the airways that lead to the lungs. Your airways include your:
Nose.
The inside of your nose (nasal cavity).
Throat (pharynx).
Voice box (larynx).
Windpipe (trachea).
The large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs (bronchi).
Lungs.
Lung tumors can either be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign).
If a healthcare provider tells you that you have a lung tumor and it “looks like it’s benign,” what does that mean? Should you have concerns?
When compared to malignant tumors, benign lung tumors:
Aren’t cancerous, so they won’t spread to other parts of your body.
Grow slowly or might even stop growing or shrink.
Aren’t usually life-threatening.
Usually don’t require removal.
Can expand and push against nearby tissues but won’t invade, destroy or replace other tissues.
The document discusses various sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infectious diseases. It covers bacterial STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Viral STIs discussed include herpes and HPV. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection that can develop from untreated STIs. The document also addresses HIV/AIDS transmission and treatment. Prevention strategies mentioned are abstinence, monogamy, safer sex practices, and vaccinations.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that weakens a person's immune system. HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects cells in the human immune system. Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is AIDS, where opportunities infections or cancers take advantage of a very weak immune system. The virus is most often transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. There is no cure for AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent opportunities infections.
The document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, their causes, examples, and strategies for prevention and control. Emerging diseases are caused by new pathogens while re-emerging diseases were previously controlled but have risen again. Factors contributing to emergence include human behavior, travel, microbial adaptation, and breakdown of public health measures. Examples provided include SARS, H1N1 influenza, Ebola, Zika, and Nipah virus. Prevention strategies involve controlling reservoirs, interrupting transmission, protecting susceptible populations, strengthening surveillance, and encouraging research. Public health authorities and doctors play key roles in awareness,
This document discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV. It begins with global epidemiology statistics, including that there are 35.3 million people living with HIV worldwide. It then provides more specific statistics on new infections, deaths, at-risk groups, and prevalence by region. Regarding pathogenesis, it explains that HIV primarily attaches to CD4 receptors on cells and integrates its genetic material, leading to infection. It also discusses the body's immune response and how HIV evades detection through high mutation rates. Prevention methods discussed include behavior change, condoms, testing, and antiretroviral treatment and prophylaxis.
The document discusses HIV/AIDS, providing definitions and descriptions. It begins by defining HIV as the human immunodeficiency virus that infects and damages cells of the immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells. It then defines AIDS as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is the final stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged. The document goes on to provide a brief history of HIV/AIDS, describing its identification and naming over time. It concludes by outlining global statistics on people living with HIV/AIDS and discussing the Bangladesh situation.
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a major public health problem in the United States and globally. An estimated 12 million new cases of STDs occur each year in the US, which has the highest rates among developed countries. STDs can cause serious health consequences like pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility. Groups most affected include adolescents, minority racial and ethnic groups, and those living in poverty with less access to healthcare. Effective treatment and prevention of STDs, including screening and partner treatment, can help reduce transmission.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting an effective global response. It defines communicable diseases and discusses their importance, impact and burden. Key diseases discussed include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS and avian influenza. Challenges in controlling these diseases are outlined. Approaches to intervention discussed include personal responsibility, utilitarian approaches, regulations and laws, and partnerships. The role of the World Bank in financing responses is summarized.
The document provides an overview of communicable diseases and approaches to mounting a global response. It defines communicable diseases and their modes of transmission. Key points made include that communicable diseases account for a significant global disease burden, especially in low and middle income countries. Effective response requires approaches like strengthening health systems, partnerships, regulations, and personal responsibility. Selected diseases discussed in more detail include tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, avian influenza, and neglected tropical diseases.
This 45-year-old male from a low socioeconomic background presented with symptoms of weight loss, appetite loss, evening fever, cough for over 3 weeks, and hemoptysis. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis based on his symptoms and socioeconomic risk factors. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains a major global infectious disease, with 8 million new cases and 2 million deaths annually worldwide according to the WHO. Risk factors include HIV/AIDS, poverty, and crowded living conditions.
This document provides definitions and discusses key concepts regarding communicable disease epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations. Communicable diseases are illnesses transmitted directly or indirectly between humans, animals, or from the environment. Studying communicable disease epidemiology is important due to changes in disease patterns, discovering new infections, and potential infectious origins of chronic diseases. Terminology discussed includes modes of transmission, hosts, vectors, reservoirs, incidence, prevalence, epidemics, pandemics, and eradication. Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and avian influenza are then summarized as examples of significant communicable diseases.
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in the United States. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from mother to child. The virus was identified in 1983 and proven to cause AIDS in 1984. It is predominantly sexually transmitted worldwide. Transmission can occur through anal sex, vaginal sex, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. Risk is reduced through antiretroviral treatment and screening of blood and organ supplies.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins with trends in infectious diseases, then defines emerging and re-emerging diseases. Factors that contribute to emergence include changes in the agent, host, and environment. Examples are provided of diseases that have emerged or re-emerged recently, including SARS, avian influenza, hepatitis C, and antibiotic resistance. The response from public health is also mentioned.
1) HIV is a virus that destroys CD4 immune cells, leading to AIDS if left untreated. With medication, a person can live with HIV for decades without progressing to AIDS.
2) HIV was first observed in 1981 and is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in West Africa. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood, and from mother to child.
3) Over 42 million people worldwide are currently living with HIV. While treatments have increased life expectancy, aging poses new health challenges for those with HIV due to increased risk of conditions like dementia, heart disease, and infections.
Viral hepatitis can be caused by five different viruses that infect the liver. They are transmitted through contaminated food/water or exposure to blood/bodily fluids. While they cause liver inflammation, the viruses differ in modes of transmission, severity of illness, geographical distribution, and prevention methods.
Vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of infectious diseases worldwide, causing over 700,000 deaths annually. Malaria is a protozoal disease transmitted by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, with P. falciparum being the deadliest species. In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths. Dengue is caused by four distinct serotypes of dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. It affects over half the world's population and causes 100-400 million infections annually. Japanese encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, infecting primarily pigs and birds
Unit-1 Community Health and Community Health Nursing.pptxdeepamanandhar1
The document provides information about a community health nursing course, including its description and focus. The course is designed to provide knowledge about community health nursing concepts and principles. It applies approaches like epidemiology and carries out community diagnoses to identify common health problems. The course also focuses on providing care to individuals, families, groups and communities for disease prevention, health promotion and rehabilitation.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria, which forms a membrane in the throat or larynx. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or skin lesions. Children aged 1-5 are most affected. Clinical features include sore throat and difficulty swallowing. Treatment involves isolation, vaccination, and antibiotics. Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, which is highly contagious. It affects infants and children the most. Symptoms include coughing fits and whooping sounds. Treatment involves antibiotics and vaccination. Acute respiratory infections are caused by numerous bacteria and viruses. They can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract. Symptoms include cough, fever and difficulty breathing. Treatment depends on the severity and
The document outlines Nepal's history of programs to control diarrhoeal diseases among children, beginning in 1983 with the Control of Diarrhoeal Disease program and evolving into the current Community-Based Integrated Management of Childhood Illness program, which integrates management of newborn care and aims to reduce under-five mortality from diarrhoea and other illnesses through improved case management, health systems, and community care practices.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets or dust.
- An estimated 10 million people fell ill with TB in 2019, including 1.2 million children. It is curable but multidrug-resistant strains remain a challenge.
- Nepal faces a high burden of TB, with an estimated 69,000 cases in 2020. Efforts are ongoing to improve detection, treatment and prevent further spread.
This document discusses the dimensions and determinants of health according to the WHO definition. It outlines the physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, and vocational dimensions of health. The determinants of health include biological, behavioral, environmental, socioeconomic, health services, aging population, and gender factors. Responsibility for health is seen as involving individual self-care, community support, state provision of healthcare, and international cooperation.
The document discusses the iceberg phenomenon in epidemiology. It explains that the tip of the iceberg represents clinical cases that physicians see, while the larger submerged part represents undiagnosed, latent, and asymptomatic cases. This hidden portion of disease or infection in the community poses a challenge to public health. Examples are given of diseases like hypertension and diabetes where the undetected prevalence far exceeds known cases. Controlling the reservoir of infection, through measures like early diagnosis, notification, isolation, and treatment, is an important part of disease prevention and control efforts aimed at the submerged portion of the iceberg.
The document outlines guidelines for managing diarrhoea according to the Community-Based Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illnesses (CB-IMNCI) program in Nepal. It describes assessing patients for dehydration, classifying diarrhoea as persistent or dysentery, and treating dehydration and infections. For young infants, treatment involves checking for serious bacterial infection and classifying/treating dehydration. For older children, it involves assessing for danger signs, malnutrition, and immunization status and providing oral rehydration solution, continued feeding, and antibiotics if needed. The guidelines emphasize continued breastfeeding, referral for severe cases, and follow-up care.
Nepal's health care system is managed by the Ministry of Health and Population and provides services from the federal to local levels. At the local level, health posts and community health units provide basic services like immunizations and treatment. Primary hospitals class A and B offer expanded services including outpatient care, emergency services, and basic surgeries. Secondary hospitals have departments for various specialties and treat more complex cases. Tertiary hospitals provide specialized referral services across various medical and surgical disciplines. The highest levels of care are offered at super-specialty hospitals and supported by federal health science academies for research and education.
The conducting system of the heart generates rhythmic impulses that are conducted throughout the myocardium, coordinating contractions. The sinoatrial node initiates impulses that spread to the atria, then the atrioventricular node relays them to the ventricles via the bundle of His. This causes synchronized atrial and ventricular contractions that pump blood out of the heart. The pulse corresponds to expansion of arteries from ventricular ejection with each heartbeat. Factors like age, exercise, and medications can influence the pulse rate, while features like rhythm, strength and tension provide clinical information.
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of arteries and is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It is written as the systolic pressure over the diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure occurs when the heart contracts while the diastolic pressure occurs when the heart is at rest between beats. Blood pressure is dependent on factors like cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity, and blood volume. It can be measured using a sphygmomanometer and listening for Korotkoff sounds over the brachial artery. Oxygen saturation measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites occupied by oxygen and is measured noninvasively using a pulse oximeter.
Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes and ticks. They account for over 17% of infectious diseases worldwide and cause 700,000 deaths annually. Malaria is a major vector-borne disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via Anopheles mosquitoes. In 2021, there were an estimated 247 million malaria cases and 619,000 deaths. Dengue is another significant vector-borne disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes. The global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically, with an estimated 100-400 million infections annually. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, is a leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with an estimated 68,000 cases
The document provides an overview of demography and family planning. It discusses key terminology like population, demography, population dynamics, and population size. It also describes the demographic cycle and its five stages. The composition of a population is explained through sex ratio and population pyramids. The main determinants of population change are fertility, mortality, and migration. Fertility and its regulation are discussed in detail. Population explosion and its effects are also summarized.
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually through contaminated food or water. The disease causes a sustained fever for 3-4 weeks along with gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevention focuses on control of reservoirs through treatment and isolation of cases, improved sanitation and hygiene practices, and immunization in endemic areas.
The document discusses the dimensions of health according to the WHO definition, which include physical, mental, and social dimensions. It also discusses other dimensions such as spiritual, vocational, philosophical, cultural, socio-economic, environmental, educational, nutritional, curative, and preventive. The determinants of health that influence health status are described as biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, socio-economic, related to health services, aging population, gender, and other factors. Finally, the document outlines the responsibilities for health of individuals, communities, states, and internationally.
The natural history of disease occurs in two phases: the prepathogenesis phase where disease factors exist in the environment but have not entered the host, and the pathogenesis phase where the disease agent enters the susceptible host, multiplies, and causes changes that can result in recovery, disability, or death. The pathogenesis phase can be modified by interventions like immunization or chemotherapy.
Community diagnosis involves comprehensively assessing the health status of a community in relation to its social, physical, and biological environment. It is a multi-step process that includes identifying health needs and resources, collecting and analyzing data, prioritizing issues, planning interventions, implementing actions, and evaluating outcomes. The goal is to help communities understand their health status and make informed decisions to improve community health.
Unit-1 Community Health and Community Health Nursing.pptxdeepamanandhar1
Community health refers to the health of a community as determined by health status, problems, and care. A community is a social group sharing a geographic boundary and common values/interests. Community health nursing aims to promote health, prevent illness, and restore health through activities like education, screening, and home care. As an educator, advocate, manager, collaborator, leader and researcher, the community health nurse identifies health issues, provides services, and conducts research to improve community health.
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Mental Health and well-being Presentation. Exploring innovative approaches and strategies for enhancing mental well-being. Discover cutting-edge research, effective strategies, and practical methods for fostering mental well-being.
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...rightmanforbloodline
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VEDANTA AIR AMBULANCE SERVICES IN REWA AT A COST-EFFECTIVE PRICE.pdfVedanta A
Air Ambulance Services In Rewa works in close coordination with ground-based emergency services, including local Emergency Medical Services, fire departments, and law enforcement agencies.
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdfSachin Sharma
Here are some key objectives of communication with children:
Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
Offer clear instructions and explanations to help children understand expectations and learn new concepts.
By focusing on these objectives, communication with children can be both effective and nurturing, supporting their overall growth and well-being.
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Precision becomes a byword, most especially in such procedures as hip and knee arthroplasty. The success of these surgeries is not just dependent on the skill and experience of the surgeons but is extremely dependent on preoperative planning. Recognizing this important need, Pristyn Care commits itself to the integration of advanced imaging technologies like CT (Computed Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) into the surgical planning process.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
India Home Healthcare Market: Driving Forces and Disruptive Trends [2029]Kumar Satyam
According to the TechSci Research report titled "India Home Healthcare Market - By Region, Competition, Forecast and Opportunities, 2029," the India home healthcare market is anticipated to grow at an impressive rate during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including the rising demand for managing health issues such as chronic diseases, post-operative care, elderly care, palliative care, and mental health. The growing preference for personalized healthcare among people is also a significant driver. Additionally, rapid advancements in science and technology, increasing healthcare costs, changes in food laws affecting label and product claims, a burgeoning aging population, and a rising interest in attaining wellness through diet are expected to escalate the growth of the India home healthcare market in the coming years.
Browse over XX market data Figures spread through 70 Pages and an in-depth TOC on "India Home Healthcare Market”
https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-home-healthcare-market/15508.html
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson educati...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank clinical nursing skills a concept based approach 4e pearson education
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As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
2. Sexually transmitted diseases
• The sexually transmitted diseases(STD) are a group of communicable
diseases that are transmitted predominantly by sexual contact and
caused by a wide range of bacterial, viral, protozoal and fungal agents
and ectoparasites.
3. agent
• Over 20 pathogens have been found to be spread by sexual contact.
4. Host factors
(a) Age : For most notifiable STDs, the highest rates of incidence are
observed in 20-25 year-olds, followed by the 25-29 and 15-19 years age
groups. The most serious morbidity is observed during foetal
development and in the neonate.
(b) Sex: For most STDs, the overall morbidity rate is higher for men
than for women, but the morbidity caused by infection is generally
much more severe in women, as for example, pelvic inflammatory
disease.
5. Host factors
(c) Marital status: The frequency of STD infection is higher among
single, divorced and separated persons than among married couples.
(d) Socio-economic status : Individuals from the lowest socioeconomic
groups have the highest morbidity rate.
6. Demographic factors
population explosion and marked increase in the number of young
people, the group at highest risk for STD in the population; rural to
urban migration; increasing educational opportunities for women
delaying their marriage and increasing STD risks.
9. Social factors
Numerous social and behavioural factors are involved in the spread of STDs. These
include:
(a) Prostitution : This is a major factor in the spread of STDs. The prostitute acts
as a reservoir of infection
(b) Broken homes : Social studies indicate the promiscuous women are usually
drawn from broken homes, e.g., homes which are broken either due to death of one
or both parents or their separation. The atmosphere in such homes is unhappy, and
children reared in such an atmosphere are likely to go astray in search of other
avenues of happiness.
10. Social factors
(c) Sexual disharmony : Married people with strained relations, divorced and
separated persons are often victims of STDs.
(d) Easy money : In most of the developing world, prostitution is simply a
reflection of poverty. It provides an occupation for earning easy money.
(f) Urbanization and industralization : These are conductive to the type of
lifestyle that contributes to high levels of infection, since long working hours,
relative isolation from the family and geographical and social mobility foster casual
sexual relationships.
11. Social factors
(g) Social disruption : Caused by disasters, wars and civil unrest have always
caused an increase in the spread of STDs.
(h) International travel: Travellers can import as well as export infection and their
important role in the transmission of STD is exemplified by the rapid spread
throughout the world of resistant strains of N. gonorrhoea and AIDS.
12. Social factors
(i) Changing behavioural patterns : In modern society, the value traditionally set on chastity is in
conflict with the more recent ideas of independence, freedom from supervision, and equal rights for
both sexes. There has been a relaxation of moral and cultural values in present-day society. The
tendency to break away from traditional ways of life is particularly marked among young people.
(j) Social stigma : The social stigma attached to STDs accounts for the non-detection of cases, not
disclosing the sources of contact, dropping out before treatment is complete, going to quacks for
treatment, and self-treatment.
(k) Alcoholism : The effect of alcohol seems to be more indirect than direct. Alcohol may encourage
prostitution and conversely, prostitution may boost the sale of alcohol.
15. GONOCOCCAL INFECTION
Causes inflammation of the genital tract involving the urethra in men
and women, the cervix and rectum in women, and the rectum in men
who have sex with men. Other sites are the throat (pharyngitis) and the
eyes. The possible complications in women include pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID).
17. syphilis
Syphilis causes ulceration of the uro-genital tract, mouth or rectum.
Other signs of this infection, occurring in later stages, range from skin
eruptions to complications of the cardiovascular and nervous system.
Congenital syphilis is an important cause of stillbirth.
18.
19. CHLAMYDIAL INFECTION :
A high percentage of individuals have no obvious clinical
manifestations of this infection. If symptoms occur they are similar to
those caused by gonorrhea.
20. TRICHOMONIASIS
This parasitic infection leads to vaginitis and vaginal discharge in
women. Usually, there are no symptoms. In most men there are no
symptoms but it may cause urethritis.
21. CHANCROID
• Sexually transmitted disease (STD) that results in sores on your
genitals.
• After infection a small papule develops at the site of inoculation,
normally within 2-3 days. The lesion then erodes into a deep ulcer that
is extremely painful. In about 25 per cent of patients there is a painful
swelling of one or the other inguinal lymph nodes (bubo).
22.
23. GENITAL HERPES
• Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the primary cause of genital
herpes.
• Classical genital herpes can be recognized by the presence of typical
papular lesions that progress to multiple blisters and ulcers.
• However, the features can be variable in many people and the
appearance can easily be confused with other genital infections. HSV-
2 infection is life-long and recurrent ulcerative episodes occur
24.
25. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
Human papilloma virus (HPV) causes ano-genital warts, which vary
from the common soft, flesh-coloured protuberances which may become
exuberant (cauliflower like) to papular flat warts on drier areas (eg.
shaft of penis)
26.
27. Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
• AIDS, the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (sometimes called
"slim disease") is a fatal illness caused by a retrovirus known as the
human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) which breaks down the
body's immune system.
28. Acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome
(AIDS)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
• damages the immune system.
• infects and kills CD4 cells
• lifelong condition and currently there is no cure, although many scientists are
working to find one.
• With Antiretroviral therapy, it’s possible to manage HIV and live with the virus for
many years.
29. Problem statement
• In 2021, 650 000 [510 000–860 000] people died from HIV-related
causes and 1.5 million [1.1–2.0 million] people acquired HIV.
• There were an estimated 38.4 million [33.9–43.8 million] people
living with HIV at the end of 2021, two thirds of whom (25.6 million)
are in the WHO African Region.
30. Problem statement
The current targets set by UNAIDS for HIV testing and treatment are
called the 95-95-95 targets and must be reached by 2025 in order to end
AIDS by 2030.
31. Problem statement
• To reach the new proposed global 95–95–95 targets set by UNAIDS,
we will need to redouble our efforts to avoid the worst-case scenario
of 7.7 million HIV-related deaths over the next 10 years, increasing
HIV infections due to HIV service disruptions during COVID-19, and
the slowing public health response to HIV.
33. Agent factors
(b) RESERVOIR OF INFECTION : These are cases and carriers.
Once a person is infected, the virus remains in the body life-long. The
risk of developing AIDS increases with time. Since HIV infection can
take years to manifest itself, the symptomless carrier can infect other
people for years.
34. Agent factors
(c) SOURCE OF INFECTION:
• The virus has been found in greatest concentration in blood, semen
and CSF.
• Lower concentrations have been detected in tears, saliva, breast milk,
urine, and cervical and vaginal secretions.
35. Host factors
(a)AGE : Most cases have occurred among sexually active persons aged
20-49 years.
(b) SEX : the sex ratio is equal. Certain sexual practices increase the
risk of infection more than others, e.g., multiple sexual partners, anal
intercourse, and male homosexuality.
36. Host factors
(c) HIGH-RISK GROUPS : Male homosexuals and bisexuals,
heterosexual partners (including prostitutes), intravenous drug abusers,
transfusion recipients of blood and blood products. Higher rate of HIV
infection is found in prostitutes.
39. HIV Transmission
• For every 10,000 blood transfusions from a donor with HIV, the virus
is likely to be transmitted 9,250 times.
• 63 out of every 10,000 exposures to infected shared needles.
• For needlesticks, 23 in every 10,000 exposures.
(Centers FOR Disease Control and Prevention,CDC)
40.
41. Incubation period
• While the natural history of HIV infection is not yet fully known,
current data suggest that the incubation period is uncertain, (from a
few months to 10 years or even more) from HIV infection to the
development of AIDS.
43. Initial infection with the virus and
development of antibodies
Mild illness (fever, sore throat and rash) for a few weeks
Most HIV-infected people have no symptoms for the first 5 years or
so .
They look healthy and feel well although right from the start they can
transmit the virus to others.
HIV antibodies usually take between 2-12 weeks to appear in the
blood-stream
45. AIDS-related complex
Exhibit one or more of the following clinical signs:
Unexplained diarrhea lasting longer than a month.
Fatigue, malaise
Loss of more than 10% body weight
Fever
Night sweats
Other mild opportunistic infections such as oral thrush, generalized
lymphadenopathy or enlarged spleen.
46. AIDS
End-stage of HIV
A number of opportunist infection commonly occur at this stage and
or cancers
Usually seen tuberculosis
Wasting syndrome (slim disease)
Chronic diarrhea and severe weight loss
Herpes zoster
48. HIV RNA test
• Detect HIV RNA
• Estimate HIV viral load
• Newborn screening of HIV-positive mothers
• Helpful in detecting HIV infection in the first four weeks following
exposure
49. Prevention and control
1.Case detection
1.Case holding and treatment
1.Epidemiological treatment
1.Personal prophylaxis
1.Health education
50. Case detection
• Case detection is an essential part of any control programme.
a. Screening: Screening is the testing of apparently healthy volunteers from the general population
for the early detection of disease. High priority is given to screening of special groups like
pregnant women, blood donors, industrial workers, army, police, refugees, prostitutes etc.
b. Contact tracing: Contact tracing is the term used for the technique by which the sexual partners
of diagnosed patients are identified, located, investigated, and treated.
c. Cluster testing: Here the patients are asked to name other persons of either sex who move in the
same socio-sexual environment. These persons are then screened.
51. Case holding and treatment
• Adequate treatment of patients and their contacts is the mainstay of STD control.
There is a tendency on the part of patient suffering from STDs to disappear or
drop out before treatment is complete. Therefore, every effort should be made to
ensure complete and adequate treatment.
52. Epidemiological treatment
• It consists of the administration of full therapeutic dose of treatment to persons
recently exposed to STD while awaiting the results of laboratory tests.
53. Personal prophylaxis
• Contraceptives: Mechanical barriers (eg. Condoms) can be recommended for
personal prophylaxis against STDs. However, their use is limited by lack of
motivation, acceptability and convenience.
54. Health education
Health education is an integral part of STD control programmes. The principal aim
of educational intervention is to help individuals alter their behavior in an effort to
avoid STDs, that is, to minimize disease acquisition and transmission.
57. Post-exposure prophylaxis
• Short-term use of ARV drugs to help prevent HIV transmission.
• The rationale is that ARVs given immediately after exposure can stop
the virus from disseminating in the body and establishing infection.
59. Post-exposure prophylaxis
• Start as soon as possible, preferably within 2 hours and maximum
within 72 hours of exposure. The duration of treatment is 28 days.
61. introduction
• Is an infection caused by pathogenic bacteria or viruses that use
mother-to-child transmission, that is, transmission directly from the
mother to an embryo, fetus or baby during pregnancy
62. Introduction
• “Infections acquired in utero or during the birth process”
• The infected newborn may show abnormal growth, developmental
anomalies, or multiple clinical and laboratory abnormalities.
• Severity depends on the gestational age of fetus at the time of
infection & virulence of the organism
• Timely diagnosis of perinatally acquired infections is crucial the
initiation of appropriate therapy
63. Types of infection
T – toxoplasmosis from Toxoplasma gondii
O – other infections (Syphilis)
R – rubella
C – cytomegalovirus
H – herpes simplex virus-2
64. toxoplasmosis
• Causative Organism: Toxoplasma gondii
• Oocyst excreted in cats feces is the source of infection to humans.
• Contaminates in soil, water & raw meat
• Transmission: Vertical transmission can occur in utero or during
vaginal delivery & risk of fetal transmission is
25% in 1st Trimester
75% in 3rd Trimester
90% during last few weeks prior delivery
65. Clinical features
• Most infected newborns are asymptomatic at birth
Few develop
• IUGR
• Fever
• Maculopapular rash
• Anemia
• Jaundice
• Seizure
• Hepatosplenomegaly
• Thrombocytopenic purpura
67. management
WHO & CDC Recommends Combination Therapy for standard
treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis
• Pyrimethamine (1mg/kg/day daily for first 6months & 1mg/kg/day
thrice a week for second 6 months)
• Sulfadiazine (100mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses for 1 year)
• Leucovorin (Folinic Acid; 5-10mg thrice a week)
68. Congenital rubella
Also known as German Measles
Organism: RNA virus, a member of the Togavirus family
69. Congenital rubella
Transmission:
Direct droplet contact from nasopharyngeal secretions
Virus replicates in the lymph tissue of the upper respiratory tract
Spreads hematogenously across the placenta.
Maternal infection rate is high, especially at the time of 1st trimester
& last 1 month
Malformation occurs in 90% of infection during 2-10 weeks of
gestation.
71. The risk of maternal-fetal transmission is the greatest in the first 10 days
after gestation
72. diagnosis
ANTENATAL DETECTION
• Specific IgM in Fetal blood obtained by percutaneous umbilical cord
blood sampling.
• Rubella antigen and RNA in a Chorionic villous biopsy specimen.
73. diagnosis
POSTNATAL DETECTION :
Detection of Rubella Specific IgM below 3months (or) IgG between
6months to 12 months.
Virus Isolation: pharyngeal secretions/urine sample upto 1 yr
74. prevention
Girls should be vaccinated against rubella before entering the
childbearing years.
Rubella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine which is available
separately or as triple vaccine (MMR) that contain measles, mumps
and rubella.
Special care should be taken in reproductive females to avoid
pregnancy for 3 months after MMR vaccination.
75. CytomegaloVirus
Causative Organism: Cytomegalovirus - member of herpes virus
family
It is the most common cause for Non-Hereditary cause of SNHL
worldwide.
Transmission:
Close contact – young children attending daycare center
Saliva/ Urine/ Blood & Breastmilk
Route – Transplacental/ Intrapartam/ Postnatal
76. Clinical features
At birth, most infants with congenital CMV are asymptomatic.
Few Develop:
SGA/Prematurity
Hepatospleenomegaly
Microcephaly/SNHL/Seizures
Petechiae & Jaundice at Birth
Thrombocytopenia
Pneumonia
79. Herpes simplex Virus
Herpes Simplex Virus(HSV) - DNA virus with two virologically distinct
types: 1 and 2
Transmission:
Contact with genital lesions during delivery: Common
Transplacental : Rare.
83. management
Acyclovir Therapy- 60 mg/kg/day 3 div doses
SEM disease : Duration for 14 days
CNS: Duration for at least 21 days, or longer if the CSF PCR remains
positive.
Infants with ocular involvement :Topical ophthalmic antiviral agents
in addition to parenteral therapy.
84. prevention
• C-Section for mothers with genital lesions
• Acyclovir for pregnant mothers with primary HSV
85. references
Park, K. (2019). Park`s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine.
M/s Banarsidas Bhanot publishers.
Gupta, MC, Mahajan, BK. (2013). Mahajan and Gupta Textbook of
Preventive and Social Medicine. Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd.
Annual Report, Department of Health Services 2077/2078
https://edcd.gov.np/
National HIV testing and treatment guidelines,2022