Computer memory is used to store data and instructions and can be divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory, also called main memory, is made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM that allow for fast access but can only store data temporarily. It is the working memory of the computer. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks, CDs, DVDs that is used to permanently store data and access it more slowly than primary memory. It must first transfer data to primary memory to be accessed by the CPU. Memory is divided into small parts called cells that each have a unique address from 0 to the total memory size.
The document discusses computer memory, which can be divided into primary (main) memory and secondary memory. Primary memory is where data that is currently being processed is temporarily stored, made up of RAM and ROM semiconductor devices. It is volatile and faster than secondary memory. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like disks where data is permanently stored even when the computer is off, and is slower than primary memory. Both types of memory store data in small binary bits within cells that each have a unique address.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which temporarily stores data and programs for direct CPU access. Main memory types include RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. Secondary memory stores much larger amounts of data for extended periods and includes hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, and optical disks. Important secondary storage methods are also outlined.
A computer uses memory to store and process data. Primary memory, also called RAM, is faster but volatile, while secondary memory such as hard disks can permanently store large amounts of data but is slower to access. Different types of computer networks include local area networks (LANs) that connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that span a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that connect multiple cities and countries over long distances.
Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use on physical storage media like hard disks, optical discs, flash memory. There are three main types of storage media: magnetic storage including hard disks and floppy disks, optical storage like CDs and DVDs, and flash memory storage like solid state drives, memory cards, and USB flash drives. Storage capacity differs between media, with hard disks holding terabytes, optical discs holding gigabytes, and flash memory ranging from megabytes to gigabytes depending on the device. Memory and storage differ in that memory holds data temporarily during processing while storage holds data permanently when not in use.
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
Memory is the most essential part of a computer.
Without memory there would be no computer, as we know it today.
Modern computers use semiconductor memory
It is made up of thousands of circuits (paths) for electrical currents on a single silicon chip
This can be divided into three categories
-Internal processor Memory
-Main Memory
-Secondary Memory
The document discusses computer memory, which can be divided into primary (main) memory and secondary memory. Primary memory is where data that is currently being processed is temporarily stored, made up of RAM and ROM semiconductor devices. It is volatile and faster than secondary memory. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like disks where data is permanently stored even when the computer is off, and is slower than primary memory. Both types of memory store data in small binary bits within cells that each have a unique address.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which temporarily stores data and programs for direct CPU access. Main memory types include RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. Secondary memory stores much larger amounts of data for extended periods and includes hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, and optical disks. Important secondary storage methods are also outlined.
A computer uses memory to store and process data. Primary memory, also called RAM, is faster but volatile, while secondary memory such as hard disks can permanently store large amounts of data but is slower to access. Different types of computer networks include local area networks (LANs) that connect devices within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that span a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that connect multiple cities and countries over long distances.
Storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use on physical storage media like hard disks, optical discs, flash memory. There are three main types of storage media: magnetic storage including hard disks and floppy disks, optical storage like CDs and DVDs, and flash memory storage like solid state drives, memory cards, and USB flash drives. Storage capacity differs between media, with hard disks holding terabytes, optical discs holding gigabytes, and flash memory ranging from megabytes to gigabytes depending on the device. Memory and storage differ in that memory holds data temporarily during processing while storage holds data permanently when not in use.
Computer memory is any physical device capable of storing information temporarily or permanently.
Memory is the most essential part of a computer.
Without memory there would be no computer, as we know it today.
Modern computers use semiconductor memory
It is made up of thousands of circuits (paths) for electrical currents on a single silicon chip
This can be divided into three categories
-Internal processor Memory
-Main Memory
-Secondary Memory
Main memory is the internal storage area in a computer that temporarily stores data and programs. It includes RAM and ROM and allows for quick access of data by the CPU. Secondary memory provides long-term storage of data and programs not currently in use, such as on hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and USB drives. Computer memory is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes, with each unit being a multiple of the previous unit by a factor of 1024.
This document discusses computer memory. It defines memory as electronic components that store instructions and data for the processor. Memory is either volatile, which loses its contents when power is removed, like RAM, or non-volatile, which retains data without power, like ROM. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory and usually resides on memory modules inserted into memory slots. There are three main types of RAM: DRAM, SRAM, and MRAM. The document also describes differences between volatile and non-volatile memory and lists some types of ROM, including PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
The document discusses the differences between computer memory and storage. Memory, such as RAM, is volatile and temporarily stores active data and programs, while storage, like a hard disk, is non-volatile and retains data even when powered off. Various types of primary storage devices including RAM and ROM are described. Secondary storage devices like hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CDs, DVDs, and flash memory are also outlined along with their uses, advantages, and applications.
The document discusses computer memory units. It describes three types of memory: internal processor memory, primary memory (RAM and ROM), and secondary memory (magnetic tapes, disks, and optical disks). Primary memory handles data, with RAM being volatile and ROM being non-volatile. Secondary memory stores output and installed software. The document also defines common units for measuring computer memory capacity, such as bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and terabytes.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes the main memory units like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage, while ROM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM, and ROM types include PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage devices like magnetic tapes, disks, optical disks are also covered, explaining their uses, types, and characteristics in 1-3 sentences each. Factors affecting processor speed and the instruction cycle are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the basic components of a motherboard. It identifies the processor slot, which houses the CPU and connects it electrically to the motherboard. It also mentions adapter card slots that hold additional cards to add functionality, and memory slots that hold RAM modules. The motherboard serves as the main circuit board containing integrated circuits and provides connection points for other computer components and peripherals.
Basic information about Computer memoryRamesh Pant
This document discusses the three main types of computer memory: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Cache memory acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory, holding frequently used data and programs for fast access by the CPU. Primary memory is the working memory that holds active data and instructions, while secondary memory provides permanent storage of data on disks, CDs, DVDs, and is slower than primary memory.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which is used for immediate access by the CPU, and secondary memory, which stores much larger amounts of data for longer periods. The main types of main memory are RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. RAM and ROM are further divided into static, dynamic, programmable, erasable, and electronically erasable types. Secondary memory includes magnetic disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, and solid-state storage. Hard disks can be internal, removable cartridges, or disk packs.
Memory organisation ppt final presentationrockymani
Memory is an essential component of computers that is used to store programs and data. Computers typically have three levels of memory: main memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. Main memory is fast memory that stores programs and data being executed. Secondary memory is permanent storage for programs and data used less frequently. Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for faster access. Memory is also classified by location, access method, volatility, and type. The different types include registers, main memory, secondary memory, cache memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
The CPU controls all tasks inside the computer from basic to complex. RAM is temporary storage for active programs and data, flash memory can be deleted and reprogrammed in blocks, and ROM permanently stores data that can only be read. Adapter cards allow communication between computers and peripheral devices. The network topology determines available functions and resilience to failures. Storage devices like hard drives store and read information for the operating system, apps, and user files. Partitioning divides hard disks to create groups for multiple operating systems.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory like RAM and ROM, and secondary memory like magnetic disks, magnetic drums, CD-ROMs, and hard disks. It defines a hard disk drive as using rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital data in a random-access manner. The document also covers optical discs which encode data in the form of pits and lands on a circular disc, and defines common units of data storage like kilobytes, megabytes, and terabytes in terms of bytes.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM) which can be accessed directly by the CPU and secondary memory (hard drives, optical disks) which requires primary memory to access. Volatile memory like RAM loses data when powered off, while non-volatile memory like hard drives retain data without power. Common secondary storage devices include hard disk drives which use spinning magnetic platters, optical disks like CDs and DVDs which use lasers to read and write data in pits and lands, and magnetic floppy disks. The document also discusses error correction techniques used in hard drives to detect and fix errors and extend the drive's usable life.
This document provides an overview of primary computer components. It describes how buses transfer electrical pulses of data between components, with common bus widths ranging from 4 to 128 bits. It also defines sockets and ports as interfaces that allow components like modems and graphics cards to connect to the motherboard. The motherboard contains the CPU, RAM, and controllers to manage peripheral devices. RAM is volatile memory that can be randomly accessed, and includes DRAM that must be refreshed and SRAM that does not need refreshing. ROM is non-volatile memory that retains data without power. Chips are pieces of silicon that hold integrated circuits, and cards add capabilities to computers like additional ports.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes primary memory such as RAM and ROM that are directly accessible by the CPU. RAM is volatile and comes in DRAM and SRAM varieties, while ROM is non-volatile and includes PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage devices include magnetic hard disks and optical disks that are non-volatile and used for long-term storage. Common storage media include floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, and flash memory that is used in devices like cameras, phones, and computers.
TYPES OF MEMORIES AND STORAGE DEVICE AND COMPUTER Rajat More
Memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs and data in a computer. Main memory is divided into RAM and ROM. RAM is read-write memory that uses transistors and capacitors to store each bit. There are two types of RAM: static RAM which does not need refreshing but is expensive, and dynamic RAM which needs refreshing but has higher density. ROM is read-only and stores permanent instructions. There are also programmable ROMs like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM that can be programmed and erased in different ways. Caches and secondary storage supplement main memory and improve performance. Common secondary storage devices include magnetic disks, tapes and optical discs.
Computer memory comes in a memory hierarchy from fastest and smallest to slower and larger. At the top are CPU registers for temporary storage, followed by cache memory for faster access. Main memory (RAM) is volatile storage inside the computer. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and optical disks provide non-volatile storage of large amounts of data. Memory and storage technologies use electrical charges, magnetic fields, or pits and lands on optical media to store binary data representing 0s and 1s.
The CPU processes all information in the computer and must be compatible with the motherboard to function properly. The motherboard connects all components and has slots for RAM, expansion cards, and the CPU. RAM and ROM are forms of memory, with RAM allowing for random access of stored data and coming in types like DRAM and DDR. Adapter cards can be inserted into expansion slots on the motherboard to add features, while sound cards produce sound. Hard drives are common storage devices that can be partitioned for backups, and USBs allow removable storage.
Memory is divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory, also called main memory, is used for immediate data access by the processor and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary storage that allows direct CPU access while ROM is permanent storage that retains data without power. Secondary memory provides permanent mass storage on devices like hard disks, and includes examples like magnetic tapes, floppy disks, USB drives, and solid state drives that retain data without power.
The document summarizes secondary storage devices, including magnetic disks and optical disks. Magnetic disks store data on circular platters that rotate rapidly. Data is written to and read from the disks using read/write heads. Disks are organized into tracks, sectors, cylinders, and clusters. Accessing data involves seek time, rotational latency, and transfer time. Optical disks like CD-ROMs encode data as pits and lands that are read using a laser. CD-ROMs organize data into sectors along a spiral track to take advantage of all storage space.
The document provides an overview of computers, including their history, components, and uses. It describes how computers store and process data through hardware and software. Various input and output devices are also explained, such as keyboards, mice, scanners, monitors, and printers. Computer memory is discussed, including primary memory like RAM and ROM, as well as secondary storage devices.
Main memory is the internal storage area in a computer that temporarily stores data and programs. It includes RAM and ROM and allows for quick access of data by the CPU. Secondary memory provides long-term storage of data and programs not currently in use, such as on hard disks, CDs, DVDs, and USB drives. Computer memory is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, and terabytes, with each unit being a multiple of the previous unit by a factor of 1024.
This document discusses computer memory. It defines memory as electronic components that store instructions and data for the processor. Memory is either volatile, which loses its contents when power is removed, like RAM, or non-volatile, which retains data without power, like ROM. RAM is the most common type of volatile memory and usually resides on memory modules inserted into memory slots. There are three main types of RAM: DRAM, SRAM, and MRAM. The document also describes differences between volatile and non-volatile memory and lists some types of ROM, including PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
The document discusses the differences between computer memory and storage. Memory, such as RAM, is volatile and temporarily stores active data and programs, while storage, like a hard disk, is non-volatile and retains data even when powered off. Various types of primary storage devices including RAM and ROM are described. Secondary storage devices like hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, CDs, DVDs, and flash memory are also outlined along with their uses, advantages, and applications.
The document discusses computer memory units. It describes three types of memory: internal processor memory, primary memory (RAM and ROM), and secondary memory (magnetic tapes, disks, and optical disks). Primary memory handles data, with RAM being volatile and ROM being non-volatile. Secondary memory stores output and installed software. The document also defines common units for measuring computer memory capacity, such as bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and terabytes.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes the main memory units like RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage, while ROM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage. RAM types include SRAM and DRAM, and ROM types include PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage devices like magnetic tapes, disks, optical disks are also covered, explaining their uses, types, and characteristics in 1-3 sentences each. Factors affecting processor speed and the instruction cycle are briefly mentioned.
The document discusses the basic components of a motherboard. It identifies the processor slot, which houses the CPU and connects it electrically to the motherboard. It also mentions adapter card slots that hold additional cards to add functionality, and memory slots that hold RAM modules. The motherboard serves as the main circuit board containing integrated circuits and provides connection points for other computer components and peripherals.
Basic information about Computer memoryRamesh Pant
This document discusses the three main types of computer memory: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Cache memory acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory, holding frequently used data and programs for fast access by the CPU. Primary memory is the working memory that holds active data and instructions, while secondary memory provides permanent storage of data on disks, CDs, DVDs, and is slower than primary memory.
This document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes main memory, which is used for immediate access by the CPU, and secondary memory, which stores much larger amounts of data for longer periods. The main types of main memory are RAM, ROM, cache, and registers. RAM and ROM are further divided into static, dynamic, programmable, erasable, and electronically erasable types. Secondary memory includes magnetic disks, tapes, CD-ROMs, and solid-state storage. Hard disks can be internal, removable cartridges, or disk packs.
Memory organisation ppt final presentationrockymani
Memory is an essential component of computers that is used to store programs and data. Computers typically have three levels of memory: main memory, secondary memory, and cache memory. Main memory is fast memory that stores programs and data being executed. Secondary memory is permanent storage for programs and data used less frequently. Cache memory sits between the CPU and main memory for faster access. Memory is also classified by location, access method, volatility, and type. The different types include registers, main memory, secondary memory, cache memory, RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
The CPU controls all tasks inside the computer from basic to complex. RAM is temporary storage for active programs and data, flash memory can be deleted and reprogrammed in blocks, and ROM permanently stores data that can only be read. Adapter cards allow communication between computers and peripheral devices. The network topology determines available functions and resilience to failures. Storage devices like hard drives store and read information for the operating system, apps, and user files. Partitioning divides hard disks to create groups for multiple operating systems.
The document discusses different types of computer memory including primary memory like RAM and ROM, and secondary memory like magnetic disks, magnetic drums, CD-ROMs, and hard disks. It defines a hard disk drive as using rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material to store and retrieve digital data in a random-access manner. The document also covers optical discs which encode data in the form of pits and lands on a circular disc, and defines common units of data storage like kilobytes, megabytes, and terabytes in terms of bytes.
The document discusses different types of computer memory. It describes primary memory (RAM) which can be accessed directly by the CPU and secondary memory (hard drives, optical disks) which requires primary memory to access. Volatile memory like RAM loses data when powered off, while non-volatile memory like hard drives retain data without power. Common secondary storage devices include hard disk drives which use spinning magnetic platters, optical disks like CDs and DVDs which use lasers to read and write data in pits and lands, and magnetic floppy disks. The document also discusses error correction techniques used in hard drives to detect and fix errors and extend the drive's usable life.
This document provides an overview of primary computer components. It describes how buses transfer electrical pulses of data between components, with common bus widths ranging from 4 to 128 bits. It also defines sockets and ports as interfaces that allow components like modems and graphics cards to connect to the motherboard. The motherboard contains the CPU, RAM, and controllers to manage peripheral devices. RAM is volatile memory that can be randomly accessed, and includes DRAM that must be refreshed and SRAM that does not need refreshing. ROM is non-volatile memory that retains data without power. Chips are pieces of silicon that hold integrated circuits, and cards add capabilities to computers like additional ports.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage devices. It describes primary memory such as RAM and ROM that are directly accessible by the CPU. RAM is volatile and comes in DRAM and SRAM varieties, while ROM is non-volatile and includes PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. Secondary storage devices include magnetic hard disks and optical disks that are non-volatile and used for long-term storage. Common storage media include floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, magnetic tapes, and flash memory that is used in devices like cameras, phones, and computers.
TYPES OF MEMORIES AND STORAGE DEVICE AND COMPUTER Rajat More
Memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs and data in a computer. Main memory is divided into RAM and ROM. RAM is read-write memory that uses transistors and capacitors to store each bit. There are two types of RAM: static RAM which does not need refreshing but is expensive, and dynamic RAM which needs refreshing but has higher density. ROM is read-only and stores permanent instructions. There are also programmable ROMs like PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM that can be programmed and erased in different ways. Caches and secondary storage supplement main memory and improve performance. Common secondary storage devices include magnetic disks, tapes and optical discs.
Computer memory comes in a memory hierarchy from fastest and smallest to slower and larger. At the top are CPU registers for temporary storage, followed by cache memory for faster access. Main memory (RAM) is volatile storage inside the computer. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and optical disks provide non-volatile storage of large amounts of data. Memory and storage technologies use electrical charges, magnetic fields, or pits and lands on optical media to store binary data representing 0s and 1s.
The CPU processes all information in the computer and must be compatible with the motherboard to function properly. The motherboard connects all components and has slots for RAM, expansion cards, and the CPU. RAM and ROM are forms of memory, with RAM allowing for random access of stored data and coming in types like DRAM and DDR. Adapter cards can be inserted into expansion slots on the motherboard to add features, while sound cards produce sound. Hard drives are common storage devices that can be partitioned for backups, and USBs allow removable storage.
Memory is divided into primary and secondary memory. Primary memory, also called main memory, is used for immediate data access by the processor and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is temporary storage that allows direct CPU access while ROM is permanent storage that retains data without power. Secondary memory provides permanent mass storage on devices like hard disks, and includes examples like magnetic tapes, floppy disks, USB drives, and solid state drives that retain data without power.
The document summarizes secondary storage devices, including magnetic disks and optical disks. Magnetic disks store data on circular platters that rotate rapidly. Data is written to and read from the disks using read/write heads. Disks are organized into tracks, sectors, cylinders, and clusters. Accessing data involves seek time, rotational latency, and transfer time. Optical disks like CD-ROMs encode data as pits and lands that are read using a laser. CD-ROMs organize data into sectors along a spiral track to take advantage of all storage space.
The document provides an overview of computers, including their history, components, and uses. It describes how computers store and process data through hardware and software. Various input and output devices are also explained, such as keyboards, mice, scanners, monitors, and printers. Computer memory is discussed, including primary memory like RAM and ROM, as well as secondary storage devices.
The document discusses different types of computer memory and storage. It describes the computer memory as temporary storage that holds data and instructions for the CPU. It distinguishes between read-only memory (ROM) which permanently stores important programs, and random access memory (RAM) which is used as working memory and can be written to. Secondary storage such as hard drives and optical disks are slower than primary memory but can store larger amounts of data permanently. The document traces the history of computer data storage from early technologies like punched cards, magnetic drums, floppy disks, to modern hard drives and optical disks.
Computer memory is a vital component of all computing devices. It temporarily stores data and instructions to allow processors to perform their functions. There are different types of computer memory like RAM, ROM, and cache that serve various purposes like short-term storage, long-term storage, and high-speed access respectively.
This document discusses different types of computer memory and storage. It defines ROM as permanent memory that cannot be changed and RAM as temporary memory that only works when a computer is turned on. It then explains units of measurement for memory like bytes, kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes. Finally, it describes various methods of external storage like hard drives, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, and flash drives, noting their storage capacities and common uses.
Computer memory can be divided into three types: cache memory, primary memory (also called main memory), and secondary memory. Cache memory is very fast but has limited capacity and is expensive. Primary memory holds the data and instructions currently being used and includes RAM and ROM, while secondary memory provides permanent storage and includes magnetic tapes, hard disk drives, flash drives, and optical disks. The presentation provided an overview of the different types of computer memory, their characteristics, and uses.
This document discusses computer memory and storage. It defines primary and secondary memory, and describes their key differences. Primary memory, also called main memory, is volatile and used for processing. It has high access speeds but limited capacity. Secondary memory is non-volatile and used for long-term storage of large volumes of data. Common types of primary memory include RAM, ROM, and cache. Common forms of secondary memory include hard disks, optical disks, magnetic tapes, USB drives, and cloud storage. The document evaluates various storage media and provides details on their characteristics like capacity, access times, and usage.
This document provides an overview of computer memory. It discusses the different types of memory including internal processor memory, main memory, and secondary memory. Main memory includes RAM and ROM. RAM is further divided into DRAM and SRAM. ROM includes PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash ROM. The document also describes the memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest as registers, cache memory, main memory, and secondary storage. Cache memory is introduced between CPU and main memory to improve system performance.
A full ppt about computer memory.It will contain all data about computer memory like types of memory,ram and rom, types of ram and rom and cache memory.
The document discusses the history and types of computer memory. It describes how early memory in the 1940s had a capacity of only a few bytes. The ENIAC was the first electronic, general-purpose computer capable of being reprogrammed. Delay line memory was an early form that stored data as acoustic waves in mercury delay lines. Magnetic core memory, developed in 1947, allowed memory to be retained after power loss and became the dominant memory technology of the 1960s. Modern computers use semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, cache memory, and flash memory. RAM allows random access and comes in dynamic and static varieties, while ROM is read-only and flash memory is non-volatile.
Main memory consists of storage locations that can be uniquely addressed and hold data in the form of words. The two main types of main memory are RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used to store running programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and used for firmware like the bootstrap loader. Cache memory and processor registers provide even faster temporary storage than main memory to improve system performance. Virtual memory uses the hard disk as an extension of main memory when RAM is insufficient. The closer the storage is to the processor, the faster the access speed.
This document discusses the different types of computer memory. It describes cache memory as a buffer between the CPU and main memory that is less than 512 KB in size. It stores frequently used data and programs. Main memory, also called primary memory, is semiconductor memory that holds the data and instructions currently being processed; it is volatile and includes RAM and ROM. RAM is random access memory that constitutes the CPU's internal memory, while ROM is read-only memory that permanently stores its contents. Secondary memory, also called external memory, is non-volatile storage like hard disks and USB drives that permanently store data and are slower than primary memory.
Memory is essential for computers and comes in three main types: primary, cache, and secondary. Primary memory (RAM) is directly accessible by the CPU and comes in volatile forms like DRAM and SRAM. Cache memory improves access speed and can be L1/L2 caches. Secondary memory (hard disks, DVDs) provides large storage but is slower to access. The document discusses these memory types in detail along with their technologies and principles.
Sensory memory briefly stores perceptions and passes them to short-term memory. Short-term memory stores recently acquired information through working memory. Long-term memory securely stores information for long periods through explicit (declarative) memory of facts and episodic memory of experiences, and implicit (procedural) memory of skills. The three processes of memory are encoding, which converts information into a storable form; storage, where information resides in the brain over time; and retrieval, where the brain recalls previously learned information.
Storage provides capacity for files and information through devices like hard disks, while memory provides working space through RAM. Primary storage includes RAM and cache for running the computer, while secondary storage is long-term storage like hard disks. RAM is volatile memory used for running programs, coming in static RAM and dynamic RAM forms. ROM is read-only memory storing basic instructions. Cache memory improves performance by storing frequently used data and instructions. Optical storage includes CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays, while magnetic storage encompasses floppy disks and hard disks. Flash memory offers portable options like USB drives and solid-state drives.
Paging and Segmentation in Operating SystemRaj Mohan
The document discusses different types of memory used in computers including physical memory, logical memory, and virtual memory. It describes how virtual memory uses paging and segmentation techniques to allow programs to access more memory than is physically available. Paging divides memory into fixed-size pages that can be swapped between RAM and secondary storage, while segmentation divides memory into variable-length, protected segments. The combination of paging and segmentation provides memory protection and efficient use of available RAM.
The document discusses biofertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. It provides background on how chemical fertilizers led to problems like soil pollution and reduced fertility over time. Biofertilizers use beneficial microorganisms instead to increase yields without environmental damage. Specific microorganisms discussed include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and their roles in nitrogen fixation and phosphorus availability. The advantages of biofertilizers are their lower cost, eco-friendliness, and ability to supplement chemical fertilizers by 25%. Types of biofertilizers and their uses in composting and agriculture are also summarized.
Computer memory can be categorized into three types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Cache memory is very fast semiconductor memory that acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory, holding frequently used data and instructions. Main memory is the working memory that holds the data and instructions currently being processed, though it has limited capacity and is volatile. Secondary memory provides permanent storage of data on disks, CDs, DVDs, and is non-volatile but slower than main memory.
Introduction, Memory Hierarchy, Random Access Memory (RAM), Types of RAM, Read Only Memory (ROM), Types of ROM. Introduction, Classification of Secondary Storage Devices, Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Disk, Optical Disk, Magneto Optical disk.
Computer memory can be divided into three main types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is the working memory of the computer, usually made up of semiconductor devices like RAM and ROM. Secondary memory is for long-term storage, includes magnetic disks, optical disks like CDs/DVDs, and tapes. Memory is also divided into smaller units called cells that each have a unique address from 0 to the total memory size minus one.
Memory can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary memory (RAM) is directly accessible by the CPU and is used to store currently running programs and data. Secondary memory (hard disks, SSDs) is used for long-term storage and requires data to be transferred to primary memory for access. RAM types include DRAM and SRAM, while ROM is non-volatile. Cache memory improves CPU performance. Input devices like keyboards are used to input data into the computer's primary memory.
Computer memory comes in three main types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Cache memory is the fastest type and acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory to store frequently used data and instructions. Main memory is volatile and holds the data and instructions currently being processed, while secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks used to permanently store data. The different memory types vary in speed, capacity, volatility, and purpose in a computer system.
cache memory and cloud computing technologyssuserf86fba
Memory can be either primary (internal/main memory) or secondary (external storage). Primary memory is volatile and holds data temporarily, while secondary memory is non-volatile for permanent storage. Primary memory includes RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only memory). RAM is used to run programs and can be DRAM (dynamic RAM) or SRAM (static RAM). ROM includes PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM which cannot be written to like RAM. Caches like L1, L2, and L3 exist between the CPU and main memory for faster access to frequently used instructions and data.
its about computer storage and its managements how to manage the memory, in a...ssuserf86fba
Memory can be either primary (main) memory or secondary memory. Primary memory, like RAM, is directly accessible by the CPU and volatile, meaning it loses data when powered off. It includes RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only memory). RAM is used for temporary storage and comes in DRAM and SRAM types, while ROM stores permanent, unalterable data like the BIOS. Secondary memory, like hard disks, is non-volatile and used for long-term storage. Caches like L1, L2, and L3 caches improve performance by storing frequently used data and instructions between the CPU and main memory.
Computer Introduction-Lecture02 for applied scince college students, Seiyun University , yemen 2023-2024 Academic year. لطلاب كلية العلوم التطبيقية بجامعة سيئون
مقدمة في علوم الحاسوب المحاضرة الثانية
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is processed and instructions required for processing are stored.CPU is the brain of the computer. CPU needs to have some palce where it can hold instructions and data during processing.
Primary memory, also known as main memory, is used to store data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing. It has limited capacity and is volatile, meaning data is lost when power is turned off. RAM and ROM are types of primary memory. Secondary memory is used for permanent storage and includes hard disks, CDs, DVDs. It has larger capacity but is slower to access. Memory is organized in a hierarchy with registers being fastest, then RAM, and finally secondary storage being slowest but able to store the most data.
Computer memory can be divided into three types: cache memory, primary/main memory, and secondary memory. Primary memory is directly accessible by the CPU and stores active data and instructions but loses data when powered off, consisting of RAM and ROM. RAM is read-write volatile memory for active data and programs while ROM is permanent read-only memory for firmware. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks that the CPU accesses indirectly via primary memory and is used for permanent storage. Cache memory is very fast memory between the CPU and primary memory for frequently used data and instructions.
Primary memory (RAM and ROM) is the working memory of a computer that holds the data and instructions currently being processed. It is volatile and has limited capacity. Secondary memory (HDD, DVD, etc.) is used for permanent storage of large amounts of data and retains data even when powered off. RAM is faster than ROM but volatile, while ROM is non-volatile but slower and used for startup processes. Primary memory is accessed directly by the CPU while secondary memory requires data to be copied to primary memory first before CPU can access it.
Computer memory is used to store data and instructions and is essential for processing information. There are different units to measure memory size like bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, etc. Memory is classified as primary and secondary. Primary memory directly accessed by CPU, includes RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and temporary while ROM is non-volatile and permanent. Secondary memory like hard disks and optical disks are used to store large amounts of data for long periods even when power is off. Caches improve processing speed by temporarily storing frequently used data between CPU and primary memory.
The document summarizes the major internal and external components of a typical computer system. It describes the system unit/case and motherboard as housing the central components. The motherboard connects the processor, memory, storage, ports and expansion slots. Key internal components are then explained in more detail, including the CPU, RAM, hard drive, optical drives, and power supply. External components such as ports, buttons and connectors are also outlined. The document provides a high-level overview of the basic parts that make up a computer system.
This document defines computer memory and storage and describes the different types. It explains that memory is where data is temporarily stored for quick access by the CPU, while storage is for permanent storage of data and programs. The primary types of memory are RAM and ROM, which are volatile and directly accessed by the CPU. Secondary storage includes hard disks, flash drives, and optical discs for non-volatile and permanent storage of data.
This document discusses information storage and communication. It covers several topics:
1. Different types of computer data storage, including short-term memory (RAM) and long-term storage (hard disks, floppy disks).
2. Various memory types like RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
3. File organization methods like sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access.
4. Analog vs. digital signals and periodic vs. aperiodic signals in data communication.
This document provides information about computer memory. It discusses the different types of memory including primary memory (RAM and ROM), secondary memory, and cache memory. Primary memory is the main memory located on the motherboard that is directly accessible by the CPU. It is faster than secondary memory but volatile, meaning data is lost when power is removed. The document also defines the basic units of memory such as bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes. RAM is the type of primary memory that temporarily stores active data and needs constant power, while ROM permanently stores basic startup instructions.
Computer memory comes in four main types: primary, secondary, cache, and register. Primary memory, also known as RAM, is the memory that holds data and instructions currently being processed by the CPU. It is volatile and divided into RAM and ROM. RAM is random access and can be written to, while ROM is read-only and helps boot the computer. Secondary memory includes storage devices like hard disks, floppy disks, and tapes, which allow permanent storage of data that can be transferred back to primary memory when needed. Cache memory resides between the CPU and primary memory to speed up access, while register memory is the smallest, fastest memory attached directly to the processor.
The document discusses the basic components and organization of a computer system. It describes the input and output units that allow for data entry and display. The central processing unit (CPU) is comprised of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for processing, a control unit for directing operations, and memory units for temporary and permanent storage. The CPU interacts with primary memory like RAM and secondary memory like hard drives for long-term storage. Together, hardware and software work to power computer functions.
The document provides information about the Stone Age, which is divided into three periods: the Paleolithic Age, Mesolithic Age, and Neolithic Age. It describes some of the key technological developments of each period, including the use of stone tools in the Paleolithic, the development of microlith tools in the Mesolithic in response to environmental changes, and the emergence of ground and polished stone tools as well as early construction projects in the Neolithic due to increased reliance on plant harvesting and processing.
Robert Frost was an American poet born in 1874 in California. He is renowned for his realistic depictions of rural New England life in the early 20th century. His work frequently examined complex social and philosophical themes through everyday rural settings. Frost received many honors in his lifetime, including four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry. He became one of the most popular and critically acclaimed American poets of the 20th century. Frost was born in California but spent much of his life in Massachusetts, where he worked as a teacher and published poems to support his family. He died in 1963 and is buried in Vermont.
The document provides an overview of using the QBASIC programming language. It discusses what QBASIC is, how to write simple programs in QBASIC using commands like PRINT, INPUT, LET, CLS, and how to run and save programs. It also covers basic programming concepts like variables, constants, operators, and input/output.
The cornea is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that acts as the first and most powerful lens in the optical system. It contains no blood vessels and relies on tears and fluid behind it to stay nourished. The pupil is a hole in the center of the iris that controls the amount of light entering the eye. The retina converts light rays into electrical signals that are sent to the brain through the optic nerve and is responsible for vision and color vision. Common eye problems include cataracts, which are clouded lenses, glaucoma which damages the optic nerve from pressure, and retinal disorders which affect the nerve layer at the back of the eye.
The document discusses the social issues of dowry in Indian society. It notes that dowry leads to delayed marriages for girls and financial worries for parents. It also causes unfair treatment of women. The document then asks about the sign of a married Muslim woman and discusses that in Islam, a woman is not considered a man's property. It argues that women have an important role to play in society and should be educated to help with social responsibilities, contrary to conservative views.
This document discusses gender inequality and the various forms it takes. It begins by defining gender and explaining that gender roles vary between societies. It then examines different types of gender inequality such as inequalities in family structures, employment opportunities, property ownership, household responsibilities, and access to higher education. Specific examples of gender disparities in India are provided, such as preferences for male children leading to female foeticide and the practice of dowry. The document also outlines some steps the Indian government has taken to promote gender equality, including reserving political seats for women and enacting laws to protect women's rights.
India has tremendous diversity in terms of religions, languages, cultures, geography, and climate. There are over 200 languages spoken and virtually every major religion has a strong presence. Culturally, there are rich traditions around dress, festivals, and customs that vary widely by region. Geographically, India consists of the Himalayan mountain ranges, the Indo-Gangetic plain, the desert region, and the peninsular south. This diversity has posed challenges but Indians also take great pride in their varied heritage.
Gender inequality refers to disparities between individuals based on their gender. Gender is socially constructed through interactions and experiences as well as influenced by biological factors. Gender inequality has existed for centuries and continues today in many forms, such as female feticide, dowry practices, and discrimination against girls. Factors perpetuating inequality include illiteracy, child marriage, social evils like the dowry system, and preferential treatment of boys. There are many types of gender disparities including inequalities within families, in employment and professional opportunities, property ownership, household responsibilities, and access to higher education and training. Governments have taken steps to promote equal rights, education, employment programs, financial support organizations, and legal protections to address gender
This document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, land, noise, and their causes and effects. It notes that industries, vehicles, garbage burning, and other human activities are major sources of air and water pollution which can cause respiratory diseases and disrupt ecosystems. Land pollution results from improper waste disposal, deforestation, and agriculture, threatening human and environmental health. Noise pollution from vehicles, machines, and loud sounds can impair hearing and increase stress over time. Prevention requires reducing waste and encouraging reuse/recycling, proper waste disposal, limiting pollution at the source, and establishing sound barriers.
Robert Frost was an American poet born in 1874 in California. He published his early works in England before gaining popularity in the United States. Frost was highly acclaimed for his realistic depictions of rural New England life and use of American colloquial language. He received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry and was honored numerous times in his lifetime. Frost died in 1963 and is buried in Vermont.
The cornea is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that acts as the first lens. Light passes through the pupil, which is controlled by the iris, and hits the retina where it is converted to electrical signals sent to the brain. The lens, located behind the iris, changes shape to focus light onto the retina. Common eye disorders include cataracts, which cloud the lens; glaucoma caused by increased fluid pressure damaging the optic nerve; and retinal disorders affecting the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
3. The working place in computer where all data is stored is called
memory. There are small cells called bit. In these cell data is stored
in the form of 0 & 1. Its unit is bytes. A memory cell may be defined
as a device which can store a symbol selected from a set of
symbols
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and
instruction. Computer memory is the storage space in computer
where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored.
The memory is divided into large number of small parts. Each part is
called cell. Each location or cell has a unique address which varies
from zero to memory size minus one.
For example if computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has
64 * 1024=65536 memory location. The address of these locations
varies from 0 to 65535.
5. There are two types of
memory units
•Primary Memory/Main
Memory
•Secondary Memory
6. Primary Memory
(Main Memory)
• Primary memory holds only those data and
instructions on which computer is currently working.
It has limited capacity and data get lost when power
is switched off.
• It is generally made up of semiconductor device.
These memories are not as fast as registers. The
data and instruction required to be processed earlier
reside in main memory. It is divided into two
subcategories RAM and ROM.
• Primary Memory consists of RAM (random access
memory) and ROM (read only memory). In this type
of primary memory data is not stored permanently,
8. Characteristic of Primary
Memory
•These are semiconductor memories.
•It known as main memory.
•Usually volatile memory.
•Data is lost in case power is switch off.
•It is working memory of the computer.
•Faster than secondary memories.
•A computer cannot run without primary memory.
9. Secondary Memory
• This type of memory is also known as external memory or nonvolatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing
Data/Information permanently.
• CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are
accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories
are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For
example: disk, CD-ROM,DVD etc.
• Secondary memory (or secondary storage) is the slowest and
cheapest form of memory. It cannot be processed directly by the CPU.
It must first be copied into primary storage (also known as RAM ).
Secondary memory devices include magnetic disks like hard drives
and floppy disks; optical disks such as CDs and CD ROMs; and magnetic
tapes, which were the first forms of secondary memory.
10. Characteristic of
Secondary Memory
•
•
•
•
These are magnetic and optical memories.
It is known as backup memory.
It is non-volatile memory.
Data is permanently stored even if power is
switched off.
• It is used for storage of the data in the computer.
• Computer may run without secondary memory.
• Slower than primary memories.
Transparent light effect(Basic)To reproduce one of the shapes on this slide, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout and then click Blank. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Basic Shapes click Oval (first row, second option from the left). Press and hold SHIFT to constrain the shape to a circle, and then drag to draw a circle on the slide. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and then select No line in the Line Color pane. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (thirdoption from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until three stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 60%(third row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 80%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40%(fourth row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 70%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40% (fourth row, fourth option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%.On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shape Effects, point to Soft Edges, and then click 10 Point. To reproduce the other shapeson this slide, do the following:Select the circle on the slide. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow under Paste, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this process to create a total of 10 circles. On the slide, drag the circles to position them at random intervals. For each circle, press and hold SHIFT and then drag the adjustment handles to resize as needed.To reproduce the different color and transparency effects in each of the shapes, do the following:Select the shape. On the Home tab, in the bottom right corner of the Drawing group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher.In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, and then select Gradient fill in the Fill pane. Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until three stops appear in the drop-down list, and then do the following:For the first and third (small circle below larger circle) circles from the left:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 60%(third row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 90%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40%(fourth row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 85%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40% (fourth row, fourth option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%.For the second circle from the left, do not change the Gradient stops settings in the Format Shape dialog box. For the fourth circle from the left (large circle above third circle):Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 60%(third row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 80%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40%(fourth row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 70%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 60% (third row, fourth option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%.For the fifth circle from the left:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40%(fourth row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 88%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40%(fourth row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 71%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40% (fourth row, fourth option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%.For the sixth circle from the left:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 227, Green: 209, Blue: 143.In the Transparency box, enter 84%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 223, Green: 205, Blue: 75.In the Transparency box, enter 85%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 214, Green: 195, Blue: 84.In the Transparency box, enter 100%.For the seventh circle from the left:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 60%(third row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 60%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40%(fourth row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 60%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40% (fourth row, fourth option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%.For the eighth circle from the left, do not change the Gradient stops settings in the Format Shape dialog box. For the ninth circle from the left (small brown circle below larger blue circle):Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 227, Green: 209, Blue: 143.In the Transparency box, enter 70%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 223, Green: 205, Blue: 75.In the Transparency box, enter 85%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 214, Green: 195, Blue: 84.In the Transparency box, enter 100%.For the tenth circle from the left (large blue circle above ninth circle):Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 60%(third row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 80%.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 50%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40%(fourth row, fourth option from the left).In the Transparency box, enter 74%.Select Stop 3 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 100%.Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Dark Blue, Text 2, Lighter 40% (fourth row, fourth option from the left). In the Transparency box, enter 100%.To reproduce the background on this slide, do the following: Right-click the slide background area, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, select Gradient fill in the Fill pane, and then do the following:In the Type list, select Radial.Click the button next to Direction, and then click From Center (third option from the left).Under Gradient stops, click Add or Remove until two stops appear in the drop-down list.Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops that you added as follows:Select Stop 1 from the list, and then do the following:In the Stop position box, enter 0%.Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 65, Green: 68, Blue: 97.Select Stop 2 from the list, and then do the following: In the Stop position box, enter 99%.Click the button next to Color, and then click Black, Text 1(first row, second option from the left).
For reproduction steps for this slide, refer to the PowerPoint template titled “Static text effects for PowerPoint slides” (STATIC_TEXT.potx), slide number 17.