The document discusses computer organization and architecture. It defines a computer as a general-purpose programmable machine that can execute a list of instructions. The Von Neumann architecture is described as having a CPU, memory, control unit, and input/output unit. Register transfer language (RTL) represents the transfer of data between registers using symbols. Key components like the ALU, registers, and buses are explained in terms of their role in processing and transferring data and instructions.
Computer architecture data representationAnil Pokhrel
This document discusses various methods of data representation in digital systems, including number systems, data types, and encoding of numeric values. It covers binary, decimal, and floating point representation, as well as techniques for representing negative numbers like signed magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement. Error detection codes like parity bits are also introduced as a way to detect errors during data transmission. Key topics include binary conversion of decimal numbers, floating point representation using mantissa and exponent, overflow detection, and even/odd parity generation.
based on stored program design
processor system
CPU
memory
input/output system
input/output devices
secondary storage
manages the instruction-execution cycle
FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
coordinates the activities of other devices
The document discusses the accumulator register in a CPU. It describes the accumulator as a short-term storage register for arithmetic and logic operations. It contains details about the inputs and outputs to the accumulator from other registers like the data register and input register. It also explains the different microoperations that can be performed on the accumulator like addition, transfer, complement, and shift operations. The control gates for these microoperations are also defined.
The document describes the components and functioning of a microprogram sequencer. The microprogram sequencer selects the next address from various sources like the current microinstruction address field, an incremented address, or an external source. It uses multiplexers and registers to select the appropriate next address and load it into the control address register to fetch the next microinstruction from memory. The input logic determines the types of operations the sequencer can perform, such as branching, subroutine calls and returns, and other address sequencing functions.
basic organization of computer
,
input unit
,
output unit
,
storage unit
,
arithmetic logic unit (alu)
,
computer codes
,
computer for organization
,
business communication
,
payroll system
,
management information system
bus and memory tranfer (computer organaization)Siddhi Viradiya
A bus system is an efficient way to transfer data between registers in a computer. It uses a set of common lines that can selectively connect one register at a time to allow its information to be transferred. One way to construct a bus system is by using multiplexers. For example, a 4-bit system with 4 registers would use 4 multiplexers, each with 3 inputs to selectively connect the bits of one register to the common 4-line bus. Control signals on the multiplexer selection lines determine which register is connected to the bus at any given time.
The document discusses computer organization and architecture. It defines a computer as a general-purpose programmable machine that can execute a list of instructions. The Von Neumann architecture is described as having a CPU, memory, control unit, and input/output unit. Register transfer language (RTL) represents the transfer of data between registers using symbols. Key components like the ALU, registers, and buses are explained in terms of their role in processing and transferring data and instructions.
Computer architecture data representationAnil Pokhrel
This document discusses various methods of data representation in digital systems, including number systems, data types, and encoding of numeric values. It covers binary, decimal, and floating point representation, as well as techniques for representing negative numbers like signed magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement. Error detection codes like parity bits are also introduced as a way to detect errors during data transmission. Key topics include binary conversion of decimal numbers, floating point representation using mantissa and exponent, overflow detection, and even/odd parity generation.
based on stored program design
processor system
CPU
memory
input/output system
input/output devices
secondary storage
manages the instruction-execution cycle
FETCH – DECODE – EXECUTE
coordinates the activities of other devices
The document discusses the accumulator register in a CPU. It describes the accumulator as a short-term storage register for arithmetic and logic operations. It contains details about the inputs and outputs to the accumulator from other registers like the data register and input register. It also explains the different microoperations that can be performed on the accumulator like addition, transfer, complement, and shift operations. The control gates for these microoperations are also defined.
The document describes the components and functioning of a microprogram sequencer. The microprogram sequencer selects the next address from various sources like the current microinstruction address field, an incremented address, or an external source. It uses multiplexers and registers to select the appropriate next address and load it into the control address register to fetch the next microinstruction from memory. The input logic determines the types of operations the sequencer can perform, such as branching, subroutine calls and returns, and other address sequencing functions.
basic organization of computer
,
input unit
,
output unit
,
storage unit
,
arithmetic logic unit (alu)
,
computer codes
,
computer for organization
,
business communication
,
payroll system
,
management information system
bus and memory tranfer (computer organaization)Siddhi Viradiya
A bus system is an efficient way to transfer data between registers in a computer. It uses a set of common lines that can selectively connect one register at a time to allow its information to be transferred. One way to construct a bus system is by using multiplexers. For example, a 4-bit system with 4 registers would use 4 multiplexers, each with 3 inputs to selectively connect the bits of one register to the common 4-line bus. Control signals on the multiplexer selection lines determine which register is connected to the bus at any given time.
The microprocessor is a central processing unit contained on a single chip. It acts as the brain of the computer and controls all other components. As technology has advanced, microprocessors have become faster, smaller, and more powerful over time. A computer uses a microprocessor as its CPU and is called a microcomputer. The microprocessor accepts data from input devices, processes it according to instructions in memory, and outputs results.
The document summarizes the basic organization of a computer system. It describes that while computers have changed over time, the core logical structure has remained the same. The five main units that take input data and convert it to useful information are: 1) input unit, 2) storage unit, 3) processing unit, 4) control unit, and 5) output unit. The storage unit has two types - primary storage (memory) and secondary storage (disks/tapes), which store data temporarily and permanently respectively. The processing unit performs calculations and operations on data stored in primary storage. The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system.
This document provides an overview of computer organization. It discusses the functional units of a computer including taking input, storing data, processing data, outputting information, and controlling workflow. It also describes the components of a processor such as the instruction register, program counter, memory address register, and general purpose registers. Finally, it examines concepts like pipelining, where instructions are broken down into stages to allow simultaneous execution and improve performance compared to non-pipelined processors.
The document discusses the basic organization and components of a computer system. It describes how a computer system consists of people, data, procedures, hardware, and software that work together to solve problems. The core components of a computer are the input, memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), output, and control unit. It also outlines the purposes of these elements, such as the input unit receiving data, the memory unit storing information, and the control unit executing instructions sequentially. Finally, it provides examples of common computer parts like the CPU, disk drives, keyboard, monitor, and their basic functions.
The document describes the basic components and instruction cycle of a simple computer called the Basic Computer. It consists of a processor and memory. The processor contains registers like the Program Counter, Instruction Register, and Accumulator. It has instructions to perform arithmetic, logic, data transfer, and input/output operations. An instruction cycle fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it, executes the appropriate operation, then fetches the next instruction. Memory-reference instructions read an operand from memory into the Data Register before executing.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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This document discusses the structure and function of a CPU. It describes the basic components of a processor including the ALU, control unit, and registers. It explains the roles of different types of registers like general purpose, data, address, and control/status registers. The document then outlines the basic instruction cycle including fetch, execute, and interrupt cycles. It provides diagrams to illustrate the data flow during these cycles. Finally, it introduces the concept of pipelining which allows overlapping the stages of instruction processing to improve processor throughput.
This document discusses computer registers and their functions. It describes 8 key registers - Data Register, Address Register, Accumulator, Instruction Register, Program Counter, Temporary Register, Input Register and Output Register. It explains what each register stores and its role. For example, the Program Counter holds the address of the next instruction to be executed, while the Accumulator is used for general processing. The registers are connected via a common bus to transfer information between memory and registers for processing instructions.
Computer programmers developed coding systems to represent letters, numbers, and symbols with numeric codes. Three popular coding systems are EBCDIC, ASCII, and Unicode. EBCDIC used 6-bit codes and could represent 64 symbols, while ASCII is now most common and uses 8-bit codes for 256 symbols. Unicode is an evolving worldwide standard that uses 16-bit codes to represent over 65,000 symbols and characters from different languages.
This document discusses machine instructions and how programs are executed at the machine level. It covers number systems, data representation, memory addressing, instruction types, instruction execution, and addressing modes. Binary numbers are used in computers and represented as vectors. Negative numbers can be represented using sign-and-magnitude, one's complement, or two's complement methods. Memory is made up of addresses that store bits, bytes, and words of data. Instructions perform operations like data transfer, arithmetic, and program flow control. Programs are executed through sequential instruction fetch and execution, using techniques like looping and conditional branching. Addressing modes specify how operands are accessed in instructions.
The document discusses the architecture and support components of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the pin diagram and functions of the 8085, its operations including memory and I/O access, internal architecture consisting of ALU, registers, buses, and interfacing with memory and I/O devices using memory-mapped and peripheral-mapped techniques. Examples of programs to read from an input port and write to an output port are also provided.
About Cache Memory
working of cache memory
levels of cache memory
mapping techniques for cache memory
1. direct mapping techniques
2. Fully associative mapping techniques
3. set associative mapping techniques
Cache memroy organization
cache coherency
every thing in detail
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
Basic Computer Organization and Design
.....................................................................
The basic computer design represents all of the major concepts in CPU design without overwhelming students with the complexity of a modern commercial CPU.
The document describes the fetch-decode-execute cycle of a CPU. It has two main parts: the fetch cycle and the execute cycle. In the fetch cycle, the program counter contains the address of the next instruction to fetch. It is copied to the memory address register to retrieve the instruction from memory and place it in the current instruction register. The program counter is then incremented. In the execute cycle, the instruction is decoded and executed. The processor checks for interrupts and repeats the cycle billions of times per second.
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
The document provides an overview of hardware components including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, and input/output devices. It discusses how the CPU fetches and executes instructions in four steps and how pipelining can improve processing speed. The document also covers memory types, characteristics of processing and storage devices, and different computer system types.
Cs100 lec 3 cont1 hardware - system unit and memory)JhÜvs Laganson
The document summarizes the three fundamental elements of a computer system:
1. The system unit, which contains the core components like the motherboard, CPU, memory, and storage drives.
2. Output devices, which allow the user to see or display the computer's output.
3. Input devices, which allow the user to provide input to the computer.
The microprocessor is a central processing unit contained on a single chip. It acts as the brain of the computer and controls all other components. As technology has advanced, microprocessors have become faster, smaller, and more powerful over time. A computer uses a microprocessor as its CPU and is called a microcomputer. The microprocessor accepts data from input devices, processes it according to instructions in memory, and outputs results.
The document summarizes the basic organization of a computer system. It describes that while computers have changed over time, the core logical structure has remained the same. The five main units that take input data and convert it to useful information are: 1) input unit, 2) storage unit, 3) processing unit, 4) control unit, and 5) output unit. The storage unit has two types - primary storage (memory) and secondary storage (disks/tapes), which store data temporarily and permanently respectively. The processing unit performs calculations and operations on data stored in primary storage. The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system.
This document provides an overview of computer organization. It discusses the functional units of a computer including taking input, storing data, processing data, outputting information, and controlling workflow. It also describes the components of a processor such as the instruction register, program counter, memory address register, and general purpose registers. Finally, it examines concepts like pipelining, where instructions are broken down into stages to allow simultaneous execution and improve performance compared to non-pipelined processors.
The document discusses the basic organization and components of a computer system. It describes how a computer system consists of people, data, procedures, hardware, and software that work together to solve problems. The core components of a computer are the input, memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), output, and control unit. It also outlines the purposes of these elements, such as the input unit receiving data, the memory unit storing information, and the control unit executing instructions sequentially. Finally, it provides examples of common computer parts like the CPU, disk drives, keyboard, monitor, and their basic functions.
The document describes the basic components and instruction cycle of a simple computer called the Basic Computer. It consists of a processor and memory. The processor contains registers like the Program Counter, Instruction Register, and Accumulator. It has instructions to perform arithmetic, logic, data transfer, and input/output operations. An instruction cycle fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it, executes the appropriate operation, then fetches the next instruction. Memory-reference instructions read an operand from memory into the Data Register before executing.
The presentation given at MSBTE sponsored content updating program on 'PC Maintenance and Troubleshooting' for Diploma Engineering teachers of Maharashtra. Venue: Government Polytechnic, Nashik Date: 17/01/2011 Session-2: Computer Organization and Architecture.
(Ref : Computer System Architecture by Morris Mano 3rd edition) : Microprogrammed Control unit, micro instructions, micro operations, symbolic and binary microprogram.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
This document discusses the structure and function of a CPU. It describes the basic components of a processor including the ALU, control unit, and registers. It explains the roles of different types of registers like general purpose, data, address, and control/status registers. The document then outlines the basic instruction cycle including fetch, execute, and interrupt cycles. It provides diagrams to illustrate the data flow during these cycles. Finally, it introduces the concept of pipelining which allows overlapping the stages of instruction processing to improve processor throughput.
This document discusses computer registers and their functions. It describes 8 key registers - Data Register, Address Register, Accumulator, Instruction Register, Program Counter, Temporary Register, Input Register and Output Register. It explains what each register stores and its role. For example, the Program Counter holds the address of the next instruction to be executed, while the Accumulator is used for general processing. The registers are connected via a common bus to transfer information between memory and registers for processing instructions.
Computer programmers developed coding systems to represent letters, numbers, and symbols with numeric codes. Three popular coding systems are EBCDIC, ASCII, and Unicode. EBCDIC used 6-bit codes and could represent 64 symbols, while ASCII is now most common and uses 8-bit codes for 256 symbols. Unicode is an evolving worldwide standard that uses 16-bit codes to represent over 65,000 symbols and characters from different languages.
This document discusses machine instructions and how programs are executed at the machine level. It covers number systems, data representation, memory addressing, instruction types, instruction execution, and addressing modes. Binary numbers are used in computers and represented as vectors. Negative numbers can be represented using sign-and-magnitude, one's complement, or two's complement methods. Memory is made up of addresses that store bits, bytes, and words of data. Instructions perform operations like data transfer, arithmetic, and program flow control. Programs are executed through sequential instruction fetch and execution, using techniques like looping and conditional branching. Addressing modes specify how operands are accessed in instructions.
The document discusses the architecture and support components of the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the pin diagram and functions of the 8085, its operations including memory and I/O access, internal architecture consisting of ALU, registers, buses, and interfacing with memory and I/O devices using memory-mapped and peripheral-mapped techniques. Examples of programs to read from an input port and write to an output port are also provided.
About Cache Memory
working of cache memory
levels of cache memory
mapping techniques for cache memory
1. direct mapping techniques
2. Fully associative mapping techniques
3. set associative mapping techniques
Cache memroy organization
cache coherency
every thing in detail
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers.
This is in contrast to a floating-point unit (FPU), which operates on floating point numbers. It is a fundamental building block of many types of computing circuits, including the central processing unit (CPU) of computers, FPUs, and graphics processing units.
A single CPU, FPU or GPU may contain multiple ALUs
History Of ALU:Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945 in a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
Typical Schematic Symbol of an ALU:A and B: the inputs to the ALU
R: Output or Result
F: Code or Instruction from the
Control Unit
D: Output status; it indicates cases
Circuit operation:An ALU is a combinational logic circuit
Its outputs will change asynchronously in response to input changes
The external circuitry connected to the ALU is responsible for ensuring the stability of ALU input signals throughout the operation
Basic Computer Organization and Design
.....................................................................
The basic computer design represents all of the major concepts in CPU design without overwhelming students with the complexity of a modern commercial CPU.
The document describes the fetch-decode-execute cycle of a CPU. It has two main parts: the fetch cycle and the execute cycle. In the fetch cycle, the program counter contains the address of the next instruction to fetch. It is copied to the memory address register to retrieve the instruction from memory and place it in the current instruction register. The program counter is then incremented. In the execute cycle, the instruction is decoded and executed. The processor checks for interrupts and repeats the cycle billions of times per second.
This slide provide the introduction to the computer , instruction formats and their execution, Common Bus System , Instruction Cycle, Hardwired Control Unit and I/O operation and handling of interrupt
The document provides an overview of hardware components including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, and input/output devices. It discusses how the CPU fetches and executes instructions in four steps and how pipelining can improve processing speed. The document also covers memory types, characteristics of processing and storage devices, and different computer system types.
Cs100 lec 3 cont1 hardware - system unit and memory)JhÜvs Laganson
The document summarizes the three fundamental elements of a computer system:
1. The system unit, which contains the core components like the motherboard, CPU, memory, and storage drives.
2. Output devices, which allow the user to see or display the computer's output.
3. Input devices, which allow the user to provide input to the computer.
The document discusses the hierarchy of computer systems from supercomputers to microcomputers. It explains that supercomputers are the most powerful for processing large datasets. Mainframes are less powerful than supercomputers and are used for applications like banking. Midrange computers include minicomputers and servers. Microcomputers range from desktop PCs to mobile devices. The CPU and computer memory are also described.
Computer architecture consists of instruction set architecture (ISA), which is software, and machine organization, which is hardware and design. The basic machine organization includes a CPU with an ALU and control unit, memory subsystem to store data, and I/O subsystem connecting to devices. These components communicate through buses - the address bus specifies memory locations, the data bus transfers data, and the control bus sends signals. The CPU follows an instruction cycle of fetching, decoding, operand fetching, executing instructions, and writing back results through the buses to memory or I/O.
The document outlines a technology guide that discusses the major components of computer hardware, including the central processing unit, memory, storage, input/output devices, and trends in hardware technology. It provides learning objectives about identifying hardware components, describing how CPUs and memory work, differentiating storage types, and discussing strategic issues related to hardware design and business needs. General concepts, technologies, and trends in computer hardware are examined.
The document discusses the components and functioning of a computer system. It describes how a computer accepts data as input, processes it using the central processing unit (CPU) and other components, and produces output. The CPU contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that work together to control data flow and perform calculations. The computer also includes storage devices like RAM, ROM, hard disks, and optical drives to permanently save data and programs.
Computer Introduction-Lecture02 for applied scince college students, Seiyun University , yemen 2023-2024 Academic year. لطلاب كلية العلوم التطبيقية بجامعة سيئون
مقدمة في علوم الحاسوب المحاضرة الثانية
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
The document discusses the typical components of a computer, including the CPU, memory, and input/output devices. It describes the differences between primary and secondary memory, as well as different types of input devices like keyboards, mice, and scanners. It also covers output devices like monitors, printers, and optical disks. The document provides details on how information is moved and stored within a computer system using components like ribbon cables and bytes.
Memory is essential for computers and comes in three main types: primary, cache, and secondary. Primary memory (RAM) is directly accessible by the CPU and comes in volatile forms like DRAM and SRAM. Cache memory improves access speed and can be L1/L2 caches. Secondary memory (hard disks, DVDs) provides large storage but is slower to access. The document discusses these memory types in detail along with their technologies and principles.
Computer is an electronic device that accepts data as input, processes it, and provides results as output. It has three main components: the arithmetic logical unit (ALU) that performs calculations, the control unit (CU) that directs operations, and the central processing unit (CPU) that comprises the ALU and CU. Computers store data temporarily in RAM and permanently in various storage devices like hard disks, tapes, optical disks, and flash drives. They have evolved through five generations from vacuum tubes to today's integrated circuits and microprocessors. Computers come in various sizes ranging from supercomputers to desktops, laptops, and palmtop computers. They accept input through devices like keyboards and provide output through monitors and printers.
PERFORM CALCULATION AND MENSURATION.pptxEchelleOgatis
This document defines terms related to computer hardware components and their measurement. It discusses units of measurement like bits and bytes. It also defines common components like hard drives, memory, CPUs and their functions. The document provides definitions for ROM, RAM and cache memory. It explains different types of storage drives like hard drives, optical drives and flash drives. It concludes by describing common drive interfaces like IDE, SATA and SCSI.
Data recovery with a view of digital forensics Ahmed Hashad
This document discusses data recovery from damaged digital storage devices like hard drives. It covers the different types of data loss that can occur through mechanical failures, human error, etc. The process of data recovery involves repairing the device if possible, imaging the drive to copy data, and performing logical recovery of files and file systems. Forensic data recovery aims to recover and present data in a legal context. The document outlines the components and workings of a typical hard drive, as well as file systems, failure modes, and data recovery techniques.
The chapter introduces computer memory units including main memory (RAM) and secondary storage. It discusses different types of memory like RAM, ROM, PROM, and EPROM. RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage while ROM permanently stores basic instructions. Secondary storage devices discussed include magnetic tapes, floppy disks, and hard disks which store large amounts of non-volatile data. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray are also covered as high capacity, portable secondary storage.
This document discusses computer memory and storage. It defines primary and secondary memory, and describes their key differences. Primary memory, also called main memory, is volatile and used for processing. It has high access speeds but limited capacity. Secondary memory is non-volatile and used for long-term storage of large volumes of data. Common types of primary memory include RAM, ROM, and cache. Common forms of secondary memory include hard disks, optical disks, magnetic tapes, USB drives, and cloud storage. The document evaluates various storage media and provides details on their characteristics like capacity, access times, and usage.
The document discusses computer hardware components and technologies. It covers the central processing unit, computer memory, the evolution of hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, the hierarchy of computer systems, input/output devices, and trends like improving cost-performance of chips and emerging technologies like sensor webs and nanotechnology. The objectives are to describe hardware components, memory types, hardware evolution, and strategic issues related to keeping up with advancing technologies.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a software development system. It describes how a microcomputer is used to develop software for a particular microprocessor. It includes a large read/write memory, disk storage, and a video terminal with keyboard to manage input/output, files, and programs through an operating system. Common components of software development systems are then outlined such as the keyboard, monitor, memory, disk controllers and drives for data storage and access.
This document lists and describes 14 common computer components, including input devices like the keyboard and mouse, storage devices like the hard drive and RAM, the central processing unit (CPU) that runs programs, the motherboard that connects components, and output devices like the monitor, speaker and printer. The components work together to allow users to input, process, store and output digital data on a computer system.
The document discusses the main components that make up a computer system unit. It describes the system unit case, motherboard, processor, memory, storage devices like hard disk drives and optical drives, ports, buses, bays, and power supply. These components work together to process, store, and transfer digital data and instructions that allow the computer to function.
Meaning of Service; Characteristics of Services; Classification of Services; Marketing mix of services; Customer involvement in services; Building customer loyalty; GAP model; Balancing demand & capacity.
Meaning and Elements – Classification of products; product life cycle, new product development process; branding, packaging; Pricing: Objectives, factors influencing pricing policy; types of pricing methods, Distribution: definition; need; types of marketing channels, factors affecting channels;; Promotion: Nature and importance of promotion; promotion mix; advertising; sales promotion; public relation; direct selling and publicity.
Definition; Nature; Scope and Importance of marketing; Approaches to the study of marketing; Functions of marketing, Market Segmentation: Meaning; Importance; Bases of Segmentation; Market Targeting; Types of targeting; Market Positioning; Strategies for positioning, Recent trends in Marketing
This document provides an introduction and overview of spreadsheets and Microsoft Excel. It defines what a spreadsheet is, outlines key features and elements of Excel including cells, worksheets, formatting, formulas, functions, charts and pivot tables. It also describes various data analysis tools in Excel like sorting, filtering, conditional formatting, and how to perform tasks like what-if analysis using goal seek and scenario manager. The document is intended as a reference for using spreadsheets, especially Microsoft Excel, in a business context.
Introduction to Data and Information, database, types of database models, Introduction to DBMS, Difference between file management systems and DBMS, advantages & disadvantages of DBMS, Data warehousing, Data mining, Applications of DBMS, Introduction to MS Access, Create Database, Create Table, Adding Data, Forms in MS Access, Reports in MS Access.
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Management Information System (MIS), Decision Support Systems (DSS), Group Decision Support System (GDSS), Executive Information System (EIS), Expert System (ES) – features, process, advantages & disadvantages, role of these systems in decision making process.
The document discusses the importance of information systems in decision making and strategy building for organizations. It defines information and information technology, and describes the difference between information systems and information technology. An information system is comprised of various components including hardware, software, data, people, and processes. Information systems help management make informed decisions, improve communication and business processes, and develop effective strategies. Managers play an important role in overseeing information systems and ensuring they meet the needs of the organization.
This document provides an introduction to data mining concepts including definitions, tasks, challenges, and techniques. It discusses data mining definitions, the data mining process including data preprocessing steps like cleaning, integration, transformation and reduction. It also covers common data mining tasks like classification, clustering, association rule mining and the Apriori algorithm. Overall, the document serves as a high-level overview of key data mining concepts and methods.
Data Warehouse – Introduction, characteristics, architecture, scheme and modelling, Differences between operational database systems and data warehouse.
Nature and purpose of organization, principles of organization, types of organization, formal and informal organization, types of organization structure, departmentation, importance and bases of departmentaion, committees, meaning and types, centralization vs decentralization of authority and responsibility, span of control, MBO and MBE (meaning only), nature and importance of staffing, process of recruitment & selection (in brief)
Meaning and nature of directing, leadership styles, motivation, meaning and importance, Communication, meaning and importance, co-ordination, meaning and importance and techniques of co-ordination, control, meaning, features, importance and steps in control process, essentials of a sound control system, methods of establishing control (in brief).
Data Analysis & Interpretation and Report WritingSOMASUNDARAM T
Statistical Methods for Data Analysis (Only Theory), Meaning of Interpretation, Technique of Interpretation, Significance of Report Writing, Steps, Layout of Research Report, Types of Research Reports, Precautions while writing research reports
General features of computer – Evolution of computers; Computer Applications – Data Processing – Information Processing – Commercial – Office Automation – Industry and Engineering – Healthcare – Education – Disruptive technologies.
Introduction, Meaning, Nature, Characteristics of Management, Scope and Functional areas of management, Management as a science or art or profession, management & administration, Henry Fayol’s Principles of Management.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) –
Computer Memory – Primary
Memory – Secondary Memory –
Registers – Cache Memory –
Secondary Storage Devices –
Magnetic and Optic Media –
input and Output units – OMR –
OCR – MICR – Scanner – Mouse
- Modem
UNIT 2: COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
3. Computer Organization describes the functions and design of various units of
computer that receive information from external sources and send computer
results to external destinations.
Computer Organization - Introduction
Computer
Organization
Computer
Hardware
Computer
Architecture
Electronics circuits displays,
magnetic and optical storage media,
electro-mechanical equipment,
communication facilities
Encompasses the specification of an
instruction set and the hardware
units that implement the
instructions
5. It consists of few independent main parts –
a) Input Unit:
Accepts coded information from human operators, electro mechanics like
keyboards or from other computers.
b) Computer memory:
It stores the information received for arithmetic and logic circuitory (ALU &
control units) to perform desired operations.
Memory is storage.
It has two classes – Primary and Secondary.
c) Processor is both Arithmetic and Logic Circuit Units:
In conjunction with main control unit.
d) Output Unit:
It is counter part of input unit & function to send processed results.
Functional Units of a Computer
6. CPU is key component of a computer system capable of interpreting
and executing program instructions.
CPU is on single electronic component, the microprocessor chip,
within system unit.
CPU are on small silicon chips, making easy and inexpensive to
manufacture.
Each chip contains millions of on / off switches called transistors.
It is connected with microscopic lines of aluminium as wires.
This circuits can manipulate data, to do many tasks.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
8. a) Control Unit:
It is directing the flow of data and logical hub of computer.
It obtains instructions from stored program, interprets instructions to
execute.
It coordinates and controls to ensure required information is transferred
between memory, ALU, Input / Output devices in sequence.
b) Arithmetic – Logic Unit (ALU):
It performs all calculations and comparisons on data.
Intermediate results are temporarily transferred to primary storage and
recalled whenever it is needed.
Final information after the completion of processing of data is transferred
to storage.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
9. c) The Memory:
It is also called as Primary storage or main memory.
Primary storage or internal storage memory is supported by external
memory.
Secondary storage are magnetic tapes, discs, drives, floppy discs, pen drive,
etc.
d) Registers:
These are additional storage location and capable of storing a specified
amount of data such as one word.
This is high speed storing areas that hold data and instructions temporarily.
To see two numbers, one has to be moved to a smaller storage area in
microprocessor itself, that storage area on chip was called register.
e) Mother boards or System boards:
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
10. f) Addresses:
It identifies scientific locations.
To provide easy access to any word in memory, a distinct address is associated
with each word location.
A guess word is accessed by specifying its address, issue a control command
that starts storage or retrieval process.
g) Bus:
A bus is a network of parallel wires representing communication lines.
When information is transferred or exchanged between parts of computer and
linked to external output, it is done through internal bus.
It consists of i) Data bus – transports information to and from CPU, ii) Address
bus – used to find instruction pointed out by program counter, from which data
is to be transferred, iii) Control bus – series of transmission lines with fixed
purpose.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
11. Memory storage units are of two types -
Memory and Storage Devices
Memory
Storage Units
Primary Storage Unit
Secondary Storage Unit
12.
13. Primary Storage:
All data and programs used in processing are held in primary
storage unit or internal storage which occupies same physical
enclosure as CPU.
The contents of an address in primary storage are not in
format that can be easily read by humans.
Internal storage are to store – all data to be processed,
intermediate results, final results and all instructions.
Memory and Storage Devices
14. Primary memory storage comes in two pieces -
a) RAM (Random Access Memory):
It is available for use of programmer and can be changed as desired.
A term mainly in conjunction with micro computers meaning memory that
can be both read or write and for which access time is same for all
addresses.
b) ROM (Read Only Memory):
It contains permanent information and cannot be changed by the
programmer.
Applicable to memory like micro computers which is inplanted during
manufacture and cannot change after.
It is a memory that can be read but not used for write.
Memory and Storage Devices
15. Secondary Storage:
Secondary Storage devices provide a more permanent types of
storage media.
Secondary Storage devices are direct access storage devices.
It is permanent storage media, storage data in its files until that
data is either rewritten or erased.
The data in secondary storage files are reusable until updated
or destroyed.
It had to be online to the CPU and allow ready to access to
that data during processing.
Memory and Storage Devices
16. Secondary Storage devices includes two types –
1. Magnetic Disk 2. Optical Disk Layers
1. Magnetic Disk Storage:
Magnetic disks are most common form of secondary storage computer system
since they provide fast access and high storage capacities.
It drives contain metal disks that are coated on both sides with an iron oxide
recording material.
It mounted on vertical shaft together which rotates the disks at speeds of 3600 to
7600 revolutions per minute (rpm), electromagnetic disks.
Electromagnetic read / write heads are positioned by access arms between
slightly separated disks to read and write data on concentric circular tracks.
Several hundred data tracks on each disk surface provides billions of storage
position of software and data.
Memory and Storage Devices
18. Magnetic disk arrangements are several types -
a) Disk Platter:
It is a circular sheet of metal about 10-20 in diameter, 1/16-1/4 thick.
It is coated on one or both surface with magnetic material, as thickness of disk
is mechanical strength.
Read-write head is mounted on movable arm that can positioned over any one of
tracks, which is 100 to 1000 tracks on a surface.
b) Disk Unit:
It contains many platters although there are single platters disks file units on
market.
Multiplatter disk file units have read-write head for every side of every platter,
to move heads in and out across platter to access every track.
Single platter is called disk pack and removed from the unit and replaced with
another pack, providing relatively inexpensive long-term storage.
21. d) Hard Disk Drives:
Each platter has some no. of tracks.
A cylinder is the one where in the track location cuts all platters.
Hard disks are less portable than floppies.
Different types of disks:
Hard disks are two types – i) Disk packs, ii) Removable cartridges.
Zip Disk Jaz Disk Super Disk
High capacity floppy disk
drives developed by lomega
corporation
Removable disk drives
developed by Iomega
corporation
This diskette can have 2490
tracks instead of 135 tracks of
conventional 1.4 MB diskettes
Larger than conventional
floppy disks, twice thicker
12 ms average seektime
transfer rate of 5.5 Mbps
Higher density will be 120 MB
capacity per diskette
Holds 100mb of data Removable cartridges
hold 16B of data
Inexpensive durable, a
popular media for backing up
hard disk
23. e) CD – ROM (Compact Disk – Read Only Memory):
A type of optical disk capable of storing large amounts of data, are standardized.
Size 630 MB is common life, storing data is 1GB, storage capacity 700 floppy disks,
enough memory to store about 300,00 text pages.
CD – ROM technology uses 12 cm (4.7 inches) compact disks similar to those used in
stereo music systems.
Each disk store more than 600 megabytes.
2. Optical Disks Layers:
CD ROM & DVD ROM disks changed the way information is stored, distributed and
accessed.
a) Magnetic Optical (MO) Drivers:
A combination of magnetic disk technologies with CD-ROM technology like
magnetic disk can be read and written.
Like floppy disk, they are removable, storage capacity can be more than 200
megabytes, greater than magnetic floppies.
Data access speed is faster than floppies and CD-ROMs, but not fast as hard disk
drives.
24. b) CD Discs:
CD – ROM disc are similar in concept to CDs audio disc so popular in music industry.
It can store up to 660 megabytes of data.
Access times is faster and spin rate is designed by 2x, 4x, 6x and 16x designations
each drive carries.
c) CD – Recordable (CD-R):
It can be written immediately and it has thin layer of gold with a layer or green dye
below.
Computer reads a bump as 1 otherwise 0 and many forms need archive copies of data,
can’t be modified once it has been copied.
d) DVD disc:
Optical disk many changes like Digital Video Disc & Digital Versatile Disk, which has
high capacity optical disk storage that can store full length videos & large amount of
data.
It replace to Music CDs, videotapes, 12 inch video laser disks, etc.
New DVD discs store 4.7 giga bytes of digital information on single sided.
25. List of Input devices are -
Input Devices
Devices Optical Character
Recognition (devices
that scan characters)
Hand writing Recognisers
Keying Devices:
Punched Card Reader
Key board
Point-of-Sale
Pointing Devices:
Mouse
Touch Screen
Roller balls
Track balls
Light Pen
Joy Stick
Barcode Scanner
Wand Reader
Optical Mark Reader
Optical Character
Reader
Cordless Reader
Voice recognisers (data
entered by voice)
Other Devices:
Magnetic Ink Character
devices
ATM, Cameras, Smart cards,
Telephone.
Digitisers (for maps, graphs,
etc.)
26. 1. Keying devices:
a) Keyboard:
It is like a typewriter and when you press key it sends signal to computer
telling it what has been pressed.
It is standardized for use in all types of computers like PC work station or
notebook computer.
Keys are classified as Letter keys, Digit keys, special character keys, non
printable control keys & function keys.
Ergonomic Keyboards – Keyboards designed to relieve the stress on wrists and
arms, scientific analysis of men, machine interactions is called ergonomics.
Keyboards are different designs and differences are in number and location
of extra or their keys.
(E.g.) IBM keyboards and Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) keyboards are differ,
where ADB has extra 15 special function keys.
27.
28. b) Point of Sale Devices:
POS terminal has a specialized keyboard.
In retail store, it is equipped with scanner that reads the barcoded sales tag
POS devices to increase speed of data entry and reduce the chance of errors.
It include many features like scanner, printer, voice synthesis, accounting
software.
Pointing devices are used to move a pointer around on screen to execute
commands or to manipulate data that already entered.
(E.g.) McDonald’s include all the items on menu and pictures of item.
29. 2. Pointing devices:
a) Mouse:
A device that controls the movement of cursor or pointer on a display screen.
Its name is derived from its shape, looks like a mouse, connecting wire like a
tail.
Mouse introduced by Douglas Angioblast in 1963, pioneered by Xerox in
1970s.
It contains 1 – 3 buttons having different functions depending on program
running.
Terms used in Mouse operations are Mouse pointer, Point, Clicking and
Double clicking.
Drag & Drop – means to drag an item to another position and then release the
mouse button to let it go.
30. Types of Mouse:
Mechanical Opto Mechanical Optical
A rubber or metal ball on its
bottom can roll in all
directions.
Mechanical sensors detect
direction of the ball helps in
moving the screen pointer.
Similar to Mechanical.
Optical sensors used to
detect motion of the
ball.
Move the mouse along a
special mat with a grid.
Laser is used.
No mechanical moving
parts.
Responds better than the
other two.
More expensive than other
two.
31. b) Touch Sensitive Screen:
It is an alternative to the mouse or other screen related devices.
User activates an object on screen by touching with his or her finger.
It is light device that accepts data by placement of a finger on or close to
screen.
c) Track ball:
It is similar to a mouse, that ball moves within device, over a surface with
trackpad, user controls that cursor moving finger along a touch sensitive pad.
With a track pad user controls the cursor by moving finger only a touch-
sensitive pad.
d) Touch pad:
It is a small, touch sensitive pad as pointing device on small portable
computers.
It works on any surface even on our lap and specially for portable computers.
32. e) Light pen or Stylus:
A photo-electronic device that allows data to entered or altered on face of a
video display terminal.
It is a special device with a light sensing mechanism, used to touch screen,
pointing a light pen.
f) Joy stick:
It is like a miniature or gear laser.
It workout what position the joystick is in and react accordingly.
A small lever set in box used to move cursor on screen.
33. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) devices:
a) Scanners:
It is a device which can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translates
to information into a form that the computer can use.
Flat bed scanner is commonly used type holds the paper flat while scanner
moves its scanning optics.
Optical Scanner read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for
computer.
Type of Optical Scanners are –
i) Compact Desktop Scanners – popular due to their low cost and ease of use with
PCs.
ii) Flatbed Scanners – expensive but flatter, provides high resolution colour
scanning, more accurate.
iii) Drum Scanners – scanners optics fixed and move the paper past them and
inexpensive and hand held scanners.
34. b) Barcode reader:
Reading of barcodes (i.e.) vertical marks or bars placed on merchandise tags that
can be sensed and read by optical character reading devices.
It scan the black and white bars written in Universal Product Code (UPC).
This code specifies the name of the product and it manufacturers (product ID).
Barcodes are valuable in high volume processing where keyboard entry is slow
or inaccurate.
c) Wand Readers:
Wand readers are handled optical readers for scanning data, used for data entry
by many transaction terminals.
It is a special barcode reader than can read codes that are also readable by
people.
d) Optical Mark Recognition (OMR):
Also called ‘Mark Sensing’ technology where device senses presence or absence
of a mark, which is used in tests like Aptitude tests.
35. e) Optical Character Recognition (OCR):
In OCR, scanning converts text from a printed from back to an electric
form that you can edit with a word processing program as if you entered it
through keyboard.
OCR is like reversing the process of printing.
It operates under –
i) it is converted to picture called a bit mapped image.
ii) it analyses the light and dark areas on page.
iii) it looks up each character in its library of character templates , find
match for it.
iv) it uses a process called feature extraction to analyze characters.
v) characters out of range of identification are displayed using special
symbols.
vi) save the document converted in format of word processing program.
37. Other devices:
a) Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR):
MICR read information printed on cheques in magnetic ink, identifies bank and
account number.
MICR allows the computer to recognize characters printed using magnetic ink.
b) Voice Data Entry:
Speech input devices also called as voice data entry.
It is direct conversion of spoken data into electronic form suitable for entry into
a computer system.
Continuous speech and Discrete word are two types of voice recognition
systems.
c) Digitizers:
It convert drawings made with a pen on sensitized surface to machine-readable
input.
This is based on changes in electrical charges that correspond to drawings.
38. d) Digitising Tablet:
A device that helps to enter drawings and sketches into computer.
It consists of a electronic tablet and a cursor or pen.
e) Cameras:
Digital Video cameras are used to capture pictures that are digitized and stored
in computers.
It can take photos and load then directly from camera to main storage digitally.
Instant prints can be taken, stop scribbling notes, slides and other visual
exhibits can be captured.
39. Output Devices:
An Output devices is a machine capable of representing information
from a computer.
It include electronic and electromechanical apparatus which deliver
results of computer processing.
Output will be in the form of words, numbers, graphics, sounds,
videos and animations
It includes –
a) Intangible output (known as soft copy) – picture on a computer
monitor or Information stored on disk.
b) Tangible output (known as hard copy) – Information printed on paper.
Output Devices
40. Soft Copy Output Devices:
Monitors: (Cathode Ray Tube – CRT Monitor)
An Electronic vaccum tube (television picture tube) that displays the output of a
computer system.
In CRT monitor, it created many different colours and hues from three primary
colours like Red, Green and Blue.
Inner side of screen has a larger tiny phosphorus dots called pixels (picture
elements), respond to electronic beans by displaying different coloured light.
Laptop computers use flat panel displays, which are less bulky than CRT
Monitors.
Clarity also depends on type of video monitor and graphics circuit board
installed in computer.
It provide a variety of graphic modes of increasing capability.
Output Devices
41. Colour Monitors:
It can display 16 to over one million different colours and differs
from colour televisions, using composite video signals all mixed.
RGB Monitor:
It is used in computers consists of a vaccum tube with three electronic
guns, one for red, one for green, one for blue at one end.
Digital Monitor:
Accepts digital signals – type of input received from video adapter.
Translates digital to analog signals that control the actual display.
Analog Monitor:
Traditional type of colour display screen used in TVs over years.
All monitors based on CRT technology are analog.
Most monitors accept analog signal.
43. Hard Copy Output Devices:
Printers:
Printers provide information in a permanent, readable form.
These are most common used output devices and components of all computer
system.
Printing information on paper is still most common form of output after video
displays.
Classification of Printers:
a) Laser Printers:
It use electrostatic process similar to photocopying machine to produce many
pages per minute of high quality black and white output.
A construction of laser beam and electrographic techniques to create printer
output used having the rate of 18000 lines per minutes.
Output Devices
44. b) LCD and LED Printers:
These are liquid crystals or light emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce
image on the drum.
They have same characteristics of laser printers.
c) Ink-Jet Printer:
High quality prints can be produced, almost matching with laser printers.
It provides a resolution of 300 dots per inch and needs special type of ink is
required.
It spray ink on to a page, one line at a time and produces several page per minute
of high quality output.
d) Line Printers:
A line printers operates at much higher speeds and prints what appears to be a
full line at a time.
It is found mainly in main frame departments and heavy duty line printers are
used to print out reports on perporated paper.
45. e) Daisy Wheel Printers:
It is a flat disk and has set of spokes each having a single character embossed at the
tip.
The hub of wheel rotates to bring desired character into position and stuck by hammer
mechanism to form image on paper.
These are also known as letter quality printers and printing speed is slow as compared
to dot matrix printers.
Dot matrix & Daisy can print both left to right or right to left and are called
bidirectional printers.
f) Dot Matrix Printer:
Each letter is formed with a series of dots and standard characters are produced in a
5x7 or 7x9 dot matrix with a single print head.
It moves across paper and needles strike the paper through an inked ribbon to produce
an impression on paper.
It can print any shape of character that a programmer can describe which allows many
special characters, different sizes of print and graphics like charts and graphs.
46. g) Chain Printer:
It has a rapidly rotating chain and each link in the chain is character font.
As chain rotates, print hammers strike the paper and ribbon against
selected character on chain.
Standard character set in 48 characters repeated round the chain.
h) Drum Printer:
Solid, cylindrical drum rotates at a rapid speed.
Characters are raised in bonds around the drum.
Each band containing all possible printer characters.
i) Thermal Printers:
These are non-impact character matrix printers which print on to special
paper using a heated print head.
They are noiseless which is a big advantage for some applications in
hospitals.
49. Modem:
It is one of the most common type of communication processor.
Digital signals received from a computer or transition terminal at one end of
communication links are converted into analog frequencies that transmitted
over ordinary telephone lines.
A modem at the other end of the communication line converts the transmitted
data back into digital form at a receiving terminal.
This process is known as modulation and demodulation and the word modem is
a combined abbreviation of those two words.
Modem supports variety of telecommunication functions such as –
Transmission error control
Automatic dialing and answering
Faxing capability
Modem
50. A modem is a device that transmits digital signals from a computer
into analog form so that they can be transmitted over telephone lines.
The modem is also used to translate analog signals back into digital
form for the receiving computer.
Functions of the Modem