This document contains information about infective endocarditis presented by Prof. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman. It includes definitions, clinical symptoms, diagnostic criteria, treatment basics, complications, and prophylaxis guidelines. It also discusses the importance of a multidisciplinary "Endocarditis Team" approach for managing complicated cases of infective endocarditis and the role of specialized reference centers.
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is one of several disorders of the conduction system of the heart that are commonly referred to as pre-excitation syndromes. WPW is caused by the presence of an abnormal accessory electrical conduction pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Electrical signals travelling down this abnormal pathway (known as the bundle of Kent) may stimulate the ventricles to contract prematurely, resulting in a unique type of supraventricular tachycardia referred to as an atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia.The incidence of WPW is between 0.1% and 0.3% in the general population.Sudden cardiac death in people with WPW is rare (incidence of less than 0.6%), and is usually caused by the propagation of an atrial tachydysrhythmia (rapid and abnormal heart rate) to the ventricles by the abnormal accessory pathway.
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is one of several disorders of the conduction system of the heart that are commonly referred to as pre-excitation syndromes. WPW is caused by the presence of an abnormal accessory electrical conduction pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Electrical signals traveling down this abnormal pathway (known as the bundle of Kent) may stimulate the ventricles to contract prematurely, resulting in a unique type of supra-ventricular tachycardia referred to as an atrio-ventricular reciprocating tachycardia.
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is one of several disorders of the conduction system of the heart that are commonly referred to as pre-excitation syndromes. WPW is caused by the presence of an abnormal accessory electrical conduction pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Electrical signals travelling down this abnormal pathway (known as the bundle of Kent) may stimulate the ventricles to contract prematurely, resulting in a unique type of supraventricular tachycardia referred to as an atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia.The incidence of WPW is between 0.1% and 0.3% in the general population.Sudden cardiac death in people with WPW is rare (incidence of less than 0.6%), and is usually caused by the propagation of an atrial tachydysrhythmia (rapid and abnormal heart rate) to the ventricles by the abnormal accessory pathway.
Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome (WPW) is one of several disorders of the conduction system of the heart that are commonly referred to as pre-excitation syndromes. WPW is caused by the presence of an abnormal accessory electrical conduction pathway between the atria and the ventricles. Electrical signals traveling down this abnormal pathway (known as the bundle of Kent) may stimulate the ventricles to contract prematurely, resulting in a unique type of supra-ventricular tachycardia referred to as an atrio-ventricular reciprocating tachycardia.
A powerpoint presentation about infective Endocarditis, with the most recent updates from the most reliable sources. I highlighted an introduction, pathology, approach to disease & different management plans in this presentation. 2018. Please don't forget to give me credit to my work.
Acute coronary syndrome is a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.
One such condition is a heart attack (myocardial infarction) — when cell death results in damaged or destroyed heart tissue. Even when acute coronary syndrome causes no cell death, the reduced blood flow changes how your heart works and is a sign of a high risk of heart attack.
Acute coronary syndrome often causes severe chest pain or discomfort. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and care. The goals of treatment include improving blood flow, treating complications and preventing future problems.
crème de la crème basics to understand electrocardiographic analysis in an easy & simple way with some specifications to its use in Emergency medicine/clinical toxicology practice.
GEMC: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency: Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Keith Kocher from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Tachy Arrhythmias - Approach to ManagementArun Vasireddy
Tachyarrhythmias are disorders of heart rhythm which may present with a tachycardia i.e. a heart rate >100 bpm.
This article provides an overview of tachyarrhythmias in general and goes on to cover the most common tachyarrhythmias in more detail. The acute management of tachyarrhythmias, in an emergency setting, will be covered in the 'Acute' section of the fastbleep website.
Tachyarrhythmias are clinically important as they can precipitate cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, thromboembolic disease and syncopal events. As such, they crop up time and time again in exam papers and on the wards.
Tachyarrhythmias are classified based on whether they have broad or narrow QRS complexes on the ECG. Broad is defined as >0.12s (or more than 3 small squares on the standard ECG). Narrow is equal to or less than 0.12s. Broad QRS complexes are slower ventricular depolarisations that arise from the ventricles. Narrow complexes are ventricular depolarisations initiated from above the ventricles (known as supraventricular). One important exception is when there is a supraventricular depolarisation conducted through a diseased AV node. This will produce wide QRS complexes despite the rhythm being supraventricular in origin.
A powerpoint presentation about infective Endocarditis, with the most recent updates from the most reliable sources. I highlighted an introduction, pathology, approach to disease & different management plans in this presentation. 2018. Please don't forget to give me credit to my work.
Acute coronary syndrome is a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.
One such condition is a heart attack (myocardial infarction) — when cell death results in damaged or destroyed heart tissue. Even when acute coronary syndrome causes no cell death, the reduced blood flow changes how your heart works and is a sign of a high risk of heart attack.
Acute coronary syndrome often causes severe chest pain or discomfort. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt diagnosis and care. The goals of treatment include improving blood flow, treating complications and preventing future problems.
crème de la crème basics to understand electrocardiographic analysis in an easy & simple way with some specifications to its use in Emergency medicine/clinical toxicology practice.
GEMC: Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency: Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Keith Kocher from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Tachy Arrhythmias - Approach to ManagementArun Vasireddy
Tachyarrhythmias are disorders of heart rhythm which may present with a tachycardia i.e. a heart rate >100 bpm.
This article provides an overview of tachyarrhythmias in general and goes on to cover the most common tachyarrhythmias in more detail. The acute management of tachyarrhythmias, in an emergency setting, will be covered in the 'Acute' section of the fastbleep website.
Tachyarrhythmias are clinically important as they can precipitate cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, thromboembolic disease and syncopal events. As such, they crop up time and time again in exam papers and on the wards.
Tachyarrhythmias are classified based on whether they have broad or narrow QRS complexes on the ECG. Broad is defined as >0.12s (or more than 3 small squares on the standard ECG). Narrow is equal to or less than 0.12s. Broad QRS complexes are slower ventricular depolarisations that arise from the ventricles. Narrow complexes are ventricular depolarisations initiated from above the ventricles (known as supraventricular). One important exception is when there is a supraventricular depolarisation conducted through a diseased AV node. This will produce wide QRS complexes despite the rhythm being supraventricular in origin.
COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia; A Case Reportsemualkaira
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is managed with longterm corticosteroid and is suggested to higher dose, based on the
general sick day principles. I presented a 5-year-old CAH case
by pneumonia managed in our pediatrics department. Considering stress doses of cortisone in management of CAH patients with
COVID19 should be considered
COVID-19 pneumonia in a congenital adrenal hyperplasia; a case reportkomalicarol
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is managed with longterm corticosteroid and is suggested to higher dose, based on the
general sick day principles. I presented a 5-year-old CAH case
by pneumonia managed in our pediatrics department. Considering stress doses of cortisone in management of CAH patients with
COVID19 should be considered.
Complicated Pediatric Pneumococcal Meningitis - Case PresentationFatima Farid
A unique case report of pneumococcal meningitis complicated by diffuse vasculitis and severe neurologic debility. Child displayed remarkable recovery with steroid therapy despite prolonged severe disease course!
ABSTRACT- The treatment of carbuncle is early administration of antibiotics and surgery. The commonest surgical approach is Saucerization and Incision & Drainage (I&D). Two cases are presented here, one underwent Saucerization and then primary split thickness skin grafting. Another un-derwent I&D for her carbuncle. They were followed up for 8 weeks to assess their outcome. Saucerization produced the shortest length of hospital stay while I&D resulted in shortest wound healing. As a new modality of treatment now-a-days two new modalities gaining popularity for better cosmetic purpose: primary split thickness skin grafting & transposition of local skin/musculocutaneous flap.
Keywords: carbuncle, surgery, good glycemic control
A cardiologists perspective to current scenario in light of corona pandemic in india and world wide. cardiac procedures , heart disease , aceinhibitors , arni , heart failure , troponin, nt probnp
DISCHARGE SUMMARY PCI IN THE ELDERLY PATIENT1DISCHARGE SUMMAAlyciaGold776
DISCHARGE SUMMARY: PCI IN THE ELDERLY PATIENT 1
DISCHARGE SUMMARY: PCI IN THE ELDERLY PATIENT
DISCHARGE SUMMARY: PCI IN THE ELDERLY PATIENT 6
DISCHARGE SUMMARY: PCI in the Elderly Patient
Professor: XXXX
Student Name
Grand Canyon University-ANP 654
Date
DISCHARGE SUMMARY
Discharge Summary
Date
XXXX-ANP 654
Patient Name: H.W.
MRN: 123456
Sex: Male
Date of Birth: 12/12/1933
Provider: C.H. APRN/MILLENIUM PHYSICIAN GROUP
Primary Care Provider: Dr. S.B.
Admission Date: xx/xx/xxxx
Discharge Date: xx/xx/xxxx
Admitting Diagnoses:
I25.1 Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery
R00.1 Bradycardia, unspecified (permanent pacemaker placed by Dr. R 12/28/2019)
I10 Renovascular hypertension
N18.6 End stage renal disease (on peritoneal dialysis)
Discharge Diagnosis:
I25.1 Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery-elective cardiac catheterization on this admission
R00.1 Bradycardia, unspecified
I10 Renovascular hypertension controlled
I70.1 Atherosclerosis of renal artery
N18.6 End stage renal disease (peritoneal dialysis 1/14/20 prior to discharge)
Admission Procedure:
01/13/20- Cardiac catheterization under moderate sedation with use of IVP contrast for coronary angiography
Impression: Non-dominant RCA without significant obstructive disease <60%. OM with an 80% proximal lesion, Circumflex with mid 90% lesion, LAD is without disease, large diagonals without disease. LV function is normal, EF 50%, no wall motion abnormalities. PCI to the OM and Circumflex were performed with good results.
Consultations:
Dr. R Interventional Cardiologist- performed elective cardiac catheterization 1/13/20
Course of Treatment:
This is an 86 year-old male patient with a complex cardiac history. The patient had a permanent pacemaker placed on 12/28/2019 for severe symptomatic bradycardia. After pacemaker placement, the patient underwent a Lexiscan showing ischemia. A planned cardiac catheterization was scheduled for 1/13/20. Dr. R. performed PCI and placed BM stents to the patient’s OM and Circumflex arteries. His RCA was assessed and was deemed not severe enough for intervention and was a non-dominant vessel. The patient was admitted for further observation overnight post procedure. He had no complaints of chest pain, no shortness of breath, no nausea or vomiting, no dizziness, and no numbness or tingling in his bilateral lower extremities. No hematoma, redness or swelling noted at his right groin catheterization site. Overall, the patient is stable for discharge this evening after his peritoneal dialysis treatment.
Admission Home Medications:
Auryxia 210mg, 2 tabs, po three times daily
Entresto 24/26mg, 1 tab, po twice daily
Thiamine 100mg po daily
Docusate sodium 100mg po twice daily
Discharge Medication:
Auryxia 210mg, 2 tabs, po three times daily
Entresto 24/26mg, 1 tab, po twice daily
Thiamine 100mg po daily
Docusate sodium 100mg po twice daily
New:
Nitroglycerine 0.4mg, one tablet SL ...
Similar to Infective endocarditis 13.09.2019 4th version (20)
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex and progressive
condition characterised by high blood pressure in the lungs, leading
to significant health challenges. This book is dedicated to unravelling
the intricacies of PH, encompassing its pathophysiology, diagnosis,
management and emerging research trends. It is designed to serve
as a comprehensive guide for clinicians, researchers and students
in the field of cardiology and respiratory medicine, as well as a
valuable resource for patients and their families seeking to deepen
their understanding of this condition.
The chapters of this book are structured to provide a detailed
insight into the various facets of PH. Starting with the basic
pathophysiology and classification systems, I delve into the
clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and the nuances of
managing this condition, including both pharmacological and
non-pharmacological approaches. Special attention is given to
the unique challenges posed by pediatric PH, PH in pregnancy
and the management of co-morbidities and complications.
Recognizing the rapid advancements in the field, this book also
dedicates a significant portion to discussing current research
trends, future therapeutic targets and evolving diagnostic
techniques. Real-world case studies and patient testimonies are
included to provide a practical perspective, highlighting the
impact of PH on patients’ lives and the importance of a patient-
centered approach to care.
The field of pulmonary hypertension is one of dynamic change
and I growing understanding. Through this book, we aim to
provide a thorough and up-to-date resource that reflects the
current state of knowledge and practice in the field of PH, while
also offering a glimpse into the future directions of research and
treatment. It is my hope that this book will not only enhance the
understanding of PH among healthcare professionals but also offer
support and information to patients and their families navigating
this challenging condition.
I wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following
individuals whose unwavering support and contributions have
played a pivotal role in the creation of this book "Innovations in
Cardiology: From Fundamentals to Frontiers – Short Notes in
Cardiology," My sincere thanks go to: Professor Sufia Rahman,
Professor Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder, Professor dr. Abduz
Zaher, Professor Syed Azizul Haque, Professor Dr Nurunnahar
Fatema Begum; Professor Md. Atahar Ali, Professor Dr. Afzalur
Rahman, Professor Fazila- Tun- Nessa Malik, Professor Kh.
Qamrul Islam; Professor Dr. GM Faruque, Professor M.
Maksumul Haq,Professo Dr. Sajal Krisna Banerjee; Professor
Dr. STM Abu Azam; Professor Mir Jamal Uddin, Professor
Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Professor Dr. AKM Fazlur Rahman,
Professor Dr. Abdul Kader Akanda, Professor Dr. AQM Reza,
Professor Dr. Saiful Islam; Dr. Shams Munwar; Professor Dr.
Chaudhury Meshkat Ahmed, Professor Dr. Khaled Mohsin,
Professor Abdul Wadud Chowdhury, Professor Razia Sultana
Mahmud,Professor Dr. M Touhidul Haque; Professor Dr. Md.
Sahabuddin, Professor Prabir Kumar Das, Professor Dr. Baren
Chakraborty, Professor Dr. Amirul Khusru, Dr. Kaiser Nasrullah
Khan, Professor Ashok Dutta, Professor Md. Khalequzzaman,
Dr. Abdullah Al Jamil, Professor Dr. Amal Kumar Choudhury,
Professor Mostafa Zaman Babul, Professor Dr Dipal Krishna
Adhikary, Professor Dr. Dipankar Chandra Nag professor Dr.
Moeen Uddin Ahmed, professor Mir nesar Uddin; Brig. Gen. Dr.
Syeda Aleya Sultana,Professor Dr Syed Nasir Uddin; Professor
Dr Mohsin Hossain; Dr. Sm Shahidul Haque; Professor Dr
Tawfiq Shahriar Huq; Dr. SM Quamrul Haque; Professor Dr.
Mamunur Rashid Sizar, Professor Dr. Mohsin Ahmed, Professor
Dr. Zillur Rahman; Professor Dr. Tanjima Parveen; Professor Dr.
Harisul hoque, Dr. Reyan Anis, Dr. Ashish Dey, Dr. Mohammad
Ullah firoz, Professor Dr. Udoy Shankar Roy; Dr. Nuruddin
Tareq; Dr. Md. Towhiduzzaman, Dr. Kh. Asaduzzaman, Dr.
AKM Monwarul Islam, Dr. Abdul Momen, Dr. Md. Shafiqur
Rahman Patwary, Dr. Md, Zulfiker Ali Lenin; Dr. Mahbub
Mansur, Dr. CM Shaheen Kabir, Dr. Rumi Alam, Dr. Farah
ii
Tasneem Mowmi, Dr. Rashid Ahmed, Dr. Mohammad Anowar
Hossain, Dr. Mohammad Nasimul Gani,Professor Dr abu Tarek
Iqbal, Dr. Husnayen Nanna, Dr. Abdul Malek, Dr, Ajoy Kumar
Datta, Dr. Nur Alam; Dr. Sahela Nasrin; Dr. Haripada sarker, Dr.
Anisul Awal, Dr. Shaila Nabi; Professor Dr. Umme Salma Khan;
Dr SM Ahsan Habib; Professor Dr Solaiman Hossain; Dr. Bijoy
Dutta,Dr. Shahana Zaman; Dr. Ishrat Jahan shimu, Dr. Ibrahim
Khalil. Dr. Chayan Kumar Singha, Dr. Kazi Nazrul Islam, Dr.
Kamal pasha; professor Dr. Liakat Hossain Tapan, Professor Dr.
Mamun Iqbal, Professor Dr. MG Azam, Dr. Lima Asrin Sayami,
Dr. Smita Kanungo; Dr. Sadequl Islam Shamol; Dr. Swadesh
chakraborty; Dr. Md. Rasul Amin Shepon; Dr. Saqif shahriar;
Your collective wisdom, expertise and commitment to the field
of cardiology have enriched the content of this book. Your
mentorship and guidance have been invaluable in shapi
Definition: Cardiac arrhythmias refer to abnormal heart rhythms, where the heartbeat may be too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or irregular.
These irregularities disrupt the normal electrical signaling in the heart.
In a world where hearts beat free and bold,
A silent foe creeps, its story untold,
Rheumatic whispers, in hushed refrain,
A tale of love's struggle, of heartache and pain.
A childhood song, innocent and sweet,
Takes a tragic turn, hearts skip a beat,
Rheumatic winds blow, fierce and unseen,
Leaving scars on hearts that once danced so keen.
Valves that should open, a rhythmic embrace,
Now bear the weight of this silent chase,
Rheumatic echoes, a haunting refrain,
Leaving imprints of sorrow, of loss and of pain.
But amidst the shadows, there's hope that glows,
A symphony of care, compassion bestows,
With knowledge and love, we stand side by side,
To mend these hearts, to be a healing guide.
Rheumatic battles, we'll face them anew,
A united front, a relentless crew,
For every heart deserves freedom's embrace,
And in the face of rheumatic storms, we'll find grace.
So let's raise our voices, let the world hear,
The fight against rheumatic pain, we hold dear,
With courage and faith, we'll rewrite the verse,
A tale of triumph, of hearts that converse.
"Rheumatic fever reminds us that our body is a delicate symphony, and neglecting even the slightest discord can lead to profound consequences." -
"In the battle against rheumatic fever, awareness and early intervention are our most potent allies."
"Rheumatic fever teaches us the vital lesson that the heart, both physical and emotional, must be nurtured with care and vigilance." -
"Every case of rheumatic fever avoided is a triumph of knowledge, compassion, and the will to protect our most vital instrument, the heart." -
"Rheumatic fever serves as a reminder that even the strongest fortresses need vigilant guardians to shield against the unseen enemies within." -
Case Scenario: You're presenting research findings on hypertension prevalence in
different regions. What Excel chart type would best visualize the variation in
prevalence across regions?
Options: A) Line chart B) Pie chart C) Bar chart D) Scatter plot E) Radar chart Answer:
C) Bar chart
Explanation: A bar chart effectively compares values across different categories,
making it ideal for visualizing the variation in hypertension prevalence across different
regions.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing patient demographics, and you want to find the
most common blood type among your patients. What Excel function would help
you identify the mode of the blood types?
Options: A) MEDIAN B) MODE C) COUNTIF D) AVERAGE E) SUM Answer: B)
MODE
Explanation: The MODE function in Excel helps you find the most frequently occurring
value in a range, making it suitable for identifying the most common blood type among
patients.
Case Scenario: You're conducting a study on the effects of exercise on blood
pressure. What Excel tool would you use to create a summary table showing
average blood pressure before and after exercise?
Options: A) Goal Seek B) PivotTable C) Data Validation D) Filter E) Sort Answer: B)
PivotTable
Explanation: A PivotTable in Excel can summarize data and calculate averages,
making it suitable for creating a summary table showing average blood pressure before
and after exercise.
Case Scenario: You're managing patient records and need to categorize patients
into age groups for analysis. What Excel function would you use to assign each
patient to a specific age category?
Options: A) VLOOKUP B) IF C) COUNTIF D) INDEX E) MATCH Answer: B)
IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for categorizing patients into age groups based on their ages.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing the effectiveness of a new drug on reducing
cholesterol levels in patients. Which Excel function would you use to calculate
the percentage reduction in cholesterol for each patient?
Options: A) SUMIF B) AVERAGEIF C) MEDIAN D) COUNTIF E) IF Answer: E) IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for calculating the percentage reduction in cholesterol levels based on the original and
post-treatment values.
Case Scenario: You're preparing a presentation on global prevalence rates of
different heart diseases. What Excel chart type would best display the proportion
of each disease in relation to the whole?
Options: A) Line chart B) Scatter plot C) Bar chart D) Pie chart E) Area chart Answer:
D) Pie chart
Explanation: A pie chart effectively displays proportions and percentages, making it
ideal for showcasing the proportion of each heart disease in relation to the total.
Case Scenario: You're managing a database of medical research papers, including
titles, authors, and publication years. What Excel tool can you use to quickly find
papers published between cert
5. A 5 years old boy presents with fever & swelling of knee and ankle joint for 3 weeks. Write down 3 important D/D. Discuss the treatment of acute rheumatic fever with carditis. (DU-09Ju)
Three important differential diagnoses of a 5-year-old boy presenting with fever and joint swelling for 3 weeks include:
Septic arthritis: This is an acute bacterial infection of a joint that causes similar symptoms to rheumatic fever but is usually monoarticular and associated with more severe pain, redness, and tenderness of the affected joint. Septic arthritis requires urgent drainage and antibiotics.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: This is a group of chronic autoimmune disorders that can present with fever, joint swelling, and stiffness. The diagnosis is based on clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologic agents.
Reactive arthritis: This is an inflammatory joint disease that can occur after an infection, especially with certain bacteria such as Chlamydia, Salmonella, or Shigella. Reactive arthritis usually affects the lower limb joints, such as knees, ankles, and feet, and may be associated with skin rash, eye inflammation, or urethritis. The treatment may include antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids.
Assuming the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever with carditis, the treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The antibiotics aim to eradicate the streptococcal infection and prevent further rheumatic fever recurrences, while the anti-inflammatory drugs aim to reduce the inflammation and symptoms of carditis. The specific regimen may vary depending on the severity of carditis, the presence of other complications, and the patient's age and weight. In general, the following principles apply:
Antibiotics: A 10-day course of oral or intramuscular penicillin is the first-line antibiotic for acute rheumatic fever, as it is effective against most strains of streptococci and has low toxicity. Alternative antibiotics may be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin or have recurrent rheumatic fever despite adequate penicillin therapy. Long-term prophylaxis with penicillin is recommended to prevent recurrences, usually until the age of 21 years or for 10 years after the last episode of rheumatic fever, whichever is longer.
Anti-inflammatory drugs: High-dose aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen are usually given for the first 2-3 weeks of acute rheumatic fever to control fever, pain, and inflammation. Corticosteroids such as prednisone or methylprednisolone may be used in severe cases of carditis or when other therapies are not effective or contraindicated. The duration and dose of anti-inflammatory drugs should be tailored to the patient's response and adverse effects, such as gastric
The Cardiovascular System: Life's Vital Transport System
The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is a fundamental physiological network in the body.
It facilitates the circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells while eliminating waste products.
Essential for maintaining tissue function, energy production, and overall homeostasis.
Defining the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network responsible for circulating vital substances throughout the body.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, generating the force required to propel blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that carry blood to and from various body tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid containing red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
Exploring Applied Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is a cornerstone of human health, regulating the circulation of vital nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
Understanding the applied physiology of this system is essential for healthcare professionals to provide effective medical care and interventions.
Importance of Applied Cardiovascular Physiology
Effective healthcare requires a deep comprehension of how the cardiovascular system functions under various conditions.
Applied physiology knowledge empowers healthcare practitioners to make informed decisions, diagnose disorders, and formulate targeted treatment plans.
Focus on Practical Applications in Healthcare
This presentation delves into the practical aspects of cardiovascular physiology that directly impact clinical practice.
We will explore how physiological concepts are translated into real-world medical scenarios and interventions.
By grasping the applied physiology of the cardiovascular system, healthcare providers can optimize patient care, enhance diagnostics, and improve treatment outcomes.
Throughout this presentation, we'll bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and its practical implications in the field of healthcare.
Understanding the Components
The cardiovascular system comprises three crucial components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, ensuring a continuous flow throughout the body.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that transport blood to and from various tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid that carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and removes waste products.
Role in Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to body tissues through the bloodstream.
These essential components are required for cellular metabolism and energy production.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a type of heart disease that affects women during the last month of pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. It is characterized by a weakened and enlarged heart muscle, which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body. The exact cause of PPCM is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the hormonal changes and increased demands on the heart that occur during pregnancy. Symptoms of PPCM can include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, swelling in the legs and feet, and palpitations. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as implantable devices or heart transplantation may be necessary. With early diagnosis and treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives.during pregnancy.
The diagnosis of PPCM is based on clinical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and edema, along with imaging studies, such as echocardiography. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. These medications can include beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and inotropic agents. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation may be necessary.
The prognosis for PPCM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the presence of underlying comorbidities. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives. The recurrence rate of PPCM in subsequent pregnancies is approximately 20%, and women who have had PPCM are advised to avoid future pregnancies or undergo careful monitoring and management during pregnancy.
There are still many unanswered questions about PPCM, including its exact cause, optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand this complex and potentially life-threatening condition.
In conclusion, PPCM is a rare but serious form of heart disease that can occur during or after pregnancy. Early recognition and management of this condition are critical in preventing complications and improving outcomes for both the mother and the baby. Future research will continue to shed light on the pathophysiology and optimal management of PPCM.
Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive program that aims to improve the health and quality of life of individuals with cardiovascular disease. This review article provides an overview of current evidence-based practices and the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation. The article discusses the components of cardiac rehabilitation, including medical evaluation, physical activity and exercise training, nutrition counseling and education, psycho social support and counseling, cardiac risk factor management, medication management, and tobacco cessation counseling. The article also discusses the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in reducing mortality rates, improving functional capacity, and reducing the risk of future cardiovascular events. Additionally, the article explores the future directions of cardiac rehabilitation, including personalized medicine, technology integration, home-based programs, expanded target populations, and a multidisciplinary approach. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in encouraging and referring eligible patients to cardiac rehabilitation programs as part of their treatment plan. The review concludes that cardiac rehabilitation is an essential aspect of the management of cardiovascular disease and highlights the need for further research and development in this dynamic field.
Outline of CPR manual
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C.
I. Introduction
A. Brief explanation of World Hypertension Day
B. Importance of addressing hypertension as a global health issue
C. Overview of the objectives of the presentation
II. Understanding Hypertension
A. Definition and classification of hypertension
B. Prevalence and global burden of hypertension
C. Risk factors and causes of hypertension
D. Health implications and complications associated with hypertension
III. World Hypertension Day 2023
A. Background and significance of World Hypertension Day
B. Theme and key messages for World Hypertension Day 2023
C. Activities and events organized worldwide to raise awareness
IV. Goals and Objectives
A. Key goals set for World Hypertension Day 2023
B. Promoting prevention and early detection of hypertension
C. Encouraging healthy lifestyle modifications
D. Enhancing public knowledge about hypertension management
V. Initiatives and Campaigns
A. Overview of global initiatives and campaigns
B. Collaborations with international organizations, NGOs, and healthcare professionals
C. Campaign materials and resources available for public use
VI. Strategies for Hypertension Prevention and Control
A. Implementing population-level interventions
B. Screening and diagnosis strategies
C. Lifestyle modifications (diet, physical activity, stress management)
D. Pharmacological management and treatment guidelines
VII. Public Awareness and Education
A. Importance of raising public awareness about hypertension
B. Educational campaigns and resources for the general public
C. Role of healthcare professionals in educating patients
VIII. Impact and Achievements
A. Highlighting the impact of previous World Hypertension Day campaigns
B. Success stories and achievements in hypertension prevention and control
C. Lessons learned and areas for improvement
IX. Conclusion
A. Recap of the key points discussed
B. Call to action for individuals, communities, and policymakers
C. Encouragement to spread awareness and take steps towards hypertension prevention
. Introduction
A. Definition and prevalence of hypertension in the elderly
B. Importance of managing hypertension in this population
II. Risk Factors and Complications
A. Common risk factors for hypertension in the elderly
B. Potential complications associated with uncontrolled hypertension
III. Diagnostic Process
A. Blood pressure measurement techniques and guidelines
B. Target blood pressure goals for elderly patients
C. Identification of secondary causes of hypertension
IV. Non-Pharmacological Management
A. Lifestyle modifications
1. Dietary recommendations (e.g., DASH diet, sodium reduction)
2. Weight management and physical activity
3. Smoking cessation and alcohol moderation
B. Stress management and relaxation techniques
V. Pharmacological Management
A. First-line antihypertensive medications
B. Considerations for drug selection in the elderly
1. Drug interactions and comorbidities
2. Adverse effects and tolerability
C. Individualized treatment approach based on patient characteristics
VI. Monitoring and Follow-Up
A. Frequency of blood pressure monitoring
B. Importance of medication adherence
C. Adjusting treatment based on patient response
D. Collaborative care and involvement of healthcare professionals
VII. Special Considerations
A. Polypharmacy and medication management
B. Management of hypertension in frail and institutionalized elderly
C. Cognitive impairment and medication adherence
VIII. Controversies and Challenges
A. Blood pressure targets and guidelines in the elderly
B. Conflicting evidence on specific antihypertensive agents
C. Adherence issues and barriers to effective management
IX. Conclusion
A. Summary of key points discussed
B. Importance of comprehensive management in elderly patients
C. Future directions in hypertension management for the elderly
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C. CPR during a pandemic
1
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
1. MBBS, FCPS, MD, FACC, FESC, FRCP, FSCAI,
FCCP,FAPSC, FAPSIC, FAHA,FACP,FASE
Professor and Head of Cardiology
Colonel Malek Medical College , Manikganj.
For post-graduates
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com13/09/2019
Post graduate version 2019
4. A 16 years old lady presented
with low grade fever for 24
days . She had a history of
PTMC 37 days back.
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
How will you evaluate and
manage the case?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Case study 01
5. An 18 years old lady presented with
low grade fever for 29 days. She had
a history of tooth extraction 35 days
back. She is a diagnosed case of
valvular heart disease.
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
How will you evaluate and
manage the case?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Case study 02
6. A 42 years old lady presented with
low grade fever for 20 days. She had a
history of urinary tract
catheterization 30 days back for a
major surgery. She is a diagnosed
case of Atrial septal defect .
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
How will you evaluate and
manage the case?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Case study 03
7. A 24 years old man presented with
fever with chills and rigor for 10
days. He is an intravenous drug
abuser. On examination a pansystolic
murmur found in precordium.
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
How will you evaluate and
manage the case?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Case study 04
8. A 32 years old man presented with
fever with chills and rigor for 11 days
. On examination a murmur found in
precordium. Echocardiography
showed aortic root abscess .
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
How will you evaluate and
manage the case?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Case study 05
9. A 42 years old lady presented with low
grade fever for 21 days . She had a
history of colonoscopy 31 days back
and diagnosed as ulcerative colitis.
She is a diagnosed case of Aortic
valvular disease .
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
How will you evaluate and
manage the case?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Case study 06
10. A 32 years old lady presented with low
grade fever for 21 days and sudden left
sided hemiparesis. She had a history of
major abdominal surgery 33 days back.
She is a diagnosed case of VSD with
Eisenmengers syndrome.
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
How will you evaluate and
manage the case?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Case study 07
11. 1. Definitions, general information
2. Clinical symptoms
3. Diagnosis
• Duke criteria
• Blood cultures
• Echocardiography
4. Treatment basics
5. Complications
6. Prophylaxis
7. Summary
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Outline of lecture
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
12. Infective endocarditis is
• inflammatoryprocess on-goinginside
endocardium
• duetoinfectionafterendothelium
damage
• mostofteninvolvingaorticandmitral
valves
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Definitions, general information
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
13. Acordingtolocalisation
• LeftsidedIE
• NativevalveIE(NVE)
• ProstheticvalveIE(PVE)
Early<1year aftersurgery
Late >1yearaftersurgery
• RightsidedIE
• Device-relatedIE(ICD)
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Definitions, general information- continued
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
14. According to the mode of acquisition
• Health-care associated IE
• Nosocomial
• Non-nosocomial
• Community acquired IE
• Intravenous drug abuse-associated IE
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Definitions, general information- continued
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
15. • Active IE
• Recurrence
Relapse
Reinfection
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Definitions, general information- continued
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
16. • 3-10/100 000/year
• Maximum at the age of 70-80
• More common in women
• Staphylococcus aureus is the most
common pathogen
• Streptococcal IE is still the most common
in developing countries
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Definitions, general information- continued
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
17. • Fever – over 90% of patients
• New intra-cardiac murmur - about
85% of patients
• Roth spots, petechiae,
glomerulonephritis – up to 30% of
patients
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Clinical symptoms
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
18. • Sepsis of unknown origin
• Fever coexisting with:
• Intracardiac implantable material
• IE history
• Congenital heart disease or valve disease
• IE risk factors
• Congestive heart failure symptoms
• New heart block
• Positive blood cultures
• Focal neurological signs without known etiology
• Peripheral abscesses (kidney, spleen, brain, vertebral column)
Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Clinical symptoms – when to suspect?
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
21. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Duke criteria
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Major criteria
1. Blood culture positive for
typical IE-causing
microorganism
2. Evidence of endocardial
involvement
Minor criteria
1. Predisposition – heart
condition or i.v. drug
abuse
2. Fever – temp. >38 °C
3. Vascular phenomena –
arterial emboli etc.
4. Immunologic phenomena-
glomerulonephritis,Osler’s
nodes,Roth’s spots
5. Microbiological evidence –
positive blood cultures but
do not meet major criteria
Diagnosis
• 2 major criteria
• 1 major and 3 minor
• 5 minor criteria
29. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Echocardiography
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
•Transthoracic (TTE)and transoesophageal
(TEE)
•fundamental importance in diagnosis,
management and follow-up
•Should be performed as soon as the IE is
suspected
•Sensitivity of TEE is bigger than TTE (vs
90-100% vs. 40-63% )
•TEE is first choice to find IE complications
36. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Treatment basics
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
• Success relies on eradication of pathogen
• Bactericidal regiment should be used
• Drug choice due to pathogen
• Surgery is used mainly to cope with structural
complications
• NVE standard therapy - it takes 2-6 weeks to
eradicate the pathogen
• PVE – longer regime is necessery – over 6
weeks
38. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
Complications
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
1. Congestive heart failure
• Most common complication
• Main indication to surgical treatment
• ~60% of IE patients
2. Uncontrolled infection
• Persisting infection
• Perivalvular extension in infective endocarditis
3. Systemic embolism
• Brain, spleen and lungs
• 30% of IE patients
• May be the first symptom
41. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Prophylaxis
•First and most important – proper oral hygiene
•Regular dental review
•Antibiotics only in high-risk group patients
–Prosthetic valve or foreign material used for heart repair
–History of IE
–Congenital heart disease
•Cyanotic without correction or with residual leakage
•CHD without leakage but up to 6 months after surgery
–Use amoxycilin or ampicylin 30-60 min prior to
intervention
48. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
The ‘Endocarditis Team’
When to refer a patient with IE to an ‘Endocarditis Team’
in a reference centre:
1. Patients with complicated IE should be referred
early.
2. Patients with non-complicated IE can be initially
managed in a nonreference centre, but with regular
communication with the reference centre,
consultations with the multidisciplinary ‘Endocarditis
Team’, and, when needed, with external visit to the
reference centre.
49. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Characteristics of the ‘Endocarditis Team’
No single practitioner will be able to manage full
spectrum of IE.
A very high level of expertise is needed from several
specialties, including cardiologists, cardiac surgeons,
ID specialists, microbiologists, neurologists,
neurosurgeons, experts in CHD and others.
About 50% patients with IE undergo surgery
during the hospital course. Early discussion with
the surgical team is important and is considered
mandatory in all cases of complicated IE.
50. Infective Endocarditis12.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Characteristics of the reference centre
1. Immediate access to diagnostic procedures,
including TTE, TOE, multislice CT, MRI, and nuclear
imaging.
2. Immediate access to cardiac surgery.
3. Several specialists should be present on site (the
‘Endocarditis Team’), including cardiac surgeons,
cardiologists, anaesthesiologists, ID specialists,
microbiologists and, when available, specialists in
valve diseases, CHD, pacemaker extraction,
echocardiography and other cardiac imaging
techniques, neurologists, and facilities for
neurosurgery and interventional neuroradiology .
51. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Role of the ‘Endocarditis Team’
1. It should have meetings on a regular basis in order to discuss cases,
take surgical decisions, and define the type of follow-up.
2. They chooses the type, duration, and mode of follow up of
antibiotic therapy, according to a standardized protocol, following the
current guidelines.
3. They should participate in national or international registries, publicly
report the mortality and morbidity of their centre,
and be involved in a quality improvement programme, as well as in a patient
education programme.
4. The follow-up should be organized on an outpatient visit basis at a
frequency depending on the patient’s clinical status (ideally at 1, 3,
6, and 12 months after hospital discharge, since the majority of
events occur during this period).
72. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Infective endocarditis in the ICU
The incidence of nosocomial infection is increasing and patients
may develop IE
Admitted to the ICU due to haemodynamic instability related to
severe sepsis, overt HF and/or severe valvular pathology or organ
failure from IE-related complications
Staph is M.C. f/b streptococcus f/b fungal
There should be a relatively low threshold for TOE in critically ill
patients with S. Aureus
multidisciplinary Endocarditis Team environment should be
created.
74. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Infective endocarditis during pregnancy
• Incidence – 0.006%.
• Higher inpatients with cardiac disease and further
more in pt with prosthetic valves.
• Maternal mortality ~33%.
• Foetal mortality ~29%.
• Rapid detection and appropriate treatment is
important.
• Despite the high foetal mortality , urgent surgery should
be performed in pt who present with HF due to acute
regurgitation.
75. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Infective endocarditis in congenital heart diseases
Fewer systematic studies.
Incidence is lower in children(o.o4% per year ) than in adult(0.1%)
CHD with multiple lesion is at higher risk than simple lesion.
Mortality of 4-10 %. Prognosis is better than other forms.
Surgical repair of CHD reduces the risk, provided there is no
residual shunt.
Artificial valve substrate may increase the risk.
76. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Sterile vegetations consisting of fibrin and platelet
aggregates on cardiac valves
Neither bacteraemia nor with destructive changes
of the underlying valve
Associated with CTD, autoimmune disorders,
hypercoagulable states, septicaemia, severe
burns, tuberculosis, uraemia or AIDS
A potentially life-threatening source of
thromboembolism.
77. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis contd
Initial diagnostic workup- same
Strong suspicion if- presence of a heart murmur, the
presence of vegetations not responding to antibiotic and
evidence of multiple systemic emboli
Small, broad based and irregularly shaped.
TOE should be ordered when there is a high suspicion
Immunological assays for APLA syndrome (i.E. Lupus
anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti-b2-
glycoprotein 1 antibodies; at least one must be positive
for the diagnosis of APLA on at least two occasions 12
weeks apart)
78. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis contd
Anticoagulated with UFH or LMWH or warfarin,
although there is little evidence to support this
strategy
Surgery, valve debridement and/or reconstruction
are often not recommended unless the patient
presents with recurrent thromboembolism
despite well-controlled anticoagulation.
Other indications for valve surgery are the same
as for IE
79. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Infective endocarditis associated with cancer
IE may be a potential marker of occult cancers.
In a large, Danish, nationwide, population-based cohort
study, 997 cancers were identified among 8445 IE
patients with a median follow-up of 3.5 years.
Risk of abdominal and haematological cancers was high
(within the first 3 months)
S. bovis infection, specifically S. gallolyticus subspecies--
colonic adenoma or carcinoma.
it is recommended to rule out occult colon cancer during
hospitalization and annual colonoscopy.
81. Infective Endocarditis13.09.2019
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.comProf. Dr Md Toufiqur Rahman
Summary
• IE is rare but serious disease, with high mortality rate
• Every case of fever of unknown origin should be
suspected for IE
• Blood cultures are essential for diagnosis
• TTE/TEE is the best method to monitor and follow-up of
IE
• Antibiotics are main treatment
• CHF is the most common complication
• Pharmacological prophylaxis is reserved for a
narrow group of high risk patients.