Outline of CPR manual
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C.
AED is a portable type of external defibrillator that automatically diagnose the ventricular fibrillation in a patient.
Automatic refers to the ability to autonomously analyze the patients condition.AED is provided with self-adhesive electrodes instead of hand held paddles
CPR – or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
AED is a portable type of external defibrillator that automatically diagnose the ventricular fibrillation in a patient.
Automatic refers to the ability to autonomously analyze the patients condition.AED is provided with self-adhesive electrodes instead of hand held paddles
CPR – or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation – is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest.
The retarded development of nursing and nursing profession seems to be mainly due to the fact that no serious thought has been given to this discipline.
this topic is on bed sores. discusses the definition, etiology , pathophysiology of bed sore development as well as prevention and managemene of pressure sores
Nurse /doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
Can I resuscitate adults using CPR_.docxdebanjan32
CPR is a crucial emergency procedure that can be performed by bystanders or trained individuals to sustain blood circulation and oxygenation when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are not breathing.
The retarded development of nursing and nursing profession seems to be mainly due to the fact that no serious thought has been given to this discipline.
this topic is on bed sores. discusses the definition, etiology , pathophysiology of bed sore development as well as prevention and managemene of pressure sores
Nurse /doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
Can I resuscitate adults using CPR_.docxdebanjan32
CPR is a crucial emergency procedure that can be performed by bystanders or trained individuals to sustain blood circulation and oxygenation when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are not breathing.
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
1. Explanation of what CPR stands for
2. Definition of CPR as a life-saving technique
B. Importance of CPR
1. Statistics on cardiac arrest and survival rates
2. Explanation of why CPR is crucial for saving lives
C. Objective of the manual
1. Explanation of what readers will learn from the manual
2. Statement of the manual's purpose
II. Getting Started with CPR
A. Assessing the situation
1. Importance of assessing the situation before starting CPR
2. Factors to consider when assessing the situation
B. Checking for responsiveness
1. Explanation of how to check for responsiveness
2. Importance of checking for responsiveness
C. Activating the emergency response system
1. Explanation of when to activate the emergency response system
2. Step-by-step guide to activating the emergency response system
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
A. Key components of basic life support
1. Explanation of the components of basic life support
2. Importance of each component
B. The ABCs of CPR
1. Explanation of the ABCs of CPR
2. Importance of each step in the ABCs of CPR
C. Performing chest compressions
1. Explanation of how to perform chest compressions
2. Importance of proper chest compression technique
D. Delivering rescue breaths
1. Explanation of how to deliver rescue breaths
2. Importance of proper rescue breath technique
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
1. Explanation of what an AED is and how it works
2. Step-by-step guide to using an AED
F. Administering medications during CPR
1. Explanation of medications used during CPR
2. Dosages and administration guidelines for each medication
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management
1. Explanation of advanced airway management techniques
2. Importance of advanced airway management in CPR
B. Advanced monitoring techniques
1. Explanation of advanced monitoring techniques
2. Importance of advanced monitoring in CPR
C. Invasive interventions
1. Explanation of invasive interventions
2. Importance of invasive interventions in CPR
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
1. Explanation of ECMO
2. Importance of ECMO in CPR
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of factors that influence CPR outcomes
2. Importance of understanding these factors
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes
1. Explanation of strategies for improving CPR outcomes
2. Importance of implementing these strategies
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes
1. Explanation of what high-quality CPR is
2. Importance of performing high-quality CPR
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations
1. Explanation of special populations that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
B. CPR in special settings
1. Explanation of special settings that require unique CPR techniques
2. Importance of understanding these unique CPR techniques
C. CPR during a pandemic
1
Basic Life support is a life saving procedure done to increase the survival of a patient suffering from any life threatening conditions like cardiac arrest, choking etc. this ppt includes BLS for children and how we can save the during cardio-respiratory arrest, choking etc.
teps in adult Basic Cardiopulmonary Life Support (BCLS)
Safe place for resuscitation. Time is of the essence in the initiation of resuscitation. ...
Victim's response check. ...
Call for help, inform emergency medical system and get emergency equipment. ...
Check pulse and breath simultaneously.
Basic Life Support is a life saving procedure ensuring patient survival in various life-threatening conditions. It includes Chain of survival, Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
Changing Guidelines of CPR & BLS For General Dental Practitioners & O...DrKamini Dadsena
The tolerance of the heart to anoxia is relatively high, but the central nervous system will show irreversible lesions if anoxia lasts for more than 3–4 min.
Though unusual, there are reports of deaths due to CPA in dental offices during dental treatment.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a vital skill which must be mastered by all health care professionals.
Therefore the thorough knowledge of CPR and Basic Life Support is of utmost importance to the dentist.
Basic First Aid - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)John Furst
Download more free first aid PowerPoint presentations here: https://www.firstaidpowerpoint.org
Free Online First Aid Course: https://www.firstaidforfree.com
Basic life support is a course run by American Heart Association that teaches about handling cardiac arrest in Out of Hospital and In Hospital Situations. This Presentation covers important aspects of the same.
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex and progressive
condition characterised by high blood pressure in the lungs, leading
to significant health challenges. This book is dedicated to unravelling
the intricacies of PH, encompassing its pathophysiology, diagnosis,
management and emerging research trends. It is designed to serve
as a comprehensive guide for clinicians, researchers and students
in the field of cardiology and respiratory medicine, as well as a
valuable resource for patients and their families seeking to deepen
their understanding of this condition.
The chapters of this book are structured to provide a detailed
insight into the various facets of PH. Starting with the basic
pathophysiology and classification systems, I delve into the
clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria and the nuances of
managing this condition, including both pharmacological and
non-pharmacological approaches. Special attention is given to
the unique challenges posed by pediatric PH, PH in pregnancy
and the management of co-morbidities and complications.
Recognizing the rapid advancements in the field, this book also
dedicates a significant portion to discussing current research
trends, future therapeutic targets and evolving diagnostic
techniques. Real-world case studies and patient testimonies are
included to provide a practical perspective, highlighting the
impact of PH on patients’ lives and the importance of a patient-
centered approach to care.
The field of pulmonary hypertension is one of dynamic change
and I growing understanding. Through this book, we aim to
provide a thorough and up-to-date resource that reflects the
current state of knowledge and practice in the field of PH, while
also offering a glimpse into the future directions of research and
treatment. It is my hope that this book will not only enhance the
understanding of PH among healthcare professionals but also offer
support and information to patients and their families navigating
this challenging condition.
I wish to express our heartfelt gratitude to the following
individuals whose unwavering support and contributions have
played a pivotal role in the creation of this book "Innovations in
Cardiology: From Fundamentals to Frontiers – Short Notes in
Cardiology," My sincere thanks go to: Professor Sufia Rahman,
Professor Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder, Professor dr. Abduz
Zaher, Professor Syed Azizul Haque, Professor Dr Nurunnahar
Fatema Begum; Professor Md. Atahar Ali, Professor Dr. Afzalur
Rahman, Professor Fazila- Tun- Nessa Malik, Professor Kh.
Qamrul Islam; Professor Dr. GM Faruque, Professor M.
Maksumul Haq,Professo Dr. Sajal Krisna Banerjee; Professor
Dr. STM Abu Azam; Professor Mir Jamal Uddin, Professor
Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Professor Dr. AKM Fazlur Rahman,
Professor Dr. Abdul Kader Akanda, Professor Dr. AQM Reza,
Professor Dr. Saiful Islam; Dr. Shams Munwar; Professor Dr.
Chaudhury Meshkat Ahmed, Professor Dr. Khaled Mohsin,
Professor Abdul Wadud Chowdhury, Professor Razia Sultana
Mahmud,Professor Dr. M Touhidul Haque; Professor Dr. Md.
Sahabuddin, Professor Prabir Kumar Das, Professor Dr. Baren
Chakraborty, Professor Dr. Amirul Khusru, Dr. Kaiser Nasrullah
Khan, Professor Ashok Dutta, Professor Md. Khalequzzaman,
Dr. Abdullah Al Jamil, Professor Dr. Amal Kumar Choudhury,
Professor Mostafa Zaman Babul, Professor Dr Dipal Krishna
Adhikary, Professor Dr. Dipankar Chandra Nag professor Dr.
Moeen Uddin Ahmed, professor Mir nesar Uddin; Brig. Gen. Dr.
Syeda Aleya Sultana,Professor Dr Syed Nasir Uddin; Professor
Dr Mohsin Hossain; Dr. Sm Shahidul Haque; Professor Dr
Tawfiq Shahriar Huq; Dr. SM Quamrul Haque; Professor Dr.
Mamunur Rashid Sizar, Professor Dr. Mohsin Ahmed, Professor
Dr. Zillur Rahman; Professor Dr. Tanjima Parveen; Professor Dr.
Harisul hoque, Dr. Reyan Anis, Dr. Ashish Dey, Dr. Mohammad
Ullah firoz, Professor Dr. Udoy Shankar Roy; Dr. Nuruddin
Tareq; Dr. Md. Towhiduzzaman, Dr. Kh. Asaduzzaman, Dr.
AKM Monwarul Islam, Dr. Abdul Momen, Dr. Md. Shafiqur
Rahman Patwary, Dr. Md, Zulfiker Ali Lenin; Dr. Mahbub
Mansur, Dr. CM Shaheen Kabir, Dr. Rumi Alam, Dr. Farah
ii
Tasneem Mowmi, Dr. Rashid Ahmed, Dr. Mohammad Anowar
Hossain, Dr. Mohammad Nasimul Gani,Professor Dr abu Tarek
Iqbal, Dr. Husnayen Nanna, Dr. Abdul Malek, Dr, Ajoy Kumar
Datta, Dr. Nur Alam; Dr. Sahela Nasrin; Dr. Haripada sarker, Dr.
Anisul Awal, Dr. Shaila Nabi; Professor Dr. Umme Salma Khan;
Dr SM Ahsan Habib; Professor Dr Solaiman Hossain; Dr. Bijoy
Dutta,Dr. Shahana Zaman; Dr. Ishrat Jahan shimu, Dr. Ibrahim
Khalil. Dr. Chayan Kumar Singha, Dr. Kazi Nazrul Islam, Dr.
Kamal pasha; professor Dr. Liakat Hossain Tapan, Professor Dr.
Mamun Iqbal, Professor Dr. MG Azam, Dr. Lima Asrin Sayami,
Dr. Smita Kanungo; Dr. Sadequl Islam Shamol; Dr. Swadesh
chakraborty; Dr. Md. Rasul Amin Shepon; Dr. Saqif shahriar;
Your collective wisdom, expertise and commitment to the field
of cardiology have enriched the content of this book. Your
mentorship and guidance have been invaluable in shapi
Definition: Cardiac arrhythmias refer to abnormal heart rhythms, where the heartbeat may be too slow (bradycardia), too fast (tachycardia), or irregular.
These irregularities disrupt the normal electrical signaling in the heart.
In a world where hearts beat free and bold,
A silent foe creeps, its story untold,
Rheumatic whispers, in hushed refrain,
A tale of love's struggle, of heartache and pain.
A childhood song, innocent and sweet,
Takes a tragic turn, hearts skip a beat,
Rheumatic winds blow, fierce and unseen,
Leaving scars on hearts that once danced so keen.
Valves that should open, a rhythmic embrace,
Now bear the weight of this silent chase,
Rheumatic echoes, a haunting refrain,
Leaving imprints of sorrow, of loss and of pain.
But amidst the shadows, there's hope that glows,
A symphony of care, compassion bestows,
With knowledge and love, we stand side by side,
To mend these hearts, to be a healing guide.
Rheumatic battles, we'll face them anew,
A united front, a relentless crew,
For every heart deserves freedom's embrace,
And in the face of rheumatic storms, we'll find grace.
So let's raise our voices, let the world hear,
The fight against rheumatic pain, we hold dear,
With courage and faith, we'll rewrite the verse,
A tale of triumph, of hearts that converse.
"Rheumatic fever reminds us that our body is a delicate symphony, and neglecting even the slightest discord can lead to profound consequences." -
"In the battle against rheumatic fever, awareness and early intervention are our most potent allies."
"Rheumatic fever teaches us the vital lesson that the heart, both physical and emotional, must be nurtured with care and vigilance." -
"Every case of rheumatic fever avoided is a triumph of knowledge, compassion, and the will to protect our most vital instrument, the heart." -
"Rheumatic fever serves as a reminder that even the strongest fortresses need vigilant guardians to shield against the unseen enemies within." -
Case Scenario: You're presenting research findings on hypertension prevalence in
different regions. What Excel chart type would best visualize the variation in
prevalence across regions?
Options: A) Line chart B) Pie chart C) Bar chart D) Scatter plot E) Radar chart Answer:
C) Bar chart
Explanation: A bar chart effectively compares values across different categories,
making it ideal for visualizing the variation in hypertension prevalence across different
regions.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing patient demographics, and you want to find the
most common blood type among your patients. What Excel function would help
you identify the mode of the blood types?
Options: A) MEDIAN B) MODE C) COUNTIF D) AVERAGE E) SUM Answer: B)
MODE
Explanation: The MODE function in Excel helps you find the most frequently occurring
value in a range, making it suitable for identifying the most common blood type among
patients.
Case Scenario: You're conducting a study on the effects of exercise on blood
pressure. What Excel tool would you use to create a summary table showing
average blood pressure before and after exercise?
Options: A) Goal Seek B) PivotTable C) Data Validation D) Filter E) Sort Answer: B)
PivotTable
Explanation: A PivotTable in Excel can summarize data and calculate averages,
making it suitable for creating a summary table showing average blood pressure before
and after exercise.
Case Scenario: You're managing patient records and need to categorize patients
into age groups for analysis. What Excel function would you use to assign each
patient to a specific age category?
Options: A) VLOOKUP B) IF C) COUNTIF D) INDEX E) MATCH Answer: B)
IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for categorizing patients into age groups based on their ages.
Case Scenario: You're analyzing the effectiveness of a new drug on reducing
cholesterol levels in patients. Which Excel function would you use to calculate
the percentage reduction in cholesterol for each patient?
Options: A) SUMIF B) AVERAGEIF C) MEDIAN D) COUNTIF E) IF Answer: E) IF
Explanation: The IF function in Excel allows you to apply conditional logic. It's useful
for calculating the percentage reduction in cholesterol levels based on the original and
post-treatment values.
Case Scenario: You're preparing a presentation on global prevalence rates of
different heart diseases. What Excel chart type would best display the proportion
of each disease in relation to the whole?
Options: A) Line chart B) Scatter plot C) Bar chart D) Pie chart E) Area chart Answer:
D) Pie chart
Explanation: A pie chart effectively displays proportions and percentages, making it
ideal for showcasing the proportion of each heart disease in relation to the total.
Case Scenario: You're managing a database of medical research papers, including
titles, authors, and publication years. What Excel tool can you use to quickly find
papers published between cert
5. A 5 years old boy presents with fever & swelling of knee and ankle joint for 3 weeks. Write down 3 important D/D. Discuss the treatment of acute rheumatic fever with carditis. (DU-09Ju)
Three important differential diagnoses of a 5-year-old boy presenting with fever and joint swelling for 3 weeks include:
Septic arthritis: This is an acute bacterial infection of a joint that causes similar symptoms to rheumatic fever but is usually monoarticular and associated with more severe pain, redness, and tenderness of the affected joint. Septic arthritis requires urgent drainage and antibiotics.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: This is a group of chronic autoimmune disorders that can present with fever, joint swelling, and stiffness. The diagnosis is based on clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologic agents.
Reactive arthritis: This is an inflammatory joint disease that can occur after an infection, especially with certain bacteria such as Chlamydia, Salmonella, or Shigella. Reactive arthritis usually affects the lower limb joints, such as knees, ankles, and feet, and may be associated with skin rash, eye inflammation, or urethritis. The treatment may include antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids.
Assuming the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever with carditis, the treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. The antibiotics aim to eradicate the streptococcal infection and prevent further rheumatic fever recurrences, while the anti-inflammatory drugs aim to reduce the inflammation and symptoms of carditis. The specific regimen may vary depending on the severity of carditis, the presence of other complications, and the patient's age and weight. In general, the following principles apply:
Antibiotics: A 10-day course of oral or intramuscular penicillin is the first-line antibiotic for acute rheumatic fever, as it is effective against most strains of streptococci and has low toxicity. Alternative antibiotics may be used for patients who are allergic to penicillin or have recurrent rheumatic fever despite adequate penicillin therapy. Long-term prophylaxis with penicillin is recommended to prevent recurrences, usually until the age of 21 years or for 10 years after the last episode of rheumatic fever, whichever is longer.
Anti-inflammatory drugs: High-dose aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen are usually given for the first 2-3 weeks of acute rheumatic fever to control fever, pain, and inflammation. Corticosteroids such as prednisone or methylprednisolone may be used in severe cases of carditis or when other therapies are not effective or contraindicated. The duration and dose of anti-inflammatory drugs should be tailored to the patient's response and adverse effects, such as gastric
The Cardiovascular System: Life's Vital Transport System
The cardiovascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is a fundamental physiological network in the body.
It facilitates the circulation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells while eliminating waste products.
Essential for maintaining tissue function, energy production, and overall homeostasis.
Defining the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network responsible for circulating vital substances throughout the body.
Components of the Cardiovascular System
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, generating the force required to propel blood through the blood vessels.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that carry blood to and from various body tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid containing red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, essential for nutrient and gas exchange.
Exploring Applied Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system is a cornerstone of human health, regulating the circulation of vital nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
Understanding the applied physiology of this system is essential for healthcare professionals to provide effective medical care and interventions.
Importance of Applied Cardiovascular Physiology
Effective healthcare requires a deep comprehension of how the cardiovascular system functions under various conditions.
Applied physiology knowledge empowers healthcare practitioners to make informed decisions, diagnose disorders, and formulate targeted treatment plans.
Focus on Practical Applications in Healthcare
This presentation delves into the practical aspects of cardiovascular physiology that directly impact clinical practice.
We will explore how physiological concepts are translated into real-world medical scenarios and interventions.
By grasping the applied physiology of the cardiovascular system, healthcare providers can optimize patient care, enhance diagnostics, and improve treatment outcomes.
Throughout this presentation, we'll bridge the gap between theoretical understanding and its practical implications in the field of healthcare.
Understanding the Components
The cardiovascular system comprises three crucial components: the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Heart: A muscular organ that pumps blood, ensuring a continuous flow throughout the body.
Blood Vessels: A network of tubes that transport blood to and from various tissues.
Blood: A specialized fluid that carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and removes waste products.
Role in Oxygen and Nutrient Delivery
Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to body tissues through the bloodstream.
These essential components are required for cellular metabolism and energy production.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a type of heart disease that affects women during the last month of pregnancy or in the first few months after delivery. It is characterized by a weakened and enlarged heart muscle, which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently to the rest of the body. The exact cause of PPCM is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the hormonal changes and increased demands on the heart that occur during pregnancy. Symptoms of PPCM can include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, swelling in the legs and feet, and palpitations. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as implantable devices or heart transplantation may be necessary. With early diagnosis and treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives.during pregnancy.
The diagnosis of PPCM is based on clinical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and edema, along with imaging studies, such as echocardiography. Treatment for PPCM usually involves medications to improve heart function and supportive care to manage symptoms. These medications can include beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and inotropic agents. In severe cases, advanced treatments such as mechanical circulatory support or heart transplantation may be necessary.
The prognosis for PPCM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the presence of underlying comorbidities. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most women with PPCM can recover completely and go on to lead healthy lives. The recurrence rate of PPCM in subsequent pregnancies is approximately 20%, and women who have had PPCM are advised to avoid future pregnancies or undergo careful monitoring and management during pregnancy.
There are still many unanswered questions about PPCM, including its exact cause, optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies, and long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to better understand this complex and potentially life-threatening condition.
In conclusion, PPCM is a rare but serious form of heart disease that can occur during or after pregnancy. Early recognition and management of this condition are critical in preventing complications and improving outcomes for both the mother and the baby. Future research will continue to shed light on the pathophysiology and optimal management of PPCM.
Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive program that aims to improve the health and quality of life of individuals with cardiovascular disease. This review article provides an overview of current evidence-based practices and the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation. The article discusses the components of cardiac rehabilitation, including medical evaluation, physical activity and exercise training, nutrition counseling and education, psycho social support and counseling, cardiac risk factor management, medication management, and tobacco cessation counseling. The article also discusses the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in reducing mortality rates, improving functional capacity, and reducing the risk of future cardiovascular events. Additionally, the article explores the future directions of cardiac rehabilitation, including personalized medicine, technology integration, home-based programs, expanded target populations, and a multidisciplinary approach. Healthcare providers play a crucial role in encouraging and referring eligible patients to cardiac rehabilitation programs as part of their treatment plan. The review concludes that cardiac rehabilitation is an essential aspect of the management of cardiovascular disease and highlights the need for further research and development in this dynamic field.
I. Introduction
A. Brief explanation of World Hypertension Day
B. Importance of addressing hypertension as a global health issue
C. Overview of the objectives of the presentation
II. Understanding Hypertension
A. Definition and classification of hypertension
B. Prevalence and global burden of hypertension
C. Risk factors and causes of hypertension
D. Health implications and complications associated with hypertension
III. World Hypertension Day 2023
A. Background and significance of World Hypertension Day
B. Theme and key messages for World Hypertension Day 2023
C. Activities and events organized worldwide to raise awareness
IV. Goals and Objectives
A. Key goals set for World Hypertension Day 2023
B. Promoting prevention and early detection of hypertension
C. Encouraging healthy lifestyle modifications
D. Enhancing public knowledge about hypertension management
V. Initiatives and Campaigns
A. Overview of global initiatives and campaigns
B. Collaborations with international organizations, NGOs, and healthcare professionals
C. Campaign materials and resources available for public use
VI. Strategies for Hypertension Prevention and Control
A. Implementing population-level interventions
B. Screening and diagnosis strategies
C. Lifestyle modifications (diet, physical activity, stress management)
D. Pharmacological management and treatment guidelines
VII. Public Awareness and Education
A. Importance of raising public awareness about hypertension
B. Educational campaigns and resources for the general public
C. Role of healthcare professionals in educating patients
VIII. Impact and Achievements
A. Highlighting the impact of previous World Hypertension Day campaigns
B. Success stories and achievements in hypertension prevention and control
C. Lessons learned and areas for improvement
IX. Conclusion
A. Recap of the key points discussed
B. Call to action for individuals, communities, and policymakers
C. Encouragement to spread awareness and take steps towards hypertension prevention
. Introduction
A. Definition and prevalence of hypertension in the elderly
B. Importance of managing hypertension in this population
II. Risk Factors and Complications
A. Common risk factors for hypertension in the elderly
B. Potential complications associated with uncontrolled hypertension
III. Diagnostic Process
A. Blood pressure measurement techniques and guidelines
B. Target blood pressure goals for elderly patients
C. Identification of secondary causes of hypertension
IV. Non-Pharmacological Management
A. Lifestyle modifications
1. Dietary recommendations (e.g., DASH diet, sodium reduction)
2. Weight management and physical activity
3. Smoking cessation and alcohol moderation
B. Stress management and relaxation techniques
V. Pharmacological Management
A. First-line antihypertensive medications
B. Considerations for drug selection in the elderly
1. Drug interactions and comorbidities
2. Adverse effects and tolerability
C. Individualized treatment approach based on patient characteristics
VI. Monitoring and Follow-Up
A. Frequency of blood pressure monitoring
B. Importance of medication adherence
C. Adjusting treatment based on patient response
D. Collaborative care and involvement of healthcare professionals
VII. Special Considerations
A. Polypharmacy and medication management
B. Management of hypertension in frail and institutionalized elderly
C. Cognitive impairment and medication adherence
VIII. Controversies and Challenges
A. Blood pressure targets and guidelines in the elderly
B. Conflicting evidence on specific antihypertensive agents
C. Adherence issues and barriers to effective management
IX. Conclusion
A. Summary of key points discussed
B. Importance of comprehensive management in elderly patients
C. Future directions in hypertension management for the elderly
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
3. A 50 year old male presents with BP-180/100 mmHg. How will you investigate him? (DU-18Ju)
When investigating a patient with high blood pressure, several tests can be done to determine the cause and severity of the hypertension. Some of the tests that can be performed include:
Blood tests: This may include a complete blood count (CBC), kidney function tests, fasting glucose level, and lipid profile.
Urine tests: A urinalysis may be done to check for the presence of protein or blood in the urine, which could indicate kidney damage.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): This test records the electrical activity of the heart and can help detect any abnormalities in heart function.
Echocardiogram: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the heart and can help detect any structural abnormalities or problems with the heart's function.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM): This is a portable device that measures blood pressure at regular intervals over a 24-hour period, providing a more accurate assessment of blood pressure patterns.
Renal artery ultrasound: This test uses sound waves to create an image of the renal arteries, which supply blood to the kidneys, and can help identify any blockages or narrowing in these arteries.
CT or MRI angiography: These imaging tests can provide detailed images of the blood vessels in the body, including the renal arteries, to help identify any blockages or narrowing.
The specific tests ordered will depend on the individual patient and their medical history, and should be decided by a healthcare professional.
4. A 25 year old woman has presented with repeated recordings of blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg. (DU- 21M)
a. What history and clinical signs you would look for?
b. What are the factors affecting the choice of antihypertensive drugs?
a. When evaluating a young woman with repeated recordings of high blood pressure, it is important to take a detailed history and perform a thorough physical exam to identify any underlying causes or risk factors. Some key points to consider include:
Family history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease
Personal history of kidney disease, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions
Lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and tobacco and alcohol use
Medications or supplements that may contribute to hypertension
Symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, or shortness of breath
Physical exam findings such as enlarged kidneys, abnormal heart sounds, or signs of hormonal imbalances
b. The choice of antihypertensive drugs depends on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, and specific blood pressure goals. Some factors to consider when selecting a medication include:
The drug's mechanism of action and potential side effects
The patient's medical history
Professor DR Md . TOUFIQUR RAHMAN , FCPS, MD
Professor & Head, Cardiology, CMMC, Manikganj
drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
What are the causes of sinus bradycardia? (DU-04Ja)
Sinus bradycardia is a condition where the sinus node in the heart beats slower than the normal range of 60-100 beats per minute. Some common causes of sinus bradycardia include:
Vagal stimulation: This occurs due to an increased activity of the vagus nerve, which is responsible for slowing down the heart rate.
Medications: Certain medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin can cause sinus bradycardia.
Hypothyroidism: Inadequate production of thyroid hormones can cause a decrease in metabolic rate and lead to bradycardia.
Increased intracranial pressure: High pressure within the skull due to conditions like head injury, brain tumors or bleeding can affect the autonomic nervous system and cause bradycardia.
Obstructive sleep apnea: Repeated episodes of apnea during sleep can cause bradycardia due to decreased oxygen supply to the body.
Aging: As the body ages, the electrical activity of the heart can slow down, leading to sinus bradycardia.
Other causes of sinus bradycardia include viral infections, genetic disorders, and certain electrolyte imbalances.
2. A 25 years old female presented with palpitation, on examination her pulse was irregularly irregular. How will you assess and investigate her? (DU- 05Ja)
The patient's presentation suggests the possibility of atrial fibrillation, which is a common arrhythmia characterized by an irregularly irregular pulse. The following are the steps that can be taken to assess and investigate the patient:
History taking: Obtain a detailed history of the patient's symptoms, including the onset, duration, and frequency of palpitations, associated symptoms, and any relevant medical history.
Physical examination: Conduct a thorough physical examination, including a cardiovascular examination, to assess the patient's heart sounds, rhythm, and rate. Check for any signs of heart failure or underlying heart disease.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Perform an ECG to confirm the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and to determine the heart rate and rhythm. An ECG will also help rule out other arrhythmias or underlying heart conditions.
Blood tests: Check the patient's thyroid function, electrolyte levels, and other relevant blood tests to identify any underlying conditions that may be causing the arrhythmia.
Echocardiography: Perform an echocardiogram to assess the structure and function of the heart and to identify any underlying heart disease.
Holter monitor: Use a Holter monitor to monitor the patient's heart rate and rhythm over a 24-hour period to identify any episodes of atrial fibrillation that may not be captured during a routine ECG.
Other tests: Consider other tests, such as a stress test or electrophysiology study, if necessary, to further evaluate the patient's heart funct
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
Manual of basic CPR.pdf
1. Heart beat Hero:
Manual of basic CPR Techniques for first
responders
Professor Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS (DMC), FCPS (Medicine), MD (Cardiology),
FACC, FRCP, FESC, FAHA, FAPSIC, FASE, FSCAI, FAPSC
Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology
Colonel Maleque Medical College, Manikganj.
Vice President, Bangladesh Society of Cardiovascular Intervention (BSCI)
E-mail: drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
2. First Published : February 2023
Published by : ‘Dr. T. Rahman Cardiac Care
Foundation’
Printed by : Bersha Pvt. Ltd,
(8/3 Nilkhat, Dhaka-1205), Mobile : 01711544011
E-mail : bersha124@gmail.com
Cover Design : Kazi Atik
Price : 200/- (Two Hundred Taka) Only.
ISBN : 978-984-35-4356-1
978-984-35-4356-1 978-984-35-4356-1
“In a world where you can be anything, be the one who knows CPR.”
Heart beat Hero:
Manual of basic CPR Techniques for first
responders
Professor Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS (DMC), FCPS (Medicine), MD (Cardiology),
FACC, FRCP, FESC, FAHA, FAPSIC, FASE, FSCAI, FAPSC
Professor and Head, Department of Cardiology
Colonel Maleque Medical College, Manikganj.
Vice President, Bangladesh Society of Cardiovascular Intervention (BSCI)
E-mail: drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
Heart beat Hero:
Manual of basic CPR Techniques for first responders
Professor Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following
individuals for their invaluable contributions to the development of this manual
on CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation):
Professor Abdullah Al Shafi Majumder, Professor Syed Azizul Haque, Professor
Md. Atahar Ali, Professor Mir Jamal uddin, Professor Mohammad Abdur Rashid,
Professor Abdul Wadud Chowdhury, Professor Razia Sultana Mahmud, Professor
Prabir Kumar Das, Dr. Kaiser Nasrullah Khan, Professor Ashok Dutta, Professor
Md. Khalequzzaman, Professor Mostafa Zaman Babul, Dr. Mohsin Ahmed, Dr.
Reyan Anis, Dr. AKM Monwarul Islam, Dr. Rumi Alam, Dr. Abdullah Salman.
Their expertise, dedication and tireless efforts have been instrumental in creating
a comprehensive and informative manual that will undoubtedly serve as a
valuable resource for healthcare professionals, first responders and individuals
seeking to acquire essential CPR skills.
3. Contents
I. Introduction about CPR 01
II. Getting Started with CPR 02
III. Basic Life Support Techniques 03
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques 06
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR 07
VI. Special Considerations in CPR 09
VII. Conclusion 15
VIII. Appendices 16
IX. Bibliography. 22
About the Author 23
“When every second counts, knowing CPR can
make all the difference.”
4. Preface
Welcome to this manual on Basic CPR, a comprehensive guide
designed to equip with the knowledge and skills needed to perform
CPR in emergency situations. CPR or Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation, is a critical lifesaving skill that can mean the
difference between life and death for someone experiencing cardiac
arrest or respiratory failure. This manual is designed to provide a
step-by-step guide on how to recognize an emergency, assess the
patient and administer effective CPR.
Whether you are a healthcare professional or a member of the
general public, this manual will help you understand the
fundamentals of basic CPR and how to apply them in real-life
scenarios. The manual covers the latest guidelines and techniques
recommended by major health organizations such as the American
Heart Association and the European Resuscitation Council,
ensuring that you are learning the most up-to-date methods.
Performing CPR may be a stressful experience, but this manual
aims to provide you with the confidence and knowledge needed to
respond quickly and effectively in an emergency. By following the
guidelines and practicing the techniques presented in this manual,
you can make a life-saving difference in the lives of those around
you. Thank you for choosing to learn about Basic CPR and hope this
manual proves to be a valuable resource for you.
Dedication
This manual is dedicated to all those patients who lost their lives due
to cardiac arrest without the chance to receive CPR. We acknowledge
the pain and loss that their families and loved ones have experienced
and we honour their memory by striving to ensure that others have the
opportunity to receive life-saving interventions. We hope that this
manual will serve as a useful resource for healthcare providers, first
responders and individuals seeking to learn CPR and improve their
chances of surviving a cardiac arrest. By sharing knowledge and
skills, we can work together to prevent future losses and provide a
chance for everyone to live a full and healthy life.
5. 01
I. Introduction
A. Definition of CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a life-saving technique that
combines chest compressions and rescue breathing to circulate
oxygenated blood throughout the body and revive a person whose
heart has stopped beating or is not effectively pumping blood.
B. Importance of CPR
CPR is crucial in emergency situations such as cardiac arrest,
drowning, suffocation or choking, where a person's life is at risk.
Immediate CPR can double or even triple the chance of survival
before medical help arrives.
C. Objective of the manual
The objective of the manual is to provide an overview of basic
CPR techniques.
The manual covers the steps involved in performing chest com-
pressions and rescue breathing.
The goal is to help individuals learn how to respond effectively
in emergency situations.
The manual aims to equip readers with the necessary knowledge
and skills to perform CPR safely and confidently.
The manual is designed to be accessible to individuals with
varying levels of experience with CPR.
The information presented is based on current guidelines and
best practices for performing CPR.
The manual includes appendices with emergency response
phone numbers, CPR algorithms and flowcharts, medication
dosages and administration guidelines and a glossary of terms
and acronyms.
By following the steps outlined in the manual, individuals can
increase the chances of survival for someone experiencing
cardiac arrest.
This manual will serve as a valuable resource for anyone interested
in learning how to perform CPR. By following the steps outlined in
this manual, individuals can learn how to respond confidently and
effectively in emergency situations, potentially saving a life.
6. 02
II. Getting Started with CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure
performed when a person's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. The
first few minutes after a cardiac arrest are critical and prompt action
can save a life. Getting started with CPR involves assessing the
situation, checking for responsiveness and activating the emergency
response system.
A. Assessing the situation
Assess the situation for potential hazards before starting CPR.
Look out for electrical hazards or harmful substances and move
the person away from them if possible.
Make sure that the person is lying on a flat and firm surface.
Remove any obstructing objects from the person's mouth or
airway to ensure a clear airway for breathing.
B. Checking for responsiveness
The next step in CPR is to check the person's responsiveness.
Tap the person's shoulder to try and wake them up.
Shout, "Are you okay?" and see if the person responds.
If the person does not respond, call out for help and start CPR
immediately.
C. Activating the emergency response system
Call your local emergency number or activate the emergency
response system immediately.
If there are other people around, ask someone to call while you
start CPR.
Provide your location, the person's condition and other
necessary details to the emergency operator.
Stay on the line and follow their instructions while you wait for
the emergency medical services (EMS) to arrive.
Keep in mind that time is critical during a cardiac arrest and every
second counts. Do not waste any time in getting started with CPR.
7. “You don't have to be a superhero to save a life, just know CPR.”
03
III. Basic Life Support Techniques
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a critical emergency
procedure performed on individuals experiencing cardiac arrest or
other life-threatening medical emergencies. Basic life support
(BLS) refers to the initial medical care given to a victim in cardiac
arrest before advanced medical care arrives. Effective BLS
techniques can help maintain blood flow and oxygenation to vital
organs, thereby increasing the chances of survival.
A. Key components of basic life support
The key components of basic life support include early recognition
of the emergency, prompt activation of the emergency response
system, performing high-quality chest compressions, delivering
rescue breaths, utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
and administering medications if necessary.
B. The ABCs of CPR
The ABCs of CPR stand for airway, breathing and circulation. These
three components form the foundation of BLS and should be
addressed in the following order:
2. Call 999
8. 04
Airway: Open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the
chin. This will help clear any obstructions and allow for better
breathing.
Breathing: Check for breathing by looking for chest rise and fall or
by feeling for breaths on the victim's neck. If the victim is not
breathing, deliver rescue breaths.
Circulation: If the victim is not breathing or has no pulse, begin
chest compressions to maintain blood flow and oxygenation to vital
organs.
C. Performing chest compressions
Performing high-quality chest compressions is essential in BLS. To
perform chest compressions:
Place the victim on a firm, flat surface.
Kneel next to the victim's chest.
Place the heel of one hand on the centre of the victim's chest.
Place the other hand on top of the first hand and interlock the
fingers.
Keep your arms
straight and
shoulders directly
over your hands.
Push down hard
and fast, allowing
the chest to recoil
c o m p l e t e l y
b e t w e e n
compressions.
D e l i v e r
compressions at a
rate of 100 to 120
per minute.
(999)
9. 05
D. Delivering rescue breaths
Rescue breaths are delivered to provide oxygen to the victim's
lungs. To deliver rescue breaths:
Ensure the airway is open.
Pinch the victim's nose shut.
Take a normal breath and place your mouth over the victim's mouth.
Blow into the victim's mouth for 1 second to make the chest rise.
Take a second breath and deliver it the same way.
E. Utilizing an automated external defibrillator (AED)
An AED is a portable device that analyzes the victim's heart rhythm
and delivers an electric shock if needed to restore a normal
heartbeat. To utilize an AED:
Turn on the AED and follow the prompts.
Apply the electrode pads to the victim's bare chest as directed.
10. 06
Stand clear and allow the AED to analyze the heart rhythm.
If a shock is advised, ensure that no one is touching the victim
and press the shock button as directed.
Immediately resume CPR.
F. Administering medications during CPR
In some cases, medications such as epinephrine or amiodarone may
be administered during CPR. Only trained medical personnel should
administer medications during CPR.
IV. Advanced Life Support Techniques
A. Advanced airway management: The various advanced airway
management techniques that healthcare professionals usually use during
CPR, including endotracheal intubation, supraglottic airway devices
(e.g. laryngeal mask airway) cricothyroidotomy and also the indications
and contraindications for these techniques, as well as the potential
complications will be discussed in next manual on advanced CPR.
B. Advanced monitoring techniques: The various monitoring
techniques that are used during CPR, including invasive (e.g.
arterial line, central venous catheter) and non-invasive (e.g. pulse
oximetry, capnography) methods and also the indications and
contraindications for each method, as well as the potential
11. 07
complications will be discussed in next manual on advanced CPR.
C. Invasive interventions: The various invasive interventions that
are used during CPR, including chest tube placement,
pericardiocentesis and needle decompression of a tension
pneumothorax and also indications and contraindications for each
intervention, as well as the potential complications will be discussed
in next manual on advanced CPR.
D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): The use of
ECMO as an advanced life support technique for patients in cardiac
arrest who have failed conventional CPR and also indications and
contraindications for ECMO, as well as the potential complications
and also a general overview of how ECMO works and what is
involved in managing patients who are on ECMO will be discussed
in next manual on advanced CPR.
V. Improving Outcomes in CPR
A. Factors influencing CPR outcomes:
Effective CPR is critical for increasing the likelihood of survival for
an individual experiencing cardiac arrest. Several factors can impact
the outcome of CPR. Understanding these factors is vital to improve
CPR outcomes. Some of the factors that influence CPR outcomes
include:
Response time: The time between when the cardiac arrest
occurs and the initiation of CPR plays a crucial role in determining
the survival rate.
Quality of chest compressions: High-quality chest compressions
that are delivered at the proper depth, rate and with minimal
interruptions can increase the chances of a successful outcome.
Early de-fibrillation: Early de-fibrillation can restore the
heart's normal rhythm and increase the chances of survival.
Effective airway management: Clearing the airway and
providing adequate ventilation during CPR can improve
oxygenation and ventilation.
12. 08
Effective team dynamics: Effective communication and
coordination among the team members involved in the resuscitation
efforts can improve the chances of a successful outcome.
B. Strategies for improving CPR outcomes:
Several strategies can be employed to improve CPR outcomes.
Some of the strategies include:
Training and education: Proper training and education of
healthcare providers and laypersons in basic and advanced life
support techniques can improve CPR outcomes.
Implementation of guidelines: The implementation of
guidelines developed by professional organizations, such as the
American Heart Association, can ensure that the latest
evidence-based practices are followed during resuscitation efforts.
Technology: The use of technology, such as high-fidelity
simulators, can improve the quality of training and allow for
practice in realistic scenarios.
Quality improvement initiatives: The implementation of
quality improvement initiatives, such as regular debriefing sessions
and continuous monitoring of resuscitation efforts can help identify
areas for improvement and lead to better outcomes.
C. The role of high-quality CPR in improving outcomes:
High-quality CPR is crucial for increasing the chances of
survival during cardiac arrest.
To perform high-quality CPR, it is important to deliver chest
compressions at the correct depth and rate, with minimal
interruptions.
Effective ventilation and early de-fibrillation also play a crucial
role in improving outcomes.
Monitoring the quality of CPR continuously and making
necessary adjustments is essential to optimize outcomes.
“CPR: Empowering everyday heroes to save lives.”
13. 09
VI. Special Considerations in CPR
A. CPR in special populations:
i. Infants and children: CPR techniques for infants and children
differ from those used for adults due to differences in anatomy and
physiology.
In this section, the key differences in CPR techniques for infants and
children, including proper compression depth and rate and the use of
automated external defibrillators (AEDs) will be discussed.
Compression Depth and Rate:
The depth and rate of compressions in CPR for infants and children are
different than those for adults. For infants, the compression depth should
be about 1.5 inches (4 cm) and the compression rate should be about 100
to 120 compressions per minute. For children, the compression depth
should be about 2 inches (5 cm) and the compression rate should also be
about 100 to 120 compressions per minute.
Rescue Breathing:
In infants, rescue breathing should be administered by covering both
the mouth and nose of the infant with your mouth and blowing a
gentle breath until the chest rises. For children, rescue breathing
should be administered by covering the child's mouth with your
mouth and sealing it then blowing enough air to make the chest rise.
Use of AEDs:
AEDs are used for children over one year of age who have suffered
sudden cardiac arrest. Paediatric AED pads are used and the AED will
adjust the energy level based on the child's weight. If a Paediatric AED
is not available, an adult AED can be used, but the pads should be
placed on the child's chest and back rather than the chest and abdomen.
It is important to note that CPR for infants and children should only be
performed by those who have received proper training and certification
in Paediatric CPR. The American Heart Association and other
organizations provide training courses specifically for Paediatric CPR.
ii. Pregnant women: Performing CPR on a pregnant woman
requires certain modifications to the standard techniques to ensure
the safety of both the mother and the fetus. The main modification
involves using manual left uterine displacement to prevent
14. 10
aortocaval compression, which can reduce blood flow to the heart
and brain of the mother and the fetus.
To perform manual left uterine displacement during CPR, follow
these steps:
Position the woman on a flat surface with a tilt of about 30
degrees to the left side.
Place your left hand under the woman's left hip, with your
fingers pointing towards her head.
Use your left hand to push the woman's uterus to the left side of
her abdomen, while at the same time lifting her left hip slightly
off the surface.
Use your right hand to perform chest compressions as usual, being
careful to maintain the tilt of the woman's body to the left side.
In addition to using manual left uterine displacement, other
modifications to CPR techniques for pregnant women may
include adjusting the compression depth and rate and
positioning the woman's head to avoid obstructing the airway.
The recommended compression depth for pregnant women is
around 4 cm or 1.5 inches, which is shallower than the 5-6 cm
depth recommended for non-pregnant adults. The compression
rate should be around 100-120 compressions per minute, which
is the same as for non-pregnant adults.
When using an AED on a pregnant woman, it is important to
position the pads appropriately to avoid placing one of them
over the woman's abdomen. The pads should be placed in the
standard position for adults, but care should be taken to ensure
that the pad on the woman's right side is placed high on the chest
and the pad on the left side is placed below the left breast.
So, performing CPR on a pregnant woman requires certain
modifications to ensure the safety of both the mother and the fetus.
These modifications include using manual left uterine displacement,
adjusting the compression depth and rate and positioning the AED pads
appropriately. Healthcare providers and first responders should receive
appropriate training to perform CPR on pregnant women effectively.
Older adults: Performing CPR on older adults requires
15. 11
consideration of their unique characteristics, including increased
risk of underlying comorbidities and frailty.
1. Underlying comorbidities: Older adults commonly have
multiple chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes and
respiratory disorders. These comorbidities can affect the
effectiveness of CPR and increase the risk of complications.
2. Frailty: Frail older adults may have reduced physiological
reserve, making them more vulnerable to the stresses of CPR.
Frailty can affect the quality of chest compressions, ventilation and
response to resuscitation efforts.
3. Chest compressions: Due to changes in the aging chest wall and
rib stiffness, older adults may require additional force during chest
compressions. However, caution should be exercised to prevent rib
fractures or damage to fragile structures.
4. Medications: Older adults often take multiple medications, some
of which may interact with CPR interventions or influence the
underlying cardiac arrest. Awareness of the medications they are
taking is crucial to provide appropriate care.
5. Personalized approach: Considering an individual's functional
status, overall health and advance care preferences is vital in
determining the appropriateness and goals of CPR. The
decision-making process may involve discussions with the patient,
their family and healthcare professionals.
6. Post-resuscitation care: Older adults who survive cardiac arrest
may require specialized post-resuscitation care, including
addressing the underlying cause, managing comorbidities and
providing rehabilitation to optimize their recovery.
So, performing CPR on older adults requires a tailored approach
that considers their unique physiological, medical and functional
characteristics. Effective communication, shared decision-making
and careful consideration of their overall health status are crucial in
providing appropriate and compassionate care.
B. CPR in special settings:
iii. In-hospital CPR:
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed in two
primary settings: in-hospital and out-of-hospital.
16. 12
In-hospital CPR is performed in medical facilities while
out-of-hospital CPR is performed in non-medical settings.
The role of the healthcare team is a significant difference
between in-hospital and out-of-hospital CPR.
In a hospital setting, the healthcare team, including physicians,
nurses and other medical professionals, are typically available to
perform CPR and provide advanced life support.
Out-of-hospital CPR is often performed by laypersons who may
have limited training in CPR and emergency medical care.
Another significant difference is the availability of specialized equipment.
Healthcare providers in a hospital setting have access to
advanced monitoring techniques and specialized equipment,
such as defibrillators, that can improve outcomes during CPR.
Out-of-hospital CPR may not have immediate access to
specialized equipment or advanced monitoring techniques and
providers must rely on basic life support techniques.
In-hospital CPR often follows a more systematic approach while
out-of-hospital CPR may require improvisation and adaptation
based on the situation at hand.
The layperson may need to take on multiple roles during
out-of-hospital CPR, including providing CPR, calling for
emergency services and coordinating with the healthcare team.
Healthcare providers must be trained to perform CPR in both
in-hospital and out-of-hospital settings and be prepared to adapt
their techniques based on the available resources and the
specific needs of the patient.
iv. Out-of-hospital CPR: Performing CPR in a non-hospital
setting, such as a public place, home, or during transportation,
presents unique challenges that require specific training and
preparation. These challenges include:
The need for bystander CPR: In many cases, the first person on the
scene of a cardiac arrest is a bystander without medical training. These
individuals must recognize the signs of cardiac arrest, call for emergency
services and initiate CPR until advanced medical help arrives.
The use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs): Bystanders
may be hesitant to use AEDs due to fear or lack of training.
17. 13
Providing AED training to the general public and increasing public
awareness of AEDs can improve outcomes in out-of-hospital CPR.
Potential delays in emergency medical services response time:
EMS may have to navigate traffic or challenging terrain to reach the
patient, which can cause delays in providing advanced medical care.
Delayed CPR or de-fibrillation can decrease the chances of survival.
Therefore, bystander CPR and the use of AEDs can help bridge the
gap until advanced medical care arrives.
Environmental factors: Adverse weather conditions, the presence
of hazardous materials and difficult access to the patient can all pose
challenges in performing CPR. Bystanders must be trained to adapt
their techniques to address these challenges, such as moving the
patient to a safer location or protecting themselves from
environmental hazards.
Healthcare providers must be trained to adapt their techniques to
address these unique challenges in non-hospital CPR. Bystander
CPR and the use of AEDs are critical components of out-of-hospital
CPR and can improve outcomes until advanced medical help
arrives. Public education and awareness can help overcome barriers
to the use of AEDs and increase the number of bystanders willing
and able to provide CPR in non-hospital settings.
C. CPR during a pandemic:
CPR during a pandemic poses an increased risk of transmission
of infectious diseases, including COVID-19, as cardiac arrest
patients may be asymptomatic carriers of the virus.
Healthcare providers performing CPR are at higher risk of
exposure to the virus, making it crucial to follow infection
control measures to prevent the spread of disease.
The American Heart Association and the CDC have provided
recommendations for modifications to CPR techniques during a
pandemic, including reducing the number of healthcare
providers present, wearing appropriate PPE and minimizing
interruptions during chest compressions.
Proper use of PPE is crucial during CPR in a pandemic setting to
reduce the risk of exposure to infectious agents, including gloves,
gowns, masks and eye protection. N95 respirators may be necessary
in high-risk situations involving aerosol-generating procedures.
18. 14
VII. Conclusion
This manual provides an overview of the basic steps involved in
performing CPR, including assessing the situation, checking for
responsiveness and activating the emergency response system.
Key components of basic life support were discussed, such as
the ABCs of CPR, performing chest compressions, delivering
rescue breaths, utilizing an automated external defibrillator
(AED) and administering medications during CPR.
Factors influencing CPR outcomes, strategies for improving
CPR outcomes and the role of high-quality CPR in improving
outcomes were discussed.
Special considerations in CPR were also covered, including CPR
in special populations and settings and CPR during a pandemic.
This manual provides a comprehensive guide to performing
CPR effectively and efficiently.
Healthcare providers and first responders can use this manual to
learn and apply the key concepts and techniques of CPR.
The manual can serve as a valuable reference for individuals
interested in learning CPR and improving their knowledge and skills.
By following the steps and guidelines provided in this manual,
individuals can help increase the chances of survival during a
cardiac arrest emergency.
Future research can focus on developing new and improved
CPR techniques to enhance its effectiveness.
Research can also explore factors that influence CPR outcomes,
Other infection control measures during CPR in a pandemic setting
include frequent hand hygiene, decontamination of equipment and
surfaces and proper disposal of biohazardous waste.
Providers should also use caution when performing airway
management and suctioning as these procedures can generate aerosols
that may increase the risk of transmission of infectious agents.
Healthcare providers must be trained to follow proper infection
control procedures and adapt their techniques to reduce the risk of
transmission of infectious diseases during CPR in a pandemic setting.
Following these recommendations can help ensure the safety of
healthcare providers and reduce the spread of infectious diseases
during CPR and other healthcare interventions.
19. 15
VIII. Appendices
A. Emergency Response Phone Numbers
Emergency response phone numbers, such as 999 or other local
emergency numbers, for quick reference in case of an emergency.
B. CPR Algorithms and Flowcharts
CPR algorithms and flowcharts are visual aids that can guide rescu-
ers in making critical decisions during resuscitation. The American
Heart Association and other organizations have developed standard-
ized algorithms and flowcharts that are used in CPR training and
practice. These resources typically outline the sequence of steps to
be taken during CPR, including assessments, interventions and
treatments. Some common CPR algorithms and flowcharts include:
i. Basic Life Support Algorithm: This algorithm outlines the basic
steps of CPR, including checking responsiveness, activating the
emergency response system, starting chest compressions and rescue
breaths and using an AED if available.
ii. Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: This algorithm provides a
more detailed approach to CPR for adult patients in cardiac arrest,
including assessment of the patient's breathing and pulse,
performing high-quality CPR and using advanced airway
management techniques and medications as needed.
iii. Paediatric Cardiac Arrest Algorithm: This algorithm is
similar to the adult algorithm but is tailored to the unique needs of
paediatric patients, including age-appropriate CPR techniques,
recognition of respiratory and cardiac arrest and consideration of
underlying medical conditions.
such as age, gender, underlying medical conditions and
environmental factors.
The use of new technologies, including artificial intelligence
and machine learning, can be studied to improve CPR outcomes.
The efficacy of CPR in special populations, such as pregnant
women, children and elderly individuals, can be explored to
identify the most effective techniques for these groups.
20. 16
iv. Ventricular Fibrillation/Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia
Algorithm: This algorithm is used specifically for patients in
cardiac arrest with these particular arrhythmias and includes steps
for de-fibrillation, advanced airway management and medication
administration.
21. 17
v. Bradycardia Algorithm: This algorithm is used for patients with
a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute and includes steps for
identifying and treating the underlying cause of the bradycardia, as
well as medication administration and advanced airway
management as needed.
So, CPR algorithms and flowcharts can be useful tools for guiding
rescuers through the complex process of resuscitation, ensuring that
critical steps are not missed and increasing the likelihood of a
successful outcome.
C. Medication Dosages and Administration Guidelines
Medication administration during CPR should only be performed by
trained healthcare professionals with appropriate knowledge and
skills. The dosages and administration guidelines listed here are for
informational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute
for proper training and medical advice.
Epinephrine:
Dosage: 1 mg IV/IO every 3-5 minutes
Administration: Administer as soon as possible during CPR. May be
given via an endotracheal tube if IV/IO access is not available.
Amiodarone:
Dosage: 300 mg IV/IO push, followed by a second dose of 150 mg
IV/IO after 3-5 minutes if needed
Administration: Administer in patients with shock-refractory
ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia.
Vasopressin:
Dosage: 40 units IV/IO as a single dose
Administration: May be used as an alternative to the first or second
dose of epinephrine.
Lidocaine:
Dosage: 1-1.5 mg/kg IV/IO, followed by a maintenance infusion of
1-4 mg/min
22. 18
Administration: Administer in patients with pulseless ventricular
tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation after de-fibrillation and
epinephrine have been given.
Atropine:
Dosage: 0.5 mg IV/IO every 3-5 minutes, up to a maximum dose of 3 mg
Administration: May be used in patients with symptomatic
bradycardia.
D. Glossary of Terms and Acronyms
A comprehensive glossary of common terms and acronyms used in
CPR, including medical terminology, CPR-specific terminology
and abbreviations will help users understand the various terms and
23. 19
acronyms used in the manual and facilitate communication between
healthcare providers during CPR.
CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
AED: Automated external defibrillator
BLS: Basic life support
ALS: Advanced life support
EMS: Emergency medical services
PEA: Pulseless electrical activity
VF: Ventricular fibrillation
VT: Ventricular tachycardia
ROSC: Return of spontaneous circulation
ET tube: Endotracheal tube
ETT: Endotracheal intubation
NRB mask: Non-rebreather mask
Bag-valve-mask: A manual resuscitator device used to deliver
positive pressure ventilation during CPR
ACLS: Advanced cardiac life support
PALS: Paediatric advanced life support
CAB: Compressions, airway, breathing
CO2
detector: A device that measures the level of carbon dioxide in
exhaled air, used to assess the effectiveness of CPR
ECG: Electrocardiogram
IO access: Intra osseous access, a method of administering fluids
and medications during CPR via a needle inserted into the bone
marrow
CPR feedback device: A device that provides real-time feedback
on the quality of chest compressions during CPR
Epinephrine: A medication used during CPR to stimulate the heart
and blood vessels
24. 20
“The ultimate life skill: knowing how to perform CPR.”
Amiodarone: A medication used during CPR to treat certain types
of abnormal heart rhythms.
Atropine: A medication used during CPR to increase heart rate in
certain situations.
Vasopressin: A medication used during CPR to increase blood
pressure and blood flow to vital organs.
25. 21
Bibliography
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https://cpr.heart.org/en/cpr-courses-and-kits/healthcare-pro-
fessional/basic-life-support-bls
2. European Resuscitation Council. (2021). Guidelines for Resuscitation 2021.
https://cprguidelines.eu/
3. Meaney, P. A., Bobrow, B. J., Mancini, M. E., Christenson, J., de Caen, A. R.,
Bhanji, F., Abella, B. S., Kleinman, M. E., Edelson, D. P., Berg, R. A., &
Aufderheide, T. P. (2013). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: [corrected]
improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospi-
tal: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation,
128(4), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829d8654
4. Neumar, R. W., Otto, C. W., Link, M. S., Kronick, S. L., Shuster, M., Calla-
way, C. W., Kudenchuk, P. J., Ornato, J. P., McNally, B., Silvers, S. M.,
Passman, R. S., White, R. D., Hess, E. P., Tang, W., Davis, D., Sinz, E.,
Morrison, L. J., & Executive summary: 2015 American Heart Association
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vascular care. Circulation, 132(18 Suppl 2), S315-67. https://-
doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000259
“CPR: One skill that can change everything.”
27. About the Author
Professor Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman was born
in Chuadanga, Bangladesh. He completed his
secondary and higher secondary education
from Ideal School, Motijheel and Notre Dame
College, Dhaka respectively. Dr. Rahman
then went on to pursue his MBBS degree from
Dhaka Medical College in 1997. He excelled
in his studies and was recognized as one of the
top performers in his class.
Following the completion of his MBBS,
Dr. Rahman underwent training and
academic attachments at several institutions.
He obtained FCPS degree in Internal Medicine in 2003. He also
completed his MD degree in Cardiology at the NICVD, Dhaka,
where he went on to serve as an Assistant Registrar, Assistant
Professor, Associate Professor and eventually, Professor of
Cardiology. He worked in this capacity until March 2018 when he
joined Colonel Malek Medical College in Manikganj as the
Professor and Head of Cardiology. He has since been instrumental
in establishing the department of cardiology at the college and has
played a key role in training young doctors in the field of cardiology.
Dr. Rahman has a long list of qualifications and fellowships,
including FACC, FESC, FAPSC, FAPSIC, FAHA, FRCPE,
FRCPG, FSCAI, FCCP, FACP and FASE. He has also served as the
Editorial Associate of Cardiovascular Journal.
Throughout his career, Dr. Rahman has been involved in various
teaching activities in different medical colleges and post graduate
institutions. He has published numerous research papers in both
national and international journals and has presented at many
conferences and workshops. He is considered an authority in the
field of cardiology and is often invited to deliver lectures and
presentations at medical conferences and symposiums.
Apart from his professional achievements, Dr. Rahman is also
known for his philanthropic work. He is actively involved in various
social initiatives and has played a key role in organizing medical
camps in rural areas.In recognition of his contributions to the field
of medicine, Dr. Rahman has received several awards and
accolades. He continues to inspire and mentor young doctors and is
regarded as a role model by many in the medical fraternity.
23
28. Books are available at:
Medinova Medical Services Ltd. Malibag Branch
Popular Diagnostic Centre, Unit-2, Shantinagar, Dhaka
Rokomari.com
Mobile: 01714-908651, 01777-751251, 01911-660914
Available books of same author
From Heartbeat to Healing:
A Comprehensive guide to
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Prof. Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS (DMC), FCPS (Medicine), MD (Cardiology),
FACC, FRCP, FESC, FAHA, FAPSIC, FASE, FSCAI, FAPSC
Professor and Head of The Department of Cardiology
Colonel Maleque Medical College, Manikganj.
E-mail: drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
From Stress to Success:
A Guide to Hypertension
Management
Prof. Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS (DMC), FCPS (Medicine), MD (Cardiology),
FACC, FRCP, FESC, FAHA, FAPSIC, FASE, FSCAI, FAPSC
Professor and Head of The Department of Cardiology
Colonel Maleque Medical College, Manikganj.
E-mail: drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
Breaking the Silence:
Understanding and Coping with
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
Prof. Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS (DMC), FCPS (Medicine), MD (Cardiology),
FACC, FRCP, FESC, FAHA, FAPSIC, FASE, FSCAI, FAPSC
Professor and Head of The Department of Cardiology
Colonel Maleque Medical College, Manikganj.
E-mail: drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com
Visualizing the Heart: A
Comprehensive Guide to Diagnostic
Tests and Imaging Modalities in
Cardiovascular Medicine
Prof. Dr. Md. Toufiqur Rahman
MBBS (DMC), FCPS (Medicine), MD (Cardiology),
FACC, FRCP, FESC, FAHA, FAPSIC, FASE, FSCAI, FAPSC
Professor and Head of The Department of Cardiology
Colonel Maleque Medical College, Manikganj.
E-mail: drtoufiq19711@yahoo.com; drtoufiq1971@gmail.com