This document discusses the importance of properly citing sources in academic writing. It explains that citing sources demonstrates scholarship by showing the sources of your knowledge and ideas. It describes different referencing styles and emphasizes that both citing and referencing are needed to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is passing off others' work as your own, which can result in penalties like failing courses or expulsion from school. The document encourages relying on peer-reviewed academic sources rather than popular sources due to their higher credibility.

1. Citing, Referencing & Plagiarism An introduction to correct academic writing

2. “ Standing on the shoulder of giants” Source: Wikipedia

3. Overview Understanding academic writing Citing, paraphrasing and quoting References- why? Types of references Referencing styles Plagiarism

4. Academic Writing Demonstrate your reading & critical analysis Give arguments supporting your hypothesis Provide an overview over previous research Give factual background information, e.g. market data Demonstrate your understanding of the topic area = Showing scholarship !

5. Scholarship High level of learning Demonstration of critical understanding Mastering of knowledge Developing abstract theoretical and practical knowledge Contributing to the body of knowledge

6. How to get to knowledge Popular sources: - books - magazines & newspapers - internet NOT normally used for academic purposes: Not peer reviewed Often one-sided Frequently no clear methodology or basis for claims made Sources often not given = lack of possible follow up Credibility is often VERY low

7. Peer reviewed Academic Academic 1 Academic 2 Editor Publication

8. Peer reviewed Journals Highly credible (“double blind” review) Refereed by other leading academics Anonymous refereeing and feedback Feedback “improvement loop” Always includes sources and methodological data, limitations Offers avenues for future research Often a bit boring,… and never sensationalist

9. How to get it? Printed journals - available in the LRC - a bit tedious - easy to browse Electronic sources - Athens authenticated sources - available 24 hours - download and read later - keyword search

10. The “scholar loop” Research Your work Practice extract feed back: Theory Practice

11. What will you present? Your work Reader reads more information further research follow up on source

12. Two problems: How do you “extract” knowledge? How can the reader find and verify your knowledge? Solution: Citing & Referencing

13. Two ways of presenting knowledge Paraphrasing/Citing: Saying what someone else said/wrote in your own words Quoting: Literally transcribing what someone else said/wrote But whatever you do: Reference the source!

14. Reference Styles Various styles are in use All have one aim: - find the source - show that you are a true scholar - make your work more credible

15. Author Date Most popular in social sciences In the text, refer to the author and date of publication (Miller, 2006) when citing or paraphrasing. But give a page number “when quoting word by word” (Miller, 2006:9) You can also say that Miller (2006) claims… to make nicer sentences

16. Authors Use only the last name (e.g Miller, never James Miller ) Two authors should all be names (Miller & Smith, 2006) For more authors, use et al (Miller et al, 2006) No date is marked “n.d.” More than one citation from one author in the same year: (Miller 2005a) and (Miller 2005b) A new edition of a later edition is marked (Miller [1877] 2006)

17. Citing Journals Miller, J (2006). The Article’s Title. Journal Name 23 (3): 120-143 Dahl, S and L Eagle (2006). Analyzing Advergames: Active Deception? Journal of Marketing Communications 11 (3): 120-131

18. Citing Newspapers Miller, J (2006) “The Title”, Evening Standard, 18 September Evening Standard (2006), “The Title”, 18 September

19. Citing Books Miller, J (2006): Title of Book, Place: Publisher Chapter in a Book: Miller J (2006): “Title of Chapter” in Title of Book, edited by E Jones, 120-145, London: Sage

20. Citing Websites BBC News (2006), “Title of the Page”, BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2578.html [accessed 18.9.2006] Miller, J (n.d.) “Title of the Page”, The Blog, http://www.blog.com/123.html [accessed 18.9.2006]

21. Plagiarism When you don’t reference: - you are not really a scholar - you are dishonest by passing off someone else’s work as your own - you demonstrate that you don’t understand the subject - you show you can’t critically evaluate knowledge and research You should NOT be a (postgraduate) student

22. Plagiarism definition Various definitions,... but in essence: Passing off someone else’s work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own for your own benefit Carroll, J. (2002): A Handbook for Deterring Plagiarism in Higher Education, Oxford: Oxford Brooks : P.S.: Can also include your own work! P.P.S: Don’t quote several paragraphs – paraphrase & reference ! P.P.P.S: Ideas are also work – so reference them!

23. What happens if you get caught? Standard penalty: a The reduction of a degree by a class or division; or b Expulsion from the University, which incorporates failure of any and all assessment taken that academic year. (Middlesex Regulations, 2004, Section F)

24. How it “happens” Cut and paste from the internet, books, journals etc Essays from “friends” - or “friends” just taking a look The “friend” who did the course the year before... Recycling your “old” papers ... and a very special service:

25. Buy one (and fail your degree free ) and many more,... Yes $10/page http://www.academon.co.uk/ Yes $14.95/page http://www.customresearchpapers.us/ Yes $10.55/page http://www.essaytoday.com/ Yes $136.00 http://www.research-assistance.com/ Yes $29.95 http://www.essaytown.com/ Yes £9.95/page http://www.essayrelief.co.uk/ Yes £29.95 http://www.papers4you.com/ Yes $169.00 http://essayfinder.com Yes £90 http://www.ukessays.com/ Detected? Price

26. Turnitin A massive database: 4.5 billion publicly accessible internet sites 40 million pages updated daily 15 million previously submitted assignments Sources: All publications on the Proquest database All universities in New Zealand, Australia; most universities in the UK, US Many other international universities, colleges and further and higher education institutions Books and other publications

29. Summary You must cite and show the sources of your knowledge Citing makes you a true scholar, whose work is based on reliable evidence Not citing will make you fail your course Don’t rely on popular sources, and remember to evaluate how credible your source is! Never plagiarise!