The document provides an overview of APA citation style, including why and how to cite sources. It discusses the key components of in-text citations and reference list entries for different source types, such as journal articles, book chapters, and reports. The objectives are to understand why citations are used, how to cite according to APA style, and basics of the American Psychological Association style. Key rules and formatting guidelines are reviewed for different source types, with examples provided.

1. Cite It Right!
CMNS 122
Winter 2012

2. Objectives
• To understand why we cite
• To understand how we cite
• To understand the basics of APA

3. What is APA?
APA = American Psychological Association
The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association is a style manual that
provides guidance and standards in:
• research ethics
• the publication process
• article format and presentation
• AND

4. Why do we cite?
• Citations demonstrate how you developed
your argument and ideas from the ideas of
others
• Citations give credit where credit is due
• Citations give the reader of your work a path
to the sources you used, so they can
investigate those sources if interested
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

5. Why do we cite?
• If you don’t acknowledge other people’s
work, words or ideas you commit plagiarism
“Penalties for plagiarism serve both to educate students
about standards of scholarship and to deter deception and
poor scholarly practices. Penalties will reflect the
seriousness of the offence; including whether the offence
was intentional or unintentional and whether it was a first
or a repeat offence” (Okanagan College, 2010, Penalties
section, para. 1 ).
Okanagan College Academic Offenses regulations and policies

6. What do we cite?
• Direct quotes
• Paraphrases
• Words or terminology specific to or unique to the
author’s research, theories, or ideas
• Use of an author's argument or line of thinking
• Historical, statistical, or scientific facts
• Graphs, drawings, etc.
• Articles or studies you refer to in your work
(Mohanty et al., 2009)

7. How do we cite?
Refer to APA resources to determine citation style.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
6th ed., second printing
Available at all OC Library campuses; Call no. BF 76.7 .P83 2009
OC Library APA style guide webpage
• PDF and HTML versions of most common APA examples
• Links to other APA resources
Important: The APA manual is the definitive source of APA citation
information. If a resource contradicts the manual – use the manual.

8. How do we cite?
In text citations: citations given in the body of the article, essay,
paper, or assignment.
Example:
(Morgan & Hunt, 1994)
Morgan and Hunt (1994) note that….
Reference list citations: “provides the information necessary to
identify and retrieve each source” (APA, 2009, p. 180).
Example:
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of
relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, 20–38.

9. How do we cite?
From article by Xie and Peng (2009):
In marketing literature, for example, Morgan and Hunt (1994) regard trust as a
prerequisite and a central factor for successful relationship marketing. Trust has been
defined both in connotative and evaluative terms, such as “a willingness to rely on an
exchange partner in whom one has confidence” (Moorman, Zaltman, & Deshpande,
1992, p. 315).
References
Moorman, C., Zaltman, G., & Deshpande, R. (1992). Relationships between
providers and users of market research: The dynamics of trust within and
between organizations. Journal of Marketing Research, 29, 314–328.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship
marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.

10. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Book
• Report
Building blocks?
What format? • Author(s)
• Print • Publication date
• Electronic • Title
• Publication information
• Format-specific details
(i.e. page numbers, doi)

11. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note
• Authors: “invert all authors’ names; give surnames and initials for up to
and including seven authors…” (APA, 2009, p. 184).
• Chapter authors in edited book: invert the chapter authors’ names.
• Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was published”
(APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Chapter title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle…and any proper nouns” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Do not invert book editors’ names … the name of the book editor should
be preceded by the word In” (APA, 2009, p. 184). Place (Ed.) or (Eds.)
following editor(s).

12. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Some APA rules to note
• Book title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of the
subtitle…and any proper nouns; italicize the title” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Editions: “Place information about editions, volume numbers, and page
numbers … in parentheses following the title, with the period after the
parentheses” (APA, 2009, p. 203).
• Pagination: Include chapter page numbers (beginning and end).
• Publication Information: “Give the location… where the publisher is located
as noted on the title page for books…use a colon after the location; finish the
element with a period” (APA, 2009, p. 186-187). Using city and province is
acceptable.

13. How do we cite?
Chapter in an edited book: Citation
Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2011). Leadership in
public and third sector organizations. In J. Storey (Ed.),
Leadership in organizations: Current issues and key trends
(2nd ed., pp. 225-248). New York, NY: Routledge.

14. How do we cite?
• In text: “References … are cited in text with an author date
citation system” (APA, 2009, p. 174).
• In text: “When a work has two authors, cite both names,
every time the reference occurs in text” (APA, 2009, p. 175).
• In text, direct quotes: “always provide the author, year, and
specific page citation or paragraph number for nonpaginated
material” (APA, 2009, p. 170).

15. How do we cite?
(Alimo-Metcalfe & Alban-Metcalfe, 2011)
According to Alimo-Metcalfe and Alban-Metcalfe (2011)…
“direct quote” (Alimo-Metcalfe & Alban-Metcalfe, 2011, p. 227).

16. How do we cite?
What is it?
• Journal article
• Book Building blocks?
• Report • Author(s)
• Publication date
What format? • Title
• Print • Publication information
• Electronic • Format-specific details
(i.e. page numbers, doi)

17. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Author: “Invert all authors names; give surnames and initials
for up to and including 7 authors” (APA, 2009, p. 184).
• Publication date: “Give in parentheses the year the work was
published” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Article title: “Capitalize only the first word of the title and of
the subtitle, if any, and any proper nouns; do not italicize the
title or place quotation marks around it” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

18. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Journal title: “Give the periodical title in full, in uppercase and
lowercase letters. Italicize the name of the periodical”
(APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Publication Information:
– “Give the volume number after the periodical title; italicize it
(APA, 2009, p. 186).
– “Include the journal issue number … along with the volume number if
the journal is paginated separately by issue (APA, 2009, p. 186).
– Give inclusive page numbers on the which the cited material appears”
(APA, 2009, p. 186).

19. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• “Provide the DOI, if one has been assigned to the content”
(APA, 2009, p. 191).
• “When a DOI is used, no further retrieval information is needed to
identify or locate the content” (APA, 2009, p. 191).
• What’s a DOI?
• “If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page
URL of the journal….If you accessing the article from a private
database, you may need to do a quick web search to locate this URL”
(APA, 2009, pp. 191-2).

20. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• “In general, it is not necessary to include database information” (APA,
2009, p. 192).
• “Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material may change
over time” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

21. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online
Tan, J., Fischer, E., Mitchell, R., & Phan, P. (2009). At the center
of the action: Innovation and technology strategy research
in the small business setting. Journal of Small Business
Retrieved from
Management, 47, 233-262. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X
http://www.wiley.com/bw /journal.asp?ref=0047-2778
.2009.00270.x
No doi?

22. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
In text: “When a work has two authors, cite both names, every
time the reference occurs in text. When a work has three, four,
or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference
occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the
first author followed by et al. …. and the year if it is the first
citation of the reference within a paragraph” (APA, 2009, p. 175).

23. How do we cite?
Journal article retrieved online: Citation
Initial citation:
(Tan, Fischer, Mitchell, & Phan 2009)
Tan, Fischer, Mitchell, and Phan (2009) found that…
“direct quote” (Tan, Fischer, Mitchell, & Phan, 2009, p. 235)
Subsequent:
(Tan et al., 2009)
Tan et al. (2009) found that…
“direct quote” (Tan et al., 2009, p. 235)

24. How do we cite?
Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• Group authors: “occasionally, a work will have as its author an agency,
association, or institution” (APA, 2009, p. 183).
• “If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses” (APA, 2009, p. 185).
• Report titles: “Enclose additional information given on the publication for
its identification and retrieval (e.g., edition, report number, volume number)
in parentheses immediately after the title)” (APA, 2009, p. 185).

25. How do we cite?
Report retrieved online: Some APA rules to note
• “For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval
statement unless the publisher as been identified as the author: Retrieved
from Agency name website: http://www.xxxxx” (APA, 2009, p. 205).
• DOI? “If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page
URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher. If you are accessing the
article from a private database, you may need to do a quick web search to
locate this URL” (APA, 2009, p. 192).

26. How do we cite?
Online report: Citation
Sustainalytics. (n.d.). Dollarama Inc.: Company report.
Retrieved from http://www.sustainalytics.com

27. How do we cite?
Online report: Citation
(Sustainalytics, n.d.)
Sustainalytics (n.d.) reports ….
“direct quote” (Sustainalytics, n.d., p. 3)

28. How do we cite?
Reference list: Some APA rules to note
• “Double-spaced and … entries have a hanging indent” (APA,
2009, p. 180).
• “Alphabetize by author surname” (APA, 2009, p. 181).
• “References with the same authors in the same order are
arranged by year of publication, the earliest first”(APA, 2009, p.
182).

29. How do we cite?
References
Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2011). Leadership in public and third sector
organizations. In Storey, J. (Ed.), Leadership in organizations (2nd ed., pp. 225-248).
New York, NY: Routledge.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing.
Journal of Marketing, 58, 20–38.
Sustainalytics. (n.d.). Dollarama Inc.: Company report. Retrieved from
http://www.sustainalytics.com
Tan, J., Fischer, E., Mitchell, R., & Phan, P. (2009). At the center of the action: Innovation and
technology strategy research in the small business setting. Journal of Small Business
Management, 47, 233-262. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2009.00270.x
Xie, Y., & Peng, S. (2009). How to repair customer trust after negative publicity: The roles of
competence, integrity, benevolence, and forgiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 26(7),
572-589. Retrieved from http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-
MAR.html

30. Remember
• Give credit where credit is due
• Consult OC Library APA Citation Style guide
• Consult APA Publication Manual
• If you are unable to identify a specific
example, use an example that is most like your
source
• OC Library Research Writing & Citing guide
• Ask!

31. References
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association. Washington, DC: Author.
Mohanty , S., Orphanides, A., Rumble, J., Roberts, D., Norberg, L., Vassiliadis, K. (2009). University
libraries' citing information tutorial. Retrieved from http://www.lib.unc.edu
/instruct/citations/introduction/
Okanagan College. (2010). Academic offenses. Retrieved from http://webapps1.okanagan.bc.ca/ok
/calendar /Calendar.aspx?page=AcademicOffenses
Xie, Y., & Peng, S. (2009). How to repair customer trust after negative publicity: The roles of competence,
integrity, benevolence, and forgiveness. Psychology & Marketing, 26(7), 572-589. Retrieved from
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-MAR.html
LJ | 03/21/2012