Cite is-right-2012-13-slideshare

Citing & Referencing

http://isguides.hw.ac.uk/powerhours

Citing & Referencing
WHAT?

WHY?

WHEN?

HOW?


Citing & referencing explained
3 PARTS

• STATEMENT
– e.g. idea, finding, conclusion taken from a source

• CITATION
– in the body of your text
– indicates idea taken from a source (i.e. that not your own idea)
– abbreviated form
– refers reader to reference list

• REFERENCE
– full details of source used
– end of your text (usually)
– allows reader to find source / verify what you say, if necessary

Statements

Citations
in body of text (in-text citation)
abbreviated pointers to full reference

Allow reader to:

• know when you are stating an idea, fact or
text that is not your own

• find full details of the source in your
reference list

Reference
end of text
full bibliographic details

Allows reader to :
• see breadth & depth of reading
• locate sources
• verify if necessary

What is a citation style?
Hundreds of different styles

Author/date (e.g. Harvard)

(Handelman and Levin, 2008)

Handelman, G. J. and Levin, N. W. (2008) ‘Iron and anemia in human biology: a review
of mechanisms’, Heart Failure Reviews, 13(4), 393-404.

Numeric (e.g. Vancouver)

(1) [1]

1. Handelman G J, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms.
Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.

Journal specific e.g. British Medical Journal

1

1. Handelman GJ, Levin NW. Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms.
Heart Failure Reviews 2008;13(4):393-404.

Check with your lecturer / tutor which style to use.

If using Endnote/EndnoteWeb – recommend Harvard HWU

Use one style consistently throughout paper . D

Reference list / bibliography
Terms often used interchangeably
- a list of what you’ve read at the end of a piece of work

Reference list
Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text

Bibliography
Full details of all documents cited (mentioned) in the text
and/or
Full details of other (background) reading - not cited
usually for larger pieces of work

Check with your School on terminology and what is required

Avoiding Plagiarism
Photo in here
Words/ideas, etc = intellectual property
Theft = penalties

Using someone else’s work, words or ideas and passing
them off as your own e.g. from -
• published material e.g. book
• unpublished e.g. dissertation / thesis
• semi-published / grey literature – e.g. company
reports
• material from a web page
The pancreas produces insulin • radio / tv programmes
in response to an increase in
blood glucose. • cutting & pasting / quoting / paraphrasing
The pancreas creates insulin
Detection: vocabulary, style & fluency, Turnitin
a result of heightened blood
glucose.
Elevated blood glucose causes HWU Student Guide to Plagiarism
the pancreas to release insulin. http://www.hw.ac.uk/registry/resources/PlagiarismGuide.pdf

Found guilty of plagiarism
Copying the work of other authors in a book and articles

“Chunks of prose, apparently written by Dr
Persaud, were the work of other authors.”
(Jenkins, 2008)
Photo of Dr Raj Persaud
“He failed to attribute the so-called ‘stolen words’”
(Jenkins, 2008)

General Medical Council hearing-

plagiarism dishonest

brought profession into disrepute

suspended from practising medicine for 3 months

Jenkins, R. (2008) ‘TV psychiatrist Raj Persaud suspended for plagiarism. Raj Persaud brought profession into disrepute’ The Times, 21 June TimesOnline
[Online]. Available at: http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article4179597.ece (Accessed: 14 October 2008)

German Defence Minister
Plagiarism scandal over copy-and-past methods in PhD
thesis
Copied entire sections from other sources, without
attribution.
Photo of Karl-Theodor zu
Admitted accidental “mistakes”
Guttenberg
82.44% plagiarised - 891 examples of plagiarism from
over 120 different sources (Guttenplag wiki)

University of Bayreuth withdrew his doctorate
Announced his resignation (March 2011)

Paterson, T. (2011) ‘German minister renounces PhD after accusations of plagiarism. ‘
’ The Independnet 23 Feb The Independent [Online]. Available at:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/german-minister-renounces-phd-after-accusations-of-plagiarism-2222828.html (Accessed: 27 July 2011)

Academic writing
Photo in here
Read widely
- proportionate to assignment
- appropriate sources

Show your reading
- evaluate and discuss other authors’ ideas
- show your understanding of the literature
- attribute your sources

Evaluate / formulate your own response / conclusion

Use work of others to support your own opinions
I believe that genetically modified yeasts will play a major
role in the continuing advancement of brewing technology.

Studies by Linko (2009) and Young (2010) illustrate the
technical advantages of genetically modified yeasts . Their
significance has also been noted by Jones (2008).

Add weight to your discussion

Potential for better academic writing & dissertation

Hear an academic’s opinion

QUIZ
Quiz at:
Paul Robeson Library (n.d.) How to avoid plagiarism: An online tutorial [Online]. Available at:
http://library.camden.rutgers.edu/EducationalModule/Plagiarism/ (Accessed: 26 September, 2011)

When to cite
Using someone else’s work, words or ideas from e.g.

• published material e.g. book
• unpublished e.g. dissertation / thesis
• material from a web page

Text
• quoting
• paraphrasing

Statistics
• if not your own
e.g. In 2006, 20% of people in the UK lived below the poverty line.

Tables, graphs, diagrams, images
•unless you created these yourself

Radio, TV programmes, etc

When not to cite
However . . . . . do cite to back up your opinions . . .

Your own opinions / ideas / thoughts / conclusions e.g.

I believe that television can play a positive role in children’s education.

Baker (2006) presents convincing evidence that children’s recall is greater
for visually presented facts and these findings have been supported by
Morton (2007).

It could be argued that television is a key contributor to children’s learning.

Jones (2006), for example, suggests that children absorb information more
efficiently when presented in audio-visual form.

When not to cite
Common knowledge
e.g. David Cameron is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
However, each subject will have its own common knowledge
e.g. Mitochondria are found in cells
If in doubt – ask your tutor

Don’t cite if you don’t need to!
Try not to pepper your work with unnecessary citations in an effort to get extra marks.

Never cite something you haven’t read.

Keep a note!
• To cite and reference correctly you need the bibliographic details
of sources used
e.g.books Author surname, Initial/s
Publication date / year
Title
Place of publication
Publisher
Page number/s information taken from

• Different sources require different details
e.g. websites author
date
title
URL
date accessed

http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/guides.html

Book
• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s • Wooldridge, J.M.
• Year of publication • 2006
• Title of the book • Introductory econometrics: a modern
approach
• Edition • 3rd edition
• Place of publication • Mason
• Name of publisher • Thomson South Western
• Page number/s information taken from

In-text
Wooldridge(2006) indicates that….
It has been shown by Wooldridge that… (1)

Wooldridge, J.M. (2006) Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. 3rd ed.,
Mason: Thomson South Western. (author date)

1. Wooldridge, J.M. Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. 3rd ed.
Mason: Thomson South Western; 2006. (numeric)

Journal Article
• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s • Palombo, V.J.
• Title of the article • Designing marketing channels for
global expansion
• Title of the journal • Marketing Management Journal
• Volume number • 19
• Issue /part number •2
• Page numbers • 64-71
• Page number/s information taken from

In-text
Palombo (2009) gave a useful summary…
Palombo (1) gave a useful summary…


Palombo, V.J. (2009) ‘Designing marketing channels for global expansion’, The Marketing
Management Journal, 19 (2), 64-71. (Author date)

1. Palombo,V.J. Designing marketing channels for global expansion. The Marketing Management
Journal 2009; 19(2): 64-71. (Numeric)

e-journal Article
If a PDF
• Bezemer, D.J.
• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s
• 2010
• Year of publication
• Understanding financial crisis through
• Title of the article
accounting models

• Accounting, Organizations and Society
• Title of the journal
• 35
• Volume number
•7
• Issue /part number
• 676-688
• Page numbers

Author, date

Bezemer (2010) gave a useful summary…

Bezemer, D. J. (2010) 'Understanding financial crisis through accounting models', Accounting,
Organisation and Society, 35(7), 676-688.

Numeric

Bezemer (1)

1. Bezemer,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting, Organizations and
Society 2010; 35 (7): 676-688.

e-journal Article
Using e-journal collection name/URL

• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s • Bezemer, D.J.
• Title of the article • Understanding financial crisis through
accounting models

• Title of the journal • Accounting, Organizations and Society
• Name of online collection • Science Direct
and
URL of collection • www.science direct.com

• Date accessed • 10 September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002

e-journal Article
AUTHOR, DATE STYLE

In-text

Bezemer (2010) gives a useful summary . . .


Bezemer, D. J. (2010) 'Understanding financial crisis through accounting models', Accounting,
Organisation and Society, 35(7), 676-688, available: http://www.sciencedirect.com [accessed
10 September 2012].

NUMERIC STYLE

In-text

Bezemer(1) gives a useful summary…


Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2012 Sept 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com.

e-journal Article
Using a DOI

• Author surname/s, first name/s or initial/s • Bezemer, D.J.
• Title of the article • Understanding financial crisis through
accounting models

• Title of the journal • Accounting, Organizations and Society

• DOI • 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
could use with resolver prefix http://dx.doi.org/ • http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002

• Date accessed • 10 September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002

e-journal Article
AUTHOR, DATE STYLE

In-text



Bezember,D.J. (2010) ‘Understanding financial crisis through accounting models’, Accounting,
Organizations and Society, 35 (7), 676-688, DOI: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
[accessed: 10 September 2012].

Bezemer, D. J. (2010) 'Understanding financial crisis through accounting models', Accounting, Organisation
and Society, 35(7), 676-688, available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002 [accessed 10
September,
2012].

e-journal Article
NUMERIC STYLE

In-text



1. Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Oct 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
doi: 10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002 .

OR

1. Bezember,D.J. Understanding financial crisis through accounting models. Accounting,
Organizations and Society [internet]. 2010 [cited 2010 Oct 10]; 35 (7): 676-688. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002.

Secondary Referencing
Referring to a piece of work you read about in another source (when you have
not read the original work)

Only list Palombo (2009) - the source you actually read

In text citation
Palombo (2009) cites the work of Keller and Kotler (2006) who suggest that expansion
into foreign markets is generally not a preferred option for organisations with a strong
domestic customer base.

Palombo (2009, citing Keller and Kotler 2006) notes that expansion into foreign markets is
generally not a preferred option for organisations with a strong domestic customer base.

As suggested by Keller and Kotler (2006), expansion into foreign . . . . (cited in
Palombo, 2009)

Keller and Kotler (2006, cited by Palombo 2009) suggest that expansion into foreign …

It has been suggested that expansion into foreign. . . (Keller and Kotler 2006, in Palombo
2009)

Common mistakes
Incorrect
• For example, in author-date
• putting author initials in the citations
– e.g. It has been argued that . . . (Smith, 2009)
(D. Smith, 2009)
• Not inverting the author’s surname/initial/s in reference list
Smith, D. (2009)
– D. Smith (2009)

Incomplete
• Citing in text and leaving out of reference list (& vice versa)
• Insufficient detail in references

Inconsistent
• Date in citation doesn’t correspond with date in references
• Mix of formatting e.g. journal in italics or bold

Note Taking
• Be systematic and thorough

• Note down all the (bibliographic) details you need to cite &
reference correctly

e.g. remember . . . . .
• author initials as well as surnames
• chapter title and author if an edited book
• page number you get quotes / information from
• date you accessed websites / electronic materials

• Make sure you can tie your notes to your source

Desk-top – computer lab PCs
Can’t access from home or halls
Most suitable for research (PhD) level
students and staff
IT provide training

Web-based, online access
Access from home or halls
‘Lite’ version - most suitable for
undergraduate students
Library provides help and advice
Register :www.hw.ac.uk/is

courses

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clinics

http://isguides.hw.ac.uk/content.php?pid=344850&sid=2962427

Further information
Citing & referencing


Cite them right: the essential referencing guide
Richard Pears & Graham Shields
(810.61 PEA) 3 hour & 1 week loan

Library Harvard Citing & Referencing http://www.hw.ac.uk/is/Harvardguide.pdf

Enquiries: libhelp@hw.ac.uk

Further information

Workbook / slides http://isguides.hw.ac.uk/powerhours

Enquiries: libhelp@hw.ac.uk

Courses/clinics: http://isguides.hw.ac.uk/itskills

Enquiries: ithelp@hw.ac.uk

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