This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
This slide contains sources, collection process, constituents and uses of some important plants for making medicine containing anthraquinone glycosides like Senna, Cascara Sagrada, Aloe, Rhubarb, Chrysarobin.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of lignans(podophyllotoxin)Mohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Lignans(Podophyllotoxin)
Introduction
Extraction and Isolation
Identification test
Sructure elucidation of Podophyllotoxin
Adverse Effects
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Medicinal chemistry 5 semester all synthesis Anjali Bhardwaj
Learn All
Medicinal Chemistry synthesis of
B.Pharmacy 5th Semester
As per PCI Syllabus
List Of Drug synthesis as per PCI Syllabus for B.Pharmacy 5th Semester
-Diphenhydramine hydrochloride -Furosemide
-Triprolidine hydrochloride -Methyldopate hydrochloride
-Promethazine hydrochloride -Disopyramide phosphate
-Cimetidine -Warfarin
-Meclorethamine -Tolbutamide
-Mercaptopurine -Benzocaine
-Methotrexate -Procaine
-Nitroglycerin -Dibucaine
-Isosorbide dinitrite
-Acetazolamide
-Chlorthiazide
Resins Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry IISiva Prasad U
Resins are typically viscous substances that convert into rigid polymers through a curing process. Resins are naturally occurring but are now often made synthetically. Some synthetic resins have similar properties to natural plant resins, but many are very different.
** Disclaimer:
All photos, logos, etc. used in this presentation are the property of their respective copyright owners and are used here for educational purposes only.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of lignans(podophyllotoxin)Mohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Lignans(Podophyllotoxin)
Introduction
Extraction and Isolation
Identification test
Sructure elucidation of Podophyllotoxin
Adverse Effects
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Medicinal chemistry 5 semester all synthesis Anjali Bhardwaj
Learn All
Medicinal Chemistry synthesis of
B.Pharmacy 5th Semester
As per PCI Syllabus
List Of Drug synthesis as per PCI Syllabus for B.Pharmacy 5th Semester
-Diphenhydramine hydrochloride -Furosemide
-Triprolidine hydrochloride -Methyldopate hydrochloride
-Promethazine hydrochloride -Disopyramide phosphate
-Cimetidine -Warfarin
-Meclorethamine -Tolbutamide
-Mercaptopurine -Benzocaine
-Methotrexate -Procaine
-Nitroglycerin -Dibucaine
-Isosorbide dinitrite
-Acetazolamide
-Chlorthiazide
Resins Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry IISiva Prasad U
Resins are typically viscous substances that convert into rigid polymers through a curing process. Resins are naturally occurring but are now often made synthetically. Some synthetic resins have similar properties to natural plant resins, but many are very different.
** Disclaimer:
All photos, logos, etc. used in this presentation are the property of their respective copyright owners and are used here for educational purposes only.
Alkaloids are basic (alkali-like), nitrogen-containing organic constituents found in some plants.Alkaloids are normally classified according to the heterocyclic ring system they possess, but some authors prefer a classification based on their biosynthetic origins from amino acids, e.g. phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. (Justin et al.) Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix "-ine" to the species or generic alkaloids. For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna, strychnine is obtained from the seed of Strychnine tree. Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery. Several alkaloids isolated from natural herbs exhibit antiproliferation and antimetastasis effects on various types of cancers both in vitro and in vivo. Alkaloids, such as camptothecin and vinblastine, have already been successfully developed into anticancer drugs.
New prenylated carbazole and furoquinoline alkaloids from Z. aramatum DC.Pres...Abdul Samad
The results of my research work.Got four new alkaloids from my research project and presented before the authorized committee of the institute of chemical sciences,Gomal university.
Is the separation of medicinally active portions of plant (and animal) tissues using selective solvents through standard procedures.
The products so obtained from plants are relatively complex mixtures of metabolites, in liquid or semisolid state or in dry powder form (after removing the solvent), & are intended for oral or external use
The Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of both traditional and modern medicines, herbal medicine has been shown to have genuine utility and about 80% of rural population depends on it as primary health care. [WHO, (2005)]
Evaluation of isotherm parameters for adsorption of Chlorpheniramine (CHP), I...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Some pharmaceutical drug residues have been found in water bodies, soil and air. Large concentration of these drugs in the environment could cause several diseases to man, animals and even plants. Therefore, efficient removal system of these drugs is paramount. Adsorption isotherm parameters for adsorption of Chlorpheniramine (CHP), Ibuprofen (IBU) and Glipizide (GLI) using OAC, HAC and BAC of mango kernel seed was examined in this study. Activated carbons (ACs), Oxidized activated carbons (OAC), hydrophobic activated carbons (HAC) and basic activated carbons (BAC) prepared from mango kernel seed were employed in this study. ACs were prepared from mango kernel seed (MKSAC), through KOH activation. The ACs were oxidized with HNO3 to produce OACs that were surface functionalized using ethylene diamine to produce BACs and ethylamine to produce HACs. The adsorption isotherm parameters were comparatively determined. From our result, equilibrium adsorption was reached faster on HAC and OAC than on BAC with kinetic adsorption data following well pseudo second order model much better than pseudo first order and intra-particle diffusion. Equilibrium adsorption data follow well the Langmuir model than the Freundlich model. The CHP uptake follows the order: HAC > OAC > BAC whereas the adsorption of IBU and GLI follow the order: OAC > HAC > BAC for mango kernel seed. OAC, HAC and BAC of mango kernel seed showed good potential for Chlorpheniramine, Ibuprofen and Glipizide removal from pharmaceutical liquid waste.
Keywords: Chlorpherinamine, Glipizide, Ibuprofen, Freundlich model, Langmuir model and Adsorption isotherm
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Indole Alkaloids
1- Ergot Alkaloids
• Occurrence:
Ergot is the dried sclerotium of a fungus, Claviceps purpurea (Fam.
Hypocreacea) that arise on the ovaries of the rye plant (Secale cereale, Fam.
Gramineae).
• Consumption of flour contaminated with Ergot led to many serious
intoxications known as (Ergotism- Ignis Fire) in Europe.
• Ergot can be detected in flour by using UV light where contaminated flour
will show violet spots.
3. 1630…fed to animals (all1630…fed to animals (all
died)died)
1909…tyramine1909…tyramine
1910…histamine1910…histamine
1884…calmodulin1884…calmodulin
alkaloidalkaloid
1906-1918…ergotoxine1906-1918…ergotoxine
andand
ergotamineergotamine
History of ClinicalHistory of Clinical
TrialsTrials
4.
5. The ErgotThe Ergot
AlkaloidsAlkaloids
•• Structure based on indole ringStructure based on indole ring
•• Starting amino acid is tryptophanStarting amino acid is tryptophan
•• All ergot alkaloids are derivatives ofAll ergot alkaloids are derivatives of
(+)-Lysergic Acid(+)-Lysergic Acid
7. • Classification of Ergot Alkaloids:
A- Clavine Type Alkaloids:
Simple water soluble bases with little medicinal value. All end
with “clavine: e.g. Agroclavine.
B- Lysergic acid Amides:
They are all derivatives of (l)-Lysergic acid and subclassified into:
1- Simple lysergic acid amides:
Composed of Lysergic acid and simple amines.
2- Polypeptide Alkaloids:
Composed of Lysergic acid and at least 3 amino acids.
8. • General Characters:
Ergot alkaloids are N-monosubstituted amide derivatives of both lysergic
acid and its isomer isolysergic acid that differ only in configuration at C-8.
On treatment with ammonia, lysergic and isolysergic acids give the
corresponding amides ergine and isoergine respectively.
Members related to lysergic acid (e.g. ergotamine and ergometrine) are
levorotatory, more active and designated by suffix “ine”.
Members related to isolysergic acid (e.g. ergotaminine and ergometrinine),
are dextrorotatory, less active and designated by suffix “inine”.
N
H
N CH3
COOH
10
8
N
H
N CH3
COOH
N
H
N CH3
CONH2
Lysergic acid Isolysergic acid Ergine
9. 1- Simple Lysergic acid amides
• Characters:
1- Composed of Lysergic acid and simple amines.
2- Low molecular weight.
3- Water Soluble.
Ergonovine (Ergometrine)
Composed of (l)-lysergic acid and 2-aminopropanol.
Its (d) isomer is called Ergometrinine.
• Uses:
It causes vigorous contraction of the uterus.
It is mainly used as an oxytocic in order to aid
delivery or to prevent postpartum hemorrhage.
N
H
N CH3
COHNHCH2C
10
8
CH3OH
Ergonovine (l) (Ergometrine)
Ergonovinine (d) (Ergometrinine)
=
=
10. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
It is a semisynthetic product.
LSD has potent CNS stimulant effect.
LSD is one of the abused drugs.
N
H
N CH3
CON
10
8
C2H5
C2H5
11. 2- Polypeptide Alkaloids
• Characters:
They are derivatives of Lysergic acid with a complex
polypeptides of at least 3 amino acids.
They have high molecular weight.
They are insoluble in water.
This class include medicinally important members.
12. Ergotamine
• Characters:
Its (d) isomer is called Ergotaminine.
The peptide moiety is composed of 3 amino acids:
1. α-Hydroxyalanine
2. Proline
3. Phenylalanine
• Uses:
Treatment of migraine as it constricts
the peripheral blood vessels.
Has some oxytocic (ecobolic) activity.
N
H
N CH3
CO
O
N
N
OH
CH3
CH2
O
O
10
8
9
13. Structure Activity Relationship:
Lysergic acid must be in the (l) form. The (d) isomers are
inactive.
Saturation of the 9- 10 double bond of Ergotamine gives
Dihydroergotamine, a compound with antimigraine effect
but no oxytocic effect.
N
H
N CH3
CO
O
N
N
OH
CH3
CH2
O
O
10
8
9
14. Stability:
• The active (l) form convert to the (d) isomer by the effect of
Alkalis or prolonged storage in alcohol.
• Addition of water to the 9- 10 double bond takes place in aqueous
acidic solutions, upon exposure to day or UV light. The resulted
Lumi alkaloids are inactive.
N CH3
C
O
N CH3
C
N CH3
C
O
10
8
10
8
10
8
H H
R RR
HO
(l) form (d) form
N CH3
C
O
10
8
H
R
HO
15. • Tests for identification:
Van-Urk's Reagent (p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde (PDAB) in
15% H2SO4, containing traces of FeCl3) + Alkaloid → Deep blue
color.
Erlich Reagent (p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde (PDAB) in H2SO4) +
Alkaloid → Deep blue colour.
Keller’s test: Solution of the alkaloids in acetic acid with traces of
FeCl3 + concentrated H2SO4 on the wall of the test tube → blue
layer is formed between the two phases.