Cyanogenetic glycosides are plant compounds containing hydrocyanic acid. Amygdalin, isolated from bitter almonds in 1830, is a prominent example. These glycosides contain derivatives of mandelonitrile that yield hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon hydrolysis. Over 110 plant families contain cyanogenetic glycosides, with Rosaceae being prominent. While not exhibiting specific pharmacological activity, some cyanogenetic glycosides like amygdalin and prunasin are used as flavorings. Identification involves hydrolysis releasing hydrocyanic acid, changing sodium picrate to sodium purpurate. Bitter almonds contain the cyanogenetic glycoside amygdalin, which produces hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde upon
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The pterocarpus is an example of condensed tannins which are non-hydrolysable.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The pterocarpus is an example of condensed tannins which are non-hydrolysable.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Cyanogenic glycoside which on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid. examples of this glycosides are bitter almond and wild cherry bark. in this slides bitter almond is described in detail.
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Cyanogenic glycoside which on hydrolysis gives benzaldehyde and hydrocyanic acid. examples of this glycosides are bitter almond and wild cherry bark. in this slides bitter almond is described in detail.
Pharmacognosy B.Pharm final year 2021
A glycoside is a molecule within which a sugar is absolute to another functional group through a glycoside bond. Glycosides play various vital roles in living organisms. Several plants store chemicals within the kind of inactive glycosides.
Slide covers the introduction , classification of glycosides , moreover covers the anthracene glycosides with examples like aloes,senna,rhubarb,rubia,st.john;s wort furthermore slide covers isothiocyanate and cyanogenic glycosides with examples
A Glycoside is any molecule in which sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another grp via Glycosidic bond.
A glycosidic bond is a type of chemical bond that joins sugar molecule to another molecule.
The sugar grp is known as glycone and non-sugar grp as aglycone or genin.
The glycone and aglycone portions can be chemically separated by hydrolysis in presence of acid.
The glucose can consist of a single grp or several sugar groups.
Substances that have little or no therapeutic value, but essentially used in the preparation of various pharmaceutical dosage form are called Pharmaceutical aids.
Source: Animals, Plants, minerals, synthetic.
They are not API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient).
Acidulants: It give sharp taste to food. Assist in the setting of gel and as a preservative. Eg- Tamarind, lemon juice, tomato.
Colouring agents: Caramel, turmeric, indigo, saffron.
Disintegrating agent: Starch, CMC.
Diluent: Cinnamon water, peppermint water, sesame oil.
Emulsifying agents: Acacia, Agar, Bentonite, Gelatin
Suspending agents: Acacia, Agar, Bentonite, Gelatin
Filter aid: Talc, Bentonite, Diatomite.
Flavoring agent: Cardamom, rose, lemon.
Lubricant: Talc, Cocoa
Biocatalysis in the production of Essential Oils
(Composition of essential oils, application, features of raw materials, production of rose oil (using b-glucosidase), the mode of the enzymatic process, features of the technology )
Alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds of low molecular weight. They are mainly produced by plants and animals for defense. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, codeine, coniine, quinine, scopolamine, hyoscamine, atropine, caffeine, sangunarine, berberine, etc.
anthraquinone, coumarin, cyanogens (cyanohydrin), flavonoids, glucosinolates (or thioglycosides), phenols, steroidal, terpenoids, and saponins.
A type of chemical found in plants and in certain foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, and tea.
lycosides and glycoside containing drugs.
Biosynthesis of glycosides: The details of the followings:
i) Cyanogenic: Wild Cherry
ii)Isothiocyanate-Mustard (Black mustard and white mustard).
iii) Cardiac: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill.
B.Pharm Syllabus
Northern University Bangladesh
De ve loped b y: Ma hab ur R a hma n She i kh & M ahm ud ur R ahman
Assistant Professors, Department of Pharmacy, Northern University Bangladesh
30
iv) Saponins: Sarsaparilla, glycyrrhiza, dioscorea.
v)
Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara sagrada, aloe, senna, rhubarb.
vi) Other glycosides and neutral principles: Gentian, quassia, saffron.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. CYANOGENETIC
GLYCOSIDES
They are also called as cyanophore glycosides,
because of the presence of hydrocyanic acid in the
aglycone moiety. The interest about such compounds
was generated, while studying cyanides from
different organisms. One of the prominent
cyanogenetic glycosides from plants is amygdalin
which was isolated long back in 1830.
3. Most of these glycosides contain derivatives of mandelonitrile i.e.
nitrile of mandelic acid. This substance yields on hydrolysis,
hydrocyanic acid and benzaldehyde. Because of this, they may be
also considered as aldehyde glycosides. About 110 families of
plant kingdom have been reported to contain cyanogenetic
glycosides. Rosaceae being prominent amongst them.
The cyanogenetic glycoside containing drugs do not exert a
specific category of pharmacological activity, but are used for
different pharmaceutical purposes.
4. Many of them are used as flavouring agents. Some of these
glycosides worth mentioning here are amygdalin from bitter
almonds, Prunasin from wild cherry bark, Linamarin from
linseed, Manihotoxin from Manihot utilissima, sambunigrin
from Sambucus nigra, etc.
Identification of cyanogenetic glycosides is based on
liberation of hydrocyanic acid on hydrolysis which changes
sodium picrate into sodium purpurate, as is evident from
colour change from yellow to brick-red.
5. BITTER ALMOND
Synonym: Amygdala amara
Biological Source: Bitter almonds are dried ripe seeds of plants, Prunus
amygdalus Batsch var amara (D.C.) (Focke), family Rosaceae.
Geographical Source:
Bitter almond trees are native Of Iran and Asia minor. At present, they
are extensively in Sicily, Italy, Spain, Portugal, South France, and
Morocco. The bitter almond trees cannot be easily distinguished
botanically, from sweet almond trees (Prunus communis).
6. Macroscopic Characters
Colour - Brown
Odour- Odourless
Taste- Bitter
Size - About 20 mm in length, 125 mm in width and 10
mm in thickness.
Shape - Flattened, oblong, ovoid in shape with
markings on testa.
7. Chemical Constituents
Bitter almonds contain about 40 to 50 per cent of a bland fixed oil, 20
per cent of proteins, an enzyme emulsin and a colourless crystalline
bitter glycoside known as amygdalin (1 to 3 per cent). Bitter almonds
also contain 0.5 per cent of volatile oil. Amygdalin on hydrolysis due
to emulsion in presence of water decomposes into benzaldehyde and
hydrocyanic acid.
8. Hydrocyanic acid is very poisonous and makes the drug
unsuitable for internal consumption. Sweet almonds do
not contain amygdalin (bitter glycoside) and hence are
not bitter in taste.
Due absence of amygdalin, they do not produce volatile
oil on hydrolysis. Bitter almond oil contains 80 per cent
of benzaldehyde and about 2 to 6 per cent of
hydrocyanic acid.
9. Uses
Bitter almonds are used as sedative due to hydrocyanic acid
content. The oil is used in demulcent skin lotion. It is also
used in the preparation of amygdalin, bitter almond water,
in perfumery and in the form of liquors. Bitter almond oil
should not be used for flavouring of foods.