This document provides information on the extraction and identification of several phytoconstituents including curcumin, artemisinin, atropine, citral, menthol, caffeine, and reserpine. For each constituent, it describes the biological source, properties, extraction method from the source, and thin layer chromatography conditions and results for identification, including mobile phase, detecting agent, and Rf value.
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Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of PhytoconstituentsDr. Siddhi Upadhyay
Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
b) Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid & Rutin
c) Alkaloids: Atropine,Quinine,Reserpine,Caffeine
d) Resins: Podophyllotoxin, Curcumin
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Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
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a) Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral, Artemisin
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Isolation,identification and analysis of phytoconstituents .Dr.U.Srinivasa, Professor and Head, Srinivas college of Pharmacy, Mangalore, Karnataka
1. ISOLATION
IDENTIFICATION AND
ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS
DR.U.SRINIVASA,
PROFESSOR AND HEAD,
SRINIVAS COLLLEGE OF PHARMACY,
MANGALORE – 574143
EMAIL
drsrinivaspharmacy@rediffmail.com, usreenivas1966@rediffmail.com,
sreenivasummanabad@rediffmail.com
2. CURCUMIN
Curcumin or Curcuminoids are the diaryl hepnoid
compounds obtained from the dried rhizomes of
Turmeric, Curcuma longa, Family – Zingiberaceae
Curcumin is the major colouring principle. It is a
mixture of curcumin, monodesmethoxycurcumin and
bisdesmethoxycurcumin
3. It as an orange yellow, crystalline powder
Insoluble in water and ether, but soluble in alcohol
It is used as wound healing, ant-inflammatory, anti arthritic
and antimicrobial activities
Used against peptic ulcer
4. EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
Curcumin can be obtained by different processes
Turmeric powder is extracted with alcohol in Soxhlet
extractor. Alcoholic extract is concentrated under reduced
pressure and dried.
In another method , Turmeric powder is extracted with is first
extracted with hexane followed by acetone.
The acetone extract is concentrated and dried to yield
curcumin. It is recrystallized from hot ethanol to yield orange
red needles.
5. Identification and Analysis
T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of Curcumin in 1ml
of methanol
Stationary phase - Silica gel –G
Standard sample - Curcumin
Detecting agent – Observed under U.V light at 366nm
Mobile phase – Chloroform - Ethanol - Glacial acetic acid
(94:5:1)
RF Value – Curcumin – 0.79
6. ARTEMISIN
Synonym – Santonica
Biological source – Artemisin is a sesquiterpenoid
lactone , obtained from the unexpanded flower- heads of
Artemisia annua
Family - Compositae
Medicinal use – Antimalarial drug
White crystalline powder, soluble in organic solvents
7. EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
The leaves are air dried, coarsely powdered and extracted
with petroleum ether (40-60).
The extract is concentrated ,dried and re-dissolved in
chloroform. Add acetonitrile to precipitate sugars and
waxes.
Filter and collect the filtrate. Evaporate to dryness to yield
residue
8. The chromatographic fractionation of the concentrate on
silica gel by eluting with Chloroform- ethyl acetate yields the
fraction of artemisin
The fractions containing artemesin could be crystallised from
cyclohexane or 50% Ethanol
9. Identification and Analysis
T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of Artemisin in 1ml
of Chloroform
Stationary phase - Silica gel –G
Standard sample - Artemisin
Detecting agent – p- dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and heat at
80C to produce color
Mobile phase – Petroleum ether - Ethyl acetate (1:2)
RF Value – Compare with standard Artemisin
10. ATROPINE
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid obtained from Atropa
belladonna ,Datura stramonium and Hyoscyamus niger
Family – Solanaceae
Used as Antispasmodic, Mydriatic etc
11. EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
Take weighed quantity of coarse powder and moisten with
sodium carbonate solution.
Extract the blended mixture in petroleum ether. Filter the
petroleum ether extract
Extract the filtrate with aqueous acetic acid ( alkaloids
extracted in aqueous layer)
Extract the aqueous fraction with solvent ether and
separate both fraction. Discard solvent ether fraction
12. Aqueous (Acidic fraction) made alkaline with sodium
carbonate solution to obtain precipitates of tropane
alkaloids. Filter the precipitate and dry to obtain residue.
Dissolve the residue in diethyl ether .Filter and
concentrate the filtrate. Atropine crystals will be
separated out.
Filter the crystals and dissolve in alcohol containing
sodium hydroxide solution ( Hyocyamine is converted to
atropine)
Recrystallize the atropine sulphate from acetone.
Separate the crystals of atropine.
13. Identification and Analysis
Chemical test –
Vitalin –morin test -
Take small quantity of the solid atropine and add 2 drops of
Con.nitric acid in an evaporating dish and evaporated to
dryness on water bath. Then dissolve the residue in 1ml of
acetone. Add few drops of freshly prepared alcoholic
potassium hydroxide solution.
Violet colouration takes place due to tropane nucleus
14. T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of Atropine in 1ml
of Chloroform
Stationary phase - Silica gel –G
Standard sample - Atropine
Detecting agent – Drangendroffs reagent to produce
yellow orange Color spots
Mobile phase – Toluene - Ethyl acetate – Diethyl amine
(70:20:10)
RF Value – Compare with standard Atropine (0.70)
15. CITRAL
Biological sources –
Citral is a monoterpene aldehyde found in variety of sources
like lemon grass, lemon and orange peels etc
Cymbopogon fleuosus ( Lemon grass) , Graminae . 75-85%
of citral present in the drug
Citral obtained from a natural source is a mixture of two
geometric isomers geranial and neral
16. Properties
Geranial and Neral both are light oily liquids with lemon
odour
Citral is practically insoluble in water but miscible with
alcohol, ether, benzyl benzoate etc
17. EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
The fresh plant material is hydro- distilled to obtain lemon
grass oil.
Purification by Fractional crystallization
To the total oil, first Sodium sulphite is added, the citral get
converted into its sulphite salt
The salt crystallizes out of the solution
The crystals are filtered and washed with ether or chloroform
The product is then subjected to sodium carbonate treatment
to recover citral
18. Identification and Analysis
T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of Citral in 1ml
of methanol
Stationary phase - Silica gel –G
Standard sample - Citral
Detecting agent – 2,4,dinitrophenyl hydrazine reagent to
produce Yellow to orange Color spots
Mobile phase – Pure Chloroform
RF Value – 0.51
19. MENTHOL
Biological source –
Menthol is a monoterpene alcohol obtained from different variety of
mint oils or peppermint oils
Biological source – It consists of the fresh flowering tops of Mentha
piperita, Mentha officinalis
Family- Labiatate
Granular substance or crystalline with peppermint taste and odour,
freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether
20. EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
Take the accurately weighed quantity of coarse powder of
Mentha piperita parts just before flowering .
Extract the peppermint oil by water distillation method.
Separate the oil and allow cooling. Crystals of (-) menthol
will separate out.
Collect the crystals by centrifugation.
Re- Crystallize menthol from acetone or any other low
boiling point solvent
21. Identification and Analysis
T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of menthol in 1ml
of methanol
Stationary phase - Silica gel –G
Standard sample - Menthol
Detecting agent – 1% vanillin – sulphuric acid reagent and heat
the plate 110 0C for 10 minutes
Mobile phase – Pure Chloroform
RF Value – 0.48-0.62
22. CAFFEINE
Caffeine is a purine alkaloid obtained from Tea leaves,
Coffee seeds, cocoa, and other species
Biological source -It consists of dried leaves of plant known
as Thea sinensis
Family – Theaceae
It is chemically 1,3,7, trimethyl xanthine. It is isolated from
tea and coffee seeds during decaffeination process.
Tea leaves contains 1-4% of caffeine and coffee contains 1-
2% of caffeine
It is white powder or white ,glistering needles, odour less,
bitter in taste, Soluble in hot water.
Caffeine is a CNS stimulant and Diuretic
23. EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
The powder tea leaves is extracted with boiling water
and the aqueous extract is filtered while hot.
The warm extract is treated with lead acetate to
precipitate tannins and filtered.
The filtrate is treated with excess of dilute sulphuric
acid to precipitate lead in the form of lead sulphate.
24. Filter and collect the filtrate
The filtrate is boiled with Activated charcoal to remove
colouring matter, if any and filtered to remove charcoal
The filtered decolourized solution is extracted with
chloroform successively .
Combined the chloroform extracts evaporate on water
bath to yield caffeine (white powder)
It is recrystallized with alcohol
25. Identification and Analysis
Chemical test –
Murexide test – To the caffeine add hydrochloric acid
and potassium chlorate, heated to dryness. A purple
colour is obtained by exposing the residue to vapours of
dilute ammonia.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC)
26. T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of caffeine in 1ml
of methanol or chloroform
Stationary phase - Silica gel –G
Standard sample - Caffeine
Mobile phase – Ethyl acetate: methanol : acetic acid
(80:10:10)
Detecting agent – Expose to vapors of iodine
RF Value – 0.41
27. RESERPINE
Biological source – Reserpine is an indole alkaloid
obtained from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina
Family – Apocyanaceae
It is a white or pale buff to slightly yellow, odourless,
crystalline powder
It is soluble in alcohol, acetone and chloroform.
Reserpine is an antihypertensive and antipsychotic
agent
28. EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION
Rauwolfia root powder is exhaustively extracted with 90%
alcohol by percolation
The alcoholic extract is concentrated and dried under
reduced pressure below 60c to yield Rauwolfia dry
extract.
Rauwolfia dry extract is extracted with Ether-chloroform-
90%alcohol (20:8:2.5)
Collect the extract and add little dilute ammonia with
intermittent shaking. Add water and allow the drug to
settle after vigorous shaking.
29. Filter off the solution and extract the residue with 4
volumes of 0.5N Ammonium sulphate in separating
funnel. Combine all the extracts.
The extract is made alkaline with dilute ammonia to
liberate alkaloid. Finally it is extracted with chloroform.
Collect the chloroform extract , concentrate and
evaporate on water bath to yield total rauwolfia
alkaloids.(30 different components)
Residue is subjected to column chromatographic
fraction for the separation of reserpine
30. Identification and Analysis
T.L.C Method
Sample preparation – Dissolved 1mg of Reserpine in 1ml
of methanol or chloroform
Standard sample - Reserpine
Stationary phase - Silica gel – G
Mobile phase – Chloroform: acetone :diethyl amine
(50:40:10)
Detecting agent – Dragendroffs reagent
RF Value – 0.72