index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
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https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Exposes the elementary science student to the idea there are three major kinds of soil found on earth as well as the very important remains of dead plants and animals called humus. Discusses soil and humus along with as some of the properties of each.
Health of soil is very important when it comes to gardening or farming. Soil supplies many necessary nutrients required for healthy growth of any crop. The yield is largely dependent on the soil in which the crop grows. So, before cultivation, it is very important to check the soil for its nutrients.
DRAUGHT FORCE REQUIREMENTS OF A DISC PLOUGH AT VARIOUS TRACTOR FORWARD SPEEDS...IAEME Publication
Tillage operation in loamy sand soil for disc ploughing on an experimental plot of twenty different soil moisture levels at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s were conducted using trace tractor techniques. The variables: draw-bar pull force, moisture content, cone index, tractor forward speeds, widths of cut and depths of cut were measured. In determining the effect of moisture content and forward speeds on draught forces, results revealed that at lowest moisture content of 1.53% draught forces of 4688.33 N, 5708.33 N and 6758.33 N at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s, were obtained. The draught forces of 3008.32 N, 4018.66 N and 5068.os33 N were obtained at highest moisture content of 24.14% with tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s. The tractor forward speeds of 2.5 m/s recorded the highest draught force of 6758.33 N. The lowest draught forces at respective moisture levels were obtained at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s. It is clear that, draught forces increase with increase in tractor forward speeds. This result indicates that the best tractor forward speed for ploughing operation is 2.5 m/s which took place within the range of the optimum soil moisture of 2.5–25% for soil under consideration
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE CONTENT, BULK DENSITY AND TRACTOR FORWARD SPEEDS ON ENERG...IAEME Publication
Energy requirement in tillage operations plays a vital role in agricultural mechanization. This hardly comes by since much drudgery is still applied in farming operation in respect to mechanization. This research was conducted at National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Experimental Farm, Umudike Umuahia, Abia State of Nigeria. Three different tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2.5 m/s were employed to determine the needed energy requirements in the ploughing operations. It was observed that total energy expended on ploughing were 36,722.34 KJ, 55,173.61 KJ and 69,464.82 KJ respectively. The results indicated that energy decreased with increase in moisture content level db% and increased with increase in bulk density at various forward speeds. This follows the sloping and rising up of the graphs as the moisture content levels (db %) and bulk density (g/cm3) increased, with highest coefficient of determination R2 = 0.698 at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s. The result revealed that energy increased as the tractor forward speeds increased with mean energy values of 1,836.12 KJ, 2,758.58 KJ and 3,637.13 KJ. The highest energy was expended at tractor forward speed of 2.5 m/s. It was clear that the ploughing at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s requires less energy. Therefore, 1.94 m/s tractor forward speed is preferred to ploughing operation
-Determination of water content of soil by oven drying method
-Determination of dry density of soil by sand replacement method
-Grain Analysis of Soil
-Determination of liquid limit and plastic limit of soil
-Liquid limit determination by cone penetrometer
-California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value test
- Direct shear test
-Standard penetration test
A summer training presentation on Highway material and soil testing.
In this presentation along with the entire test procedure readings and images of apparatus are used for better understanding.
The experiments are presented in a creative manner.
Sieve analysis
Atterberg limit test (liquid limit & Plastic limit)
Compaction test (Standard and modified proctor test)
California bearing ratio test (CBR)
Atterberg limit test
soil mechanics
prepared by Rezhwan Hama Karim
University Of Halabja
Civil Engineering Department.3rd stage
Soil lap
University Of Halabja
Civil Engineering Department.3rd stage
Soil lap
Contents:
Introduction
Purpose of this experiment
Materials and equipment
Procedure
Data analysis
Discussion
Conclusion
Introduction
Atterberg limits tests establish the moisture contents at which fine-grained clay and silt soils transition between solid, semi-solid, plastic, and liquid states. Liquid limit determination from a plot of the number of drops of the standard cup required to close a standard groove in a soil pat against the water content of the soil. The liquid limit is the water content of the soil that would correspond to the standard groove closing in 25 drops of the cup. The plastic limit is the water content at which a soil-water paste changes from a semisolid to a plastic consistency as it is rolled into a 3.175-mm (1/8-inch) diameter thread in a standard test.
Purpose of this experiment
This lab is performed to determine the plastic and liquid limits of a fine-grained soil. The liquid limit (LL) is arbitrary defined as the water content, in percent, at which a pat of soil in a standard cup and cut by a groove of standard dimensions will flow together at base of the groove for a distance of 13mm (1/2in.) when subjected to 25 shocks from the cup being dropped 10mm in standard liquid limit apparatus operated at a rate of two shocks per second. The plastic limit (PL) is the water content, in percent, at which a soil can no longer be deformed by rolling into 3.2mm (1/8in.) diameter threads without crumbling.
Standard reference
ASTM D4318-standard test method for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils.
Discussion:
In this test we found Liquid limit plastic limit for find plastic index and due this results we found type of our fine grained soil in this way:
Depending in USCS system we found that LL (35.33) <50% this mean our soil is low plasticity soil. And with this equation we find is our soil is silt or clay PI < (0.73(LL-20)) which PI (7.83) < (0.73(LL-20)) which PI<11.69 this mean our soil is silt so this explain to us that our soil is low plasticity silt ML (lean silt). Approximately we can say that we don’t have error in our test but for plastic limit test we repeated the trail for three times until the diameter of the soil same as diameter of the rod and produce crack however we can say there’s no error for our test.
Conclusion:
Attaberg limit is the test method which used for finding each of liquid limits due to our liquid limit curve which we draw it between water content and number of blows and we found plastic limit by taking water content average for each trail and by differencing LL and PL we found plastic index. And with this plastic index and liquid limit we classified our fine grain soil which is our result is low plasticity silt as we said in the discussion.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Index properties are sometimes divided into two categories-
1. Properties of individual particles
2. Properties of soil mass ,also known as aggregate properties
The properties of individual particles can determined from a
remolded , disturbed sample
Whereas aggregate properties should be determined from
undisturbed samples
3. a) Water content
b) Specific gravity
c) In-situ density
d) Particle size
e) Consistency
f) Relative Density
4. a) Sand bath method
b) Alcohol method
c) Oven drying method
d) Calcium carbide method
e) Radiation method
5. This is a field method for the determination of water content .
This method is rapid but not accurate. The container with the
soil is placed on a sand bath. Heated over a kerosene stove.
The soil become dry within ½ to 1 hrs.
6. Where, M1= mass of empty container
M2= mass of container + wet soil
M3= mass of container + dry soil
Where, M1= mass of empty container
M2= mass of container + wet soil
Where, M1= mass of empty container
M2= mass of container + wet soil
M3= mass of container + dry soil
100%*
13
32
MM
MM
w
7. The soil sample is taken in a evaporating dish. Sample is
then mixed with methylated spirit.
Quantity of methylated spirit required is one millilitre for
every gram of soil.
The methylated spirit is then ignited. The mixture is then
stirred with spatula.
After the methylated spirit has burnt away completely
dish is allowed to be cooled and mass of dry soil is
obtained .
DISADVANTAGES-
Cannot be used if soil contain large proportion of clay,
organic matter.
Methylated spirit is volatile so extra care is required.
Not accurate.
9. 1. Clean the container, dry it and weight it with the lid. (M1)
2. Take the required quantity of the wet soil specimen in the
container & weight it with the lid.(M2)
3. Place the container with its lid removed, in the oven till its
weight become constant.
4. When the soil has dried, remove the container from the oven
using tongs.
5. Find the weight M3 of the container with the lid and the dry
soil sample.
10.
11. Where, M1= mass of empty container
M2= mass of container + wet soil
M3= mass of container + dry soil
%100*
13
32
MM
MM
w
12. This method of the determination of water content makes use
of fact that when water reacts with calcium carbide, acetylene
gas is produced.
PROCEDURE:-
Wet sample is placed in a sealed container containing calcium
carbide. The test require about 6 g of soil.
The pressure of acetylene produced acts on the diaphragm of
moister tester.
The quantity of gas is indicated on a pressure gauge. From the
calibrated scale of pressure gauge the water content is
determined.
13. 1. Radioactive isotopes are used in determination of water
content.
2. A device containing a radio active isotopes material such as
cobalt 60 is placed in a capsule. which is lowered in a steel
casing. Steel casing has an opening from where rays come
out.
3. Another casing consist of detector which is placed in
opening. Neutrons are emitted from radioactive material.
4. Hydrogen atoms in water cause scattering of neutrons. As
neutrons strike with hydrogen atoms they loose energy.
5. The loss of energy released is proportional to the water
content.
14.
15. The specific gravity of solids is frequently required for
computation of several soil properties such as void ratio,
degree of saturation, unit weight of solids, fine soil particle
size, etc.
Methods used for determination are:-
1. Pycnometer bottle method
2. Density bottle method
3. Measuring flask method
4. Gas jar method
5. Shrinkage limit method
16. 1. Clean and dry the pycnometer . Find its mass with cap as
W1.
2. Place about 200 gm of oven dried soil passing through 4.75
mm sieve.
3. Determine mass of pycnometer with dry soil as W2.
4. Add sufficient amount of de-aired water to the soil in the
pycnometer. Thoroughly mix it. Determine mass of
pycnometer with soil and water as W3.
5. Empty the pycnometer, clean it and wipe it dry.
6. Fill the pycnometer with distilled water and find its mass as
W4.
7. Now, calculate the specific gravity of soil solids as under :
G=[(W2-W1)/{(W2-W1)- (W3-W4)}]
17. A density bottle of 50 ml capacity is used. Bottle is dried and
cleaned at temperature of 105 -110o C. Mass of bottle including
stopper is taken. About 5-10g of soil is taken in the bottle and
weighted. Distilled water is added to cover sample. The soil is
allowed to soak water for about 2 hours. Air entrapped is expelled
by applying a vacuum pressure of 55 cm of mercury. The stopper is
inserted in bottle and mass is taken . The bottle is emptied, washed
and refilled with distilled water. The mass of bottle filled with water
is taken.
Let W1= mass of empty container
W2= mass of container + dry soil
W3= mass of container + wet soil
W4=mass of bottle filled with water
G=[(W2-W1)/{(W2-W1)- (W3-W4)}]
DENSITY BOTTLE METHOD
18. A measuring flask of 250 ml capacity, with a graduation
marked at that level .It is fitted with an adaptor for connecting
it to a vacuum line for removing entrapped air. This method is
similar to density bottle method. About 80-100 g of oven
drying sample is taken.
Advantage-
Suitable for fine grained and medium grained soil.
19. 1. Measure the inside dimensions of the core cutter
2. Determine empty weight of core cutter ( W1)
3. Level the surface, about 300 mm square in area.
3. Place the dolly over the top of the core cutter and press the core
cutter into the soil mass using the rammer.
4. Stop the process of pressing when about 15 mm of the dolly
protrudes above the soil surface.
5. Remove the soil surrounding the core cutter and take out the core
cutter.
6. Remove the dolly. Trim the top and bottom surface of the core
cutter carefully using a straight edge.
7. Weight the core cutter filled with the soil (W2).
8. Remove the core of the soil from the cutter. Determine the water
content
24. Mass density of sand
Where, M1 initial mass of cylinder with sand
M2 mass of sand in cone only
M3 mass of cylinder after pouring sand into
the cone and the container
Vc volume of the container
C
s
V
MMM 321
25.
26. Volume of the hole
Where, M1 initial mass of cylinder with sand
M2 mass of sand in cone only
M4 mass of cylinder after pouring sand into
the hole
s mass density of sand
s
h
MMM
V
421
28. Particle size analysis is a method of separation of soils
into different fractions based on particle size.
Particle analysis is done in 2 stages:-
1. Sieve Analysis
2. Sedimentation Analysis
The first analysis is meant for coarse grained soil
(particle size > 75 micron). Whereas sedimentation
analysis is for fine grained soils. ( particle size < 75
micron).
Particle size smaller than 0.2 micron can be determined
by an electron microscope or by X-ray technique.
29. PROCEDURE
a) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of
110 + 5oC and weighed.
b) The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
c) On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
d) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a
percentage of the total sample weight.
e) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of
aggregates retained on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.
30.
31. Particle size, D (mm)
Percentagefiner,N%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
D10 D30 D60
D10 – Effective size
Uniformity coefficient,
Coefficient of curvature,
10
60
D
D
Cu
1060
2
30 )(
DD
D
Cc
33. The consistency of a fine grained soil is the physical state in
which it exists.
The water content at which the soil changes from one state to
other are known as consistency limits or ATTERBERG limits.
At the same water content one soil may be relatively soft,
whereas another soil may be hard.
Thus consistency limits are very important properties of fine
grained soil.
34. 34
Purpose:
This is performed to determine the plastic and liquid limits of a fine
grained soil. The Atterberg limits are based on the moisture content
of the soil.
The plastic limit: is the moisture content that defines where the
soil changes from a semi-solid to a plastic (flexible) state.
The liquid limit: is the moisture content that defines where the soil
changes from a plastic to a viscous fluid state.
35. 1) The liquid limit device is adjusted to have a free fall of cup of 1cm this is
done with the help of adjusting screw provided near the cup hinge.
2) Take 100gm of soil sample after passing from 425µ IS sieve.
3) Add 15% water in soil by weight of soil.
4) Mix it thoroughly to make uniform paste.
5) Put wet soil in cup and leveled it at lowest spot and squeezed down with
spatula to have a uniform space.
6) Then with the help of casegrande’s tool , divided into two parts by
grooving up to bottom surface of cup.
7) Rotate handle at the rate of 2 no. per second and cup will start process of
up and down.
8) Count the rotation of handle until the bottom surface of groove is
connected .
9) Then add water as 3% of soil and mix thoroughly and repeat process.
10) The process of adding water is contained until connecting of groove is
completely in 25 blows.
11) Then get the result of Liquid limit.
36.
37. The minimum water content at which a soil will just begin to
crumble when it is rolled into a thread of approximately 3 mm
in diameter.
When point is reached where thread is cracking and cannot be
re-rolled to 3 mm diameter, collect at least 6 grams and
measure water content.
The test is repeated taking a fresh sample each time. Plastic
limit is taken as average of three values.
38. Plasticity Index is the numerical difference between the Liquid
Limit w% and the Plastic Limit w%
Plasticity Index= Liquid Limit - Plastic Limit
TYPE LIQUID LIMIT
Low plasticity < 35%
Intermediate plasticity 35 - 50%
High plasticity 50 - 70%
Very high plasticity 70 - 90%
Extremely high plasticity > 90%
41. The relative density of a soil give more clear idea of denseness
than does the void ratio. Two types of sand having same void ratio
may have entirely different state of denseness. However if two
sands have same relative density, they usually behave in identical
manner.
The Relative Density of soil indicates how it would behave
under the loads . If the deposit is dense it can take heavy loads
with very little settlement. Depending upon the relative density,
soils are generally divided into 5 categories:-
RELATIVE DENSITY (%) DENSENESS
<15 Very loose
15-35 Loose
35-65 Medium Dense
65-85 Dense
85-100 Very Dense