Energy requirement in tillage operations plays a vital role in agricultural mechanization. This hardly comes by since much drudgery is still applied in farming operation in respect to mechanization. This research was conducted at National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Experimental Farm, Umudike Umuahia, Abia State of Nigeria. Three different tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2.5 m/s were employed to determine the needed energy requirements in the ploughing operations. It was observed that total energy expended on ploughing were 36,722.34 KJ, 55,173.61 KJ and 69,464.82 KJ respectively. The results indicated that energy decreased with increase in moisture content level db% and increased with increase in bulk density at various forward speeds. This follows the sloping and rising up of the graphs as the moisture content levels (db %) and bulk density (g/cm3) increased, with highest coefficient of determination R2 = 0.698 at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s. The result revealed that energy increased as the tractor forward speeds increased with mean energy values of 1,836.12 KJ, 2,758.58 KJ and 3,637.13 KJ. The highest energy was expended at tractor forward speed of 2.5 m/s. It was clear that the ploughing at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s requires less energy. Therefore, 1.94 m/s tractor forward speed is preferred to ploughing operation
The document examines the draught force requirements of a disc plough at various tractor forward speeds in loamy sand soil. Experiments were conducted on a plot of land with varying soil moisture levels after rainfall events. Soil moisture content, cone index, bulk density, draught force, depth and width of cut were measured at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s. Results showed that draught force increased with decreasing moisture content and increasing tractor speed. The highest draught force of 6758.33 N occurred at the lowest moisture level of 1.53% and highest speed of 2.5 m/s. Draught force was lowest at the highest
This document examines the effects of moisture content, bulk density, and tractor forward speeds on the energy requirement of a disc plough. Experiments were conducted at field speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s, and 2.5 m/s across varying moisture and bulk density levels. The results showed that energy requirement increased with higher tractor speeds and bulk density, but decreased with increasing moisture content. Specifically, total energy expenditures were 36,722 KJ at 1.94 m/s, 55,174 KJ at 2.22 m/s, and 69,465 KJ at 2.5 m/s. A forward speed of 1.94 m/s required the least energy and was
Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Micro Grid Galam Wood Pile on Soft ...AM Publications
Construction on soft soil raises several issues. The low bearing capacity, high compressibility and the low permeability of the soft clay caused the problems both design and construction. While galam wood (Melaleuca leucadendra) have been used for many years as micro pile due to their durability and bearing capacity improvement, limited knowledge is available on performance of micro grid galam wood pile. The experimental study was conducted to analyze its bearing capacity and settlement of soft soil supported by micro grid galam wood pile. The study conducted on 2.00 x 3.00 x 2.00-meter concrete box container. Then the loading test on soft soil using two grid models such as square model and triangle model. The result shows that the use of grid modelled pile has significant role in increasing bearing capacity of soft soil. It increased approximately 500% of bearing capacity of soft soil. It is not significant bearing capacity improvement difference between square model and triangle model, however triangle model is better square grid model.
1) The document discusses calculating equipment needs for earthworks on a precast factory construction project covering 5.5 hectares with uneven terrain, requiring cut and fill works using heavy equipment.
2) Calculations were done to determine the productivity and number of excavators, dump trucks, bulldozers, and vibration rollers needed.
3) The results found 1 excavator, 2 dump trucks, 1 bulldozer, and 1 vibration roller would be needed based on the site conditions and earthwork volumes.
This document summarizes the design modification and analysis of a rotavator blade. The existing blade design is analyzed using finite element analysis software to determine stresses. The design is then modified and different materials are analyzed, including high chromium steel, H13 steel, and die steel. The modified blade designs and alternative materials showed reductions in stress compared to the original cast iron blade design. Testing of soil properties was also conducted to determine the forces acting on the blade. The analyses showed that a modified blade design using H13 steel would be most suitable for a 38mm blade radius based on the stress reductions achieved.
IRJET- Interaction Effect of Operating Parameters of Rotary Tiller Blade on T...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experiment evaluating the interaction effect of operating parameters of a rotary tiller blade on tillage quality under controlled soil bin conditions. Specifically, it analyzes the effect of tilling depth, forward speed, and rotary speed on soil mean mass diameter when using a J-shaped rotavator blade on medium-textured soil. The experiment found that these operating parameters significantly impacted tillage quality. Optimum values were a tilling depth of 100 mm, forward speed of 400 rpm, and rotary speed of 2.0 km/h, which produced a mean soil mass diameter of 2.31 mm. Statistical analysis using response surface methodology supported that changes in the operating parameters influence tillage quality
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The document examines the draught force requirements of a disc plough at various tractor forward speeds in loamy sand soil. Experiments were conducted on a plot of land with varying soil moisture levels after rainfall events. Soil moisture content, cone index, bulk density, draught force, depth and width of cut were measured at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s. Results showed that draught force increased with decreasing moisture content and increasing tractor speed. The highest draught force of 6758.33 N occurred at the lowest moisture level of 1.53% and highest speed of 2.5 m/s. Draught force was lowest at the highest
This document examines the effects of moisture content, bulk density, and tractor forward speeds on the energy requirement of a disc plough. Experiments were conducted at field speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s, and 2.5 m/s across varying moisture and bulk density levels. The results showed that energy requirement increased with higher tractor speeds and bulk density, but decreased with increasing moisture content. Specifically, total energy expenditures were 36,722 KJ at 1.94 m/s, 55,174 KJ at 2.22 m/s, and 69,465 KJ at 2.5 m/s. A forward speed of 1.94 m/s required the least energy and was
Experimental Study on Bearing Capacity of Micro Grid Galam Wood Pile on Soft ...AM Publications
Construction on soft soil raises several issues. The low bearing capacity, high compressibility and the low permeability of the soft clay caused the problems both design and construction. While galam wood (Melaleuca leucadendra) have been used for many years as micro pile due to their durability and bearing capacity improvement, limited knowledge is available on performance of micro grid galam wood pile. The experimental study was conducted to analyze its bearing capacity and settlement of soft soil supported by micro grid galam wood pile. The study conducted on 2.00 x 3.00 x 2.00-meter concrete box container. Then the loading test on soft soil using two grid models such as square model and triangle model. The result shows that the use of grid modelled pile has significant role in increasing bearing capacity of soft soil. It increased approximately 500% of bearing capacity of soft soil. It is not significant bearing capacity improvement difference between square model and triangle model, however triangle model is better square grid model.
1) The document discusses calculating equipment needs for earthworks on a precast factory construction project covering 5.5 hectares with uneven terrain, requiring cut and fill works using heavy equipment.
2) Calculations were done to determine the productivity and number of excavators, dump trucks, bulldozers, and vibration rollers needed.
3) The results found 1 excavator, 2 dump trucks, 1 bulldozer, and 1 vibration roller would be needed based on the site conditions and earthwork volumes.
This document summarizes the design modification and analysis of a rotavator blade. The existing blade design is analyzed using finite element analysis software to determine stresses. The design is then modified and different materials are analyzed, including high chromium steel, H13 steel, and die steel. The modified blade designs and alternative materials showed reductions in stress compared to the original cast iron blade design. Testing of soil properties was also conducted to determine the forces acting on the blade. The analyses showed that a modified blade design using H13 steel would be most suitable for a 38mm blade radius based on the stress reductions achieved.
IRJET- Interaction Effect of Operating Parameters of Rotary Tiller Blade on T...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experiment evaluating the interaction effect of operating parameters of a rotary tiller blade on tillage quality under controlled soil bin conditions. Specifically, it analyzes the effect of tilling depth, forward speed, and rotary speed on soil mean mass diameter when using a J-shaped rotavator blade on medium-textured soil. The experiment found that these operating parameters significantly impacted tillage quality. Optimum values were a tilling depth of 100 mm, forward speed of 400 rpm, and rotary speed of 2.0 km/h, which produced a mean soil mass diameter of 2.31 mm. Statistical analysis using response surface methodology supported that changes in the operating parameters influence tillage quality
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This project analyzed erosion on a hillside between two buildings on Clemson's campus. Models were created to predict soil loss and runoff under current conditions and two alternative scenarios. Condition 1 involved adding mulch and shrubs, while Condition 2 involved adding shrubs and planting a forest. Condition 2 was found to reduce soil loss by 99.9% and runoff by 39% and had a lower overall cost, making it the recommended solution. Implementing Condition 2 would significantly reduce erosion and runoff issues while creating a sustainable landscape.
1) Geometallurgy is an integrated approach that leverages rock properties to support the mining process from design to operations.
2) Geometallurgical data and modeling can be used to better design processing circuits, manage operational risks, and improve economic outcomes by accounting for ore variability.
3) Ausenco's geometallurgical capability includes collecting a range of data on rock properties through testing of drill cores and using this data to develop geometallurgical block models and efficiency rankings that can optimize the mining process.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study was conducted at a sawah site in Ghana to examine the relationship between landscape
position and some selected soil properties with the aim of generating adequate data for modeling
landscape relationships and to aid both researchers and farmers in taking critical management
decisions. Soil properties namely total porosity, moisture content, infiltration rates, hydraulic
conductivity, sand content, silt content, clay content, gravel concentration, bulk density, soil pH, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity were collected and analysed. Data were
collected at the foot slopes, middle slopes and at the upper slopes from four major landuses (maize, oil
palm, natural vegetation and plantain) in the study area. Simple statistical parameters such as mean
and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. Moisture content, total porosity, soil pH, organic
matter and carbon and total nitrogen increased downslope whilst sand content, clay content, bulk
density occurred at upper slopes decreased downslope. Management practices appeared to have
influenced infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and silt content.
- Controlled Traffic Farming (CTF) is a sustainable farming system based on permanent wheel tracks and zonal management of defined zones for wheels and crops. Each zone is managed independently and precisely.
- CTF facilitates zero-tillage farming by using wheel traffic zones to drain and dispose of excess water while maximizing traction, and crop zones to optimize production and reduce soil variability, compaction, and energy use.
- CTF provides benefits like improved timeliness, reduced costs, increased water use efficiency, improved sowing quality, reduced draft, and improved soil health over traditional farming systems. When implemented as part of a conservation cropping approach, CTF can enhance soil quality, yield, profitability, and
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes the development of a WebGIS system to identify potential areas for highland vegetable farming in Cianjur, West Java. The WebGIS uses spatial data layers like rivers, roads, markets, elevation, land use, and soils to apply criteria for suitable farming areas. These criteria include being within 100m of rivers, 1km of roads, and 5km of markets; having elevations over 500m; and consisting of shrubland, grassland, or other remaining land uses. The WebGIS analyzes this spatial data using tools like buffering, intersection, and merging to identify 46.7 square km of potential farming area, which is 1.2% of Cianjur's total area
MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT COMPRESSION INDEX OF UNIFORM LOOSE SAND IN COAS...IAEME Publication
This document presents a mathematical model to predict the compression index of uniform loose sand in the coastal area of Degema, Rivers State, Nigeria. The model uses governing equations that relate void ratio, permeability, compression index, depth and other factors. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure compression indices at various depths and the results were used to validate the model by comparing predicted and measured values, which showed favorable agreement. Tables of predicted and measured compression indices at different depths are presented, showing the model can accurately predict the compression behavior of loose sand under load.
Design of drilling robot for geothermal energy production final(1)Badhri Dhanekar
This document describes a proposed design for a robotic drilling system to access geothermal energy by drilling to depths of 5-25 km. The system would use a robotic drill head connected to composite drill pipes and powered by heavy-duty motors. A mechanism of circumferentially drilled holes and pneumatic cylinders is proposed to help reduce the large weight of the drill system as it drills deeper. The system aims to make geothermal energy extraction more economical and help address issues of global warming and pollution from fossil fuel use.
IRJET- Analysis of Piled Raft Foundation using Midas GTS NXIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research analyzing a piled raft foundation system using the Midas GTS NX software. Key points:
- Piled raft foundations combine rafts and piles to reduce settlement while using less material than a full piled system.
- Laboratory experiments and 3D modeling in Midas GTS NX showed pile length has more influence on settlement than diameter.
- Using a piled raft with a thinner 50cm raft instead of a 70cm raft reduced settlement by 20% and raft thickness by 30%.
- Midas GTS NX proved an efficient software for piled raft analysis, with a user-friendly interface for complex problems.
DRAUGHT FORCE REQUIREMENTS OF A DISC PLOUGH AT VARIOUS TRACTOR FORWARD SPEEDS...IAEME Publication
Tillage operation in loamy sand soil for disc ploughing on an experimental plot of twenty different soil moisture levels at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s were conducted using trace tractor techniques. The variables: draw-bar pull force, moisture content, cone index, tractor forward speeds, widths of cut and depths of cut were measured. In determining the effect of moisture content and forward speeds on draught forces, results revealed that at lowest moisture content of 1.53% draught forces of 4688.33 N, 5708.33 N and 6758.33 N at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s, were obtained. The draught forces of 3008.32 N, 4018.66 N and 5068.os33 N were obtained at highest moisture content of 24.14% with tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s. The tractor forward speeds of 2.5 m/s recorded the highest draught force of 6758.33 N. The lowest draught forces at respective moisture levels were obtained at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s. It is clear that, draught forces increase with increase in tractor forward speeds. This result indicates that the best tractor forward speed for ploughing operation is 2.5 m/s which took place within the range of the optimum soil moisture of 2.5–25% for soil under consideration
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
1) The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a power unit, such as a tractor, to match the size and type of machines used for field operations.
2) Key factors include the engine type, power ratings, soil resistance, tractor and implement sizes, and matching implements to the tractor's power output to avoid overloading.
3) Power is measured in horsepower or kilowatts, with drawbar, PTO, and brake power representing the tractor's pulling, power take-off, and maximum engine power respectively. The document provides formulas to calculate power needs based on implement size, soil conditions, and operating speed.
The document discusses automobile engines. It begins by classifying engines based on the type of fuel used, ignition type, operating cycle, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder arrangement, air intake, cooling type, and application. The main components of an internal combustion engine are then described, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, valves, manifolds, connecting rod, crank, flywheel, engine block, cam, piston rings, and crankcase. Four-stroke petrol and diesel engine cycles are illustrated and compared. Two-stroke petrol and diesel engines are also discussed and compared to four-stroke engines.
Agriculture Engineering-chptr 9 power transmissionwatak manga pilu
The document summarizes key components and functions of power transmission systems. It discusses the basic functions like selecting speed ratios, reversing travel, connecting/disconnecting power, and equalizing power for turning. The five basic components are identified as the clutch, gearbox system, differential, final drive, and drive wheels. The clutch connects and disconnects power. The gearbox selects speed and direction. The differential equalizes power for turning. The final drive reduces speed and increases torque. The drive wheels propel the machine. The document then provides more details on the clutch, mechanical transmission, differential, final drive, power take-off systems, tractor wheels, and tires.
Health of soil is very important when it comes to gardening or farming. Soil supplies many necessary nutrients required for healthy growth of any crop. The yield is largely dependent on the soil in which the crop grows. So, before cultivation, it is very important to check the soil for its nutrients.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The influence of tree induce suction on soil suction profileseSAT Journals
Abstract This study provided an investigation of active root tree zone located at the toe of the slope. This section of slope generated suction due to tree water uptake during dry season. A field monitoring set up program was carried out to collect matric suction data at slope with absent of a tree and with a tree located at toe of the slope. The installations of Jet-fill tensiometer and Gypsum blocks to measured matric suction were placed at vicinity of tree with certain depths and distances. The distribution in matric suction values and matric suction profiles responses to tree water uptake and rainfall were investigated. The decreased of soil matric suction after intense rainfall in this monitoring period as a function of an initial condition before the water uptake driven by active root tree substantially increased matric suction (low moisture content). Matric suction significantly increased at vicinity of tree trunk located at toe of slope compared to the slope without tree. This exploration provides the viewed of mature tree can significantly alter the suction distribution driven by transpiration in an unsaturated soil slope. It takes consideration by preserved mature tree can improved soil properties in geotechnical slope design. Index Terms: active root zone, tree water uptake, field monitoring, unsaturated soil, matric suction
Performance evaluation of sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba irrigation s...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba, Rwanda. Catch can tests were conducted on 110 hectares of maize under the system. Key findings were that the distribution uniformity was 84%, coefficient of uniformity was 86%, and delivery performance ratio was 0.9, indicating overall satisfactory system performance. However, regular maintenance and controlling silt buildup were recommended to improve performance further.
This document summarizes a study on using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing to evaluate cement-stabilized clayey soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the compaction properties of clayey soil mixed with varying percentages of cement (0-10%). Specimens were compacted and their maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and transmission time were measured. The results showed that adding cement increased the soil's maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, durability, and reduced volume changes. Graphs of the data indicated velocity and density increased with higher cement content. The researchers concluded that ultrasonic pulse velocity testing can be used as an alternative to conventional field testing methods for evaluating the compaction of cement-stabilized soils.
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the efficiency obtained is sufficient and the scheme
This project analyzed erosion on a hillside between two buildings on Clemson's campus. Models were created to predict soil loss and runoff under current conditions and two alternative scenarios. Condition 1 involved adding mulch and shrubs, while Condition 2 involved adding shrubs and planting a forest. Condition 2 was found to reduce soil loss by 99.9% and runoff by 39% and had a lower overall cost, making it the recommended solution. Implementing Condition 2 would significantly reduce erosion and runoff issues while creating a sustainable landscape.
1) Geometallurgy is an integrated approach that leverages rock properties to support the mining process from design to operations.
2) Geometallurgical data and modeling can be used to better design processing circuits, manage operational risks, and improve economic outcomes by accounting for ore variability.
3) Ausenco's geometallurgical capability includes collecting a range of data on rock properties through testing of drill cores and using this data to develop geometallurgical block models and efficiency rankings that can optimize the mining process.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study was conducted at a sawah site in Ghana to examine the relationship between landscape
position and some selected soil properties with the aim of generating adequate data for modeling
landscape relationships and to aid both researchers and farmers in taking critical management
decisions. Soil properties namely total porosity, moisture content, infiltration rates, hydraulic
conductivity, sand content, silt content, clay content, gravel concentration, bulk density, soil pH, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity were collected and analysed. Data were
collected at the foot slopes, middle slopes and at the upper slopes from four major landuses (maize, oil
palm, natural vegetation and plantain) in the study area. Simple statistical parameters such as mean
and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. Moisture content, total porosity, soil pH, organic
matter and carbon and total nitrogen increased downslope whilst sand content, clay content, bulk
density occurred at upper slopes decreased downslope. Management practices appeared to have
influenced infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and silt content.
- Controlled Traffic Farming (CTF) is a sustainable farming system based on permanent wheel tracks and zonal management of defined zones for wheels and crops. Each zone is managed independently and precisely.
- CTF facilitates zero-tillage farming by using wheel traffic zones to drain and dispose of excess water while maximizing traction, and crop zones to optimize production and reduce soil variability, compaction, and energy use.
- CTF provides benefits like improved timeliness, reduced costs, increased water use efficiency, improved sowing quality, reduced draft, and improved soil health over traditional farming systems. When implemented as part of a conservation cropping approach, CTF can enhance soil quality, yield, profitability, and
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes the development of a WebGIS system to identify potential areas for highland vegetable farming in Cianjur, West Java. The WebGIS uses spatial data layers like rivers, roads, markets, elevation, land use, and soils to apply criteria for suitable farming areas. These criteria include being within 100m of rivers, 1km of roads, and 5km of markets; having elevations over 500m; and consisting of shrubland, grassland, or other remaining land uses. The WebGIS analyzes this spatial data using tools like buffering, intersection, and merging to identify 46.7 square km of potential farming area, which is 1.2% of Cianjur's total area
MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT COMPRESSION INDEX OF UNIFORM LOOSE SAND IN COAS...IAEME Publication
This document presents a mathematical model to predict the compression index of uniform loose sand in the coastal area of Degema, Rivers State, Nigeria. The model uses governing equations that relate void ratio, permeability, compression index, depth and other factors. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure compression indices at various depths and the results were used to validate the model by comparing predicted and measured values, which showed favorable agreement. Tables of predicted and measured compression indices at different depths are presented, showing the model can accurately predict the compression behavior of loose sand under load.
Design of drilling robot for geothermal energy production final(1)Badhri Dhanekar
This document describes a proposed design for a robotic drilling system to access geothermal energy by drilling to depths of 5-25 km. The system would use a robotic drill head connected to composite drill pipes and powered by heavy-duty motors. A mechanism of circumferentially drilled holes and pneumatic cylinders is proposed to help reduce the large weight of the drill system as it drills deeper. The system aims to make geothermal energy extraction more economical and help address issues of global warming and pollution from fossil fuel use.
IRJET- Analysis of Piled Raft Foundation using Midas GTS NXIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research analyzing a piled raft foundation system using the Midas GTS NX software. Key points:
- Piled raft foundations combine rafts and piles to reduce settlement while using less material than a full piled system.
- Laboratory experiments and 3D modeling in Midas GTS NX showed pile length has more influence on settlement than diameter.
- Using a piled raft with a thinner 50cm raft instead of a 70cm raft reduced settlement by 20% and raft thickness by 30%.
- Midas GTS NX proved an efficient software for piled raft analysis, with a user-friendly interface for complex problems.
DRAUGHT FORCE REQUIREMENTS OF A DISC PLOUGH AT VARIOUS TRACTOR FORWARD SPEEDS...IAEME Publication
Tillage operation in loamy sand soil for disc ploughing on an experimental plot of twenty different soil moisture levels at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s were conducted using trace tractor techniques. The variables: draw-bar pull force, moisture content, cone index, tractor forward speeds, widths of cut and depths of cut were measured. In determining the effect of moisture content and forward speeds on draught forces, results revealed that at lowest moisture content of 1.53% draught forces of 4688.33 N, 5708.33 N and 6758.33 N at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s, were obtained. The draught forces of 3008.32 N, 4018.66 N and 5068.os33 N were obtained at highest moisture content of 24.14% with tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s. The tractor forward speeds of 2.5 m/s recorded the highest draught force of 6758.33 N. The lowest draught forces at respective moisture levels were obtained at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s. It is clear that, draught forces increase with increase in tractor forward speeds. This result indicates that the best tractor forward speed for ploughing operation is 2.5 m/s which took place within the range of the optimum soil moisture of 2.5–25% for soil under consideration
index properties of soil, Those properties of soil which are used in the identification and classification of soil are known as INDEX PROPERTIES
Water content
Specific gravity
In-situ density
Particle size
Consistency
Relative Density
1) The document discusses factors to consider when selecting a power unit, such as a tractor, to match the size and type of machines used for field operations.
2) Key factors include the engine type, power ratings, soil resistance, tractor and implement sizes, and matching implements to the tractor's power output to avoid overloading.
3) Power is measured in horsepower or kilowatts, with drawbar, PTO, and brake power representing the tractor's pulling, power take-off, and maximum engine power respectively. The document provides formulas to calculate power needs based on implement size, soil conditions, and operating speed.
The document discusses automobile engines. It begins by classifying engines based on the type of fuel used, ignition type, operating cycle, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder arrangement, air intake, cooling type, and application. The main components of an internal combustion engine are then described, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, valves, manifolds, connecting rod, crank, flywheel, engine block, cam, piston rings, and crankcase. Four-stroke petrol and diesel engine cycles are illustrated and compared. Two-stroke petrol and diesel engines are also discussed and compared to four-stroke engines.
Agriculture Engineering-chptr 9 power transmissionwatak manga pilu
The document summarizes key components and functions of power transmission systems. It discusses the basic functions like selecting speed ratios, reversing travel, connecting/disconnecting power, and equalizing power for turning. The five basic components are identified as the clutch, gearbox system, differential, final drive, and drive wheels. The clutch connects and disconnects power. The gearbox selects speed and direction. The differential equalizes power for turning. The final drive reduces speed and increases torque. The drive wheels propel the machine. The document then provides more details on the clutch, mechanical transmission, differential, final drive, power take-off systems, tractor wheels, and tires.
Health of soil is very important when it comes to gardening or farming. Soil supplies many necessary nutrients required for healthy growth of any crop. The yield is largely dependent on the soil in which the crop grows. So, before cultivation, it is very important to check the soil for its nutrients.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The influence of tree induce suction on soil suction profileseSAT Journals
Abstract This study provided an investigation of active root tree zone located at the toe of the slope. This section of slope generated suction due to tree water uptake during dry season. A field monitoring set up program was carried out to collect matric suction data at slope with absent of a tree and with a tree located at toe of the slope. The installations of Jet-fill tensiometer and Gypsum blocks to measured matric suction were placed at vicinity of tree with certain depths and distances. The distribution in matric suction values and matric suction profiles responses to tree water uptake and rainfall were investigated. The decreased of soil matric suction after intense rainfall in this monitoring period as a function of an initial condition before the water uptake driven by active root tree substantially increased matric suction (low moisture content). Matric suction significantly increased at vicinity of tree trunk located at toe of slope compared to the slope without tree. This exploration provides the viewed of mature tree can significantly alter the suction distribution driven by transpiration in an unsaturated soil slope. It takes consideration by preserved mature tree can improved soil properties in geotechnical slope design. Index Terms: active root zone, tree water uptake, field monitoring, unsaturated soil, matric suction
Performance evaluation of sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba irrigation s...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of a sprinkler irrigation system in Matimba, Rwanda. Catch can tests were conducted on 110 hectares of maize under the system. Key findings were that the distribution uniformity was 84%, coefficient of uniformity was 86%, and delivery performance ratio was 0.9, indicating overall satisfactory system performance. However, regular maintenance and controlling silt buildup were recommended to improve performance further.
This document summarizes a study on using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing to evaluate cement-stabilized clayey soil. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the compaction properties of clayey soil mixed with varying percentages of cement (0-10%). Specimens were compacted and their maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and transmission time were measured. The results showed that adding cement increased the soil's maximum dry density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, durability, and reduced volume changes. Graphs of the data indicated velocity and density increased with higher cement content. The researchers concluded that ultrasonic pulse velocity testing can be used as an alternative to conventional field testing methods for evaluating the compaction of cement-stabilized soils.
Evaluation of Irrigation Application Efficiency: Case Study of Chanchaga Irri...AZOJETE UNIMAID
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the efficiency obtained is sufficient and the scheme
EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY: CASE STUDY OF CHANCHAGA IRRI...Oyeniyi Samuel
This document evaluates the irrigation application efficiency of the Chanchaga irrigation scheme in Minna, Niger state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected before and after irrigation and analyzed to determine moisture content using a gravimetric method. The moisture content before irrigation ranged from 46.4-46.8% and increased to 51.1-51.5% after irrigation, showing a 4.68% increase on average. Based on these results, the calculated average water application efficiency was 66.76%, indicating about 33.24% of applied water was lost. While factors like irrigation system and farmer skill impact efficiency, the results obtained were deemed adequate given the local management practices. The study concluded the evaluated efficiency is sufficient for the irrigation
Performance evaluation of weeders in cottonGajanan Bele
The document summarizes a seminar on evaluating the performance of different weeders in cotton. It introduces the objectives to evaluate hand khurpi, peg type dry land weeder, animal drawn blade hoe, and power weeder. Field tests were conducted to determine parameters like theoretical and effective field capacity, field efficiency, weeding index, soil properties, and cost. The results found the animal drawn blade hoe had the highest field capacity and lowest cost per hectare, providing the highest savings in both cost and time compared to manual weeding. The hand khurpi was the least effective with the highest man-hours and operation costs.
The modeling of slope erosion rate by using paddy straw fibers as cover for l...IAEME Publication
This study analyzed the effect of using paddy straw fibers as cover on slope erosion rates. Laboratory experiments were conducted using a rainfall simulator to test slopes with and without straw fiber cover at rain intensities of 50, 100, and 120 mm/hr. The results showed that slopes with 30% dry weight straw fiber cover (38.7 g/m2) experienced an average 82.9% reduction in erosion rates compared to uncovered slopes. Higher straw fiber cover percentages of 60% (145.1 g/m2) and 90% (354.8 g/m2) also significantly reduced erosion rates by average of 92.8% and 95.6%, respectively. The study found that paddy straw fiber cover is effective
THE MODELING OF SLOPE EROSION RATE BY USING PADDY STRAW FIBERS AS COVER FOR L...IAEME Publication
This research aims to analyze the slope erosion rate by using paddy straw fibers as cover for land surface. This study is testing in the laboratory by using USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) model as a comparison to determine the amount of the reduction of the erosion rate that occurs, both on the land without the covering or covering. Research conducted with 3 variations in the intensity of rain that is 50 mm/hour, 100 mm/hour and 120 mm/hour and use artificial rainfall with a Rainfall Simulator. The results of this research show that the rate of erosion on soil that was given in the form of straw fibers cover layer of the paddy with the covering percentage is 30% dry weight or 38, 7 gr/m2 has decreased when compared with the rate of erosion occurring on the ground without covering.
Optimum Crop Productivity in Rain Fed Area of Thana Boula Khan, Sindh, by App...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on using wind energy to power irrigation pumps and increase crop productivity in the rain-fed area of Thana Boula Khan, Sindh, Pakistan. The study introduced locally manufactured windmill units to pump groundwater for irrigation. Analysis found that wind speeds of 2.5 m/s or higher, sufficient for pumping, occurred 92% of the time. One installed windmill pumped an average of 9.38 liters/minute, extracting a total of 95.5 cubic meters of water in the Kharif season to irrigate 0.096 hectares. However, more efficient irrigation methods like drip or sprinkler could further increase agricultural productivity when used with windmill irrigation.
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF SOIL AND ITS STABILITY USING NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using ultrasonic pulse velocity testing (UPV) to determine the strength and stability of soil in a non-destructive manner. The study mixes black soil with different stabilizers and uses UPV to measure the pulse velocity through compacted soil samples. Higher velocities indicate denser, stronger soil. Correlations are made between pulse velocity and dry density from standard compaction tests. The study aims to evaluate how stabilizers change the engineering properties of black soil and determine if they can be used as soil stabilizers. UPV provides a quick, non-destructive alternative to conventional compaction tests for analyzing soil properties.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a study of a solar PV water pumping system designed to irrigate 0.165 hectares of banana crops in Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India. The system was sized to meet the peak daily water requirement of 9.72 cubic meters. The life cycle cost analysis found that the initial cost of the PV system was higher than a diesel pumping system, but the PV system had lower operation and maintenance costs over its 20-year lifespan. As a result, the total 20-year life cycle cost of the PV system was estimated to be Rs. 1,32,924 while the diesel system was estimated to be higher at Rs. 7,59,069. The study concluded that solar PV pumping systems
OFFSHORE WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OFF THE SOUTH AFRICAN COASTLINEIAEME Publication
The document analyzes the offshore wind resource potential along the South African coastline. Four potential sites for offshore wind farms were identified based on considerations of shipping routes, proximity to the electrical grid, and offshore oil and gas exploration areas. Wind data from the Global Wind Atlas was analyzed for each site. Site 2 showed the highest power density and average wind speed within the 50m hub height, making it the best potential location for an offshore wind farm. The study found offshore wind energy to be a viable option for South Africa to increase renewable energy production.
This document evaluates the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity testing to determine compaction characteristics of expansive clays stabilized with granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Standard Proctor tests were conducted on clay specimens with 0-25% GGBS to determine optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests on the specimens showed that velocity increased with GGBS content and dry density up to optimum moisture, then decreased with further water content. Slabs were also cast and tested, showing slightly lower velocities than laboratory specimens. Cores from the slabs validated the densities, demonstrating ultrasonic pulse velocity can be a non-destructive alternative to conventional compaction testing methods.
This document describes a study that evaluated the use of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing to determine the compaction characteristics of expansive clays stabilized with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Laboratory specimens of clay soil with 0-25% GGBS were compacted using standard Proctor tests. UPV tests on the specimens found that pulse velocity increased with dry density up to optimum moisture content and decreased with further increases in moisture. Slabs were also cast and tested, confirming the laboratory results. The study aims to develop UPV as a non-destructive alternative to destructive compaction testing methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Effects of different mole spacings on the yield of summer groundnuteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fatigue Study of Ijuk-Aren Interaction on Soil Cement Pavement Model for Elas...AM Publications
This document summarizes a study that examined the fatigue behavior of soil-cement mixtures with palm fiber reinforcement as a pavement material. Laboratory tests were conducted on sandy clay soil stabilized with 6% cement and 0% or 0.5% palm fibers by dry weight of soil. Repeated load testing was performed and resilient modulus and microstructural observations were analyzed. The results showed that 0.5% palm fiber reinforcement increased the resilient modulus degradation by 6.5% after 28 days. Microstructural observations indicated cement hydration bound soil particles and covered the surface of palm fibers, improving the strength of the soil-cement mixture. The fiber reinforcement improved the strength and longevity of the soil-cement pavement material.
Similar to EFFECTS OF MOISTURE CONTENT, BULK DENSITY AND TRACTOR FORWARD SPEEDS ON ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF DISC PLOUGH (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. S. O. Nkakini Ndor. M. Vurasi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 70 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: Nkakini, S. O. and Vurasi, N. M. Effects of Moisture
Content, Bulk Density and Tractor Forward Speeds on Energy Requirement of
Disc Plough. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and
Technology, 6(7), 2015, pp. 69-79.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=6&IType=7
_____________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Tillage as one preliminary and basic step for any agricultural production demands
huge amount of energy. Tillage is generally regarded as the most fundamental
operation in agricultural production. It can be defined as the cutting, pulverizing and
inversion of the soil to create conducive environment for crop growth and good yield
[1]. According to researchers tillage operation is any physical loosening of the soil as
carried out in a range of cultivations either by hand or mechanical methods [2]. The
implement plough is used in farming activities for initial cultivation of soil in
preparation for seeds planting. Tillage operation such as ploughing is an effective
means of controlling weeds especially perennial weed species, because trash and
weeds are buried relatively deeply in the soil. The use of energy is substantial mostly
in agriculture where drudgery is set to be reduced to the barest minimum. This is the
fact that most farmers still go subsistence farming, reason being that they cannot
afford the higher rate of energy consumption including the labour requirement during
the process.
Energy requirement of a tool during tillage operation is affected by three main
factors which are: soil, tool and operational parameters. Hence for proper evaluation
of total energy expended, the energy requirement of each factor should be taken into
consideration. Factors such as soil texture, soil moisture content, and soil compaction,
and tool geometry, tool operating depth, tool forward speed and tool rake angle
obviously affect the energy requirement of a tillage operation [3]. Two additional
factors such as tools shape and manner of tool movement were reported as factors
affecting energy requirement of tillage operations [4]. In tillage operation, energy
could be expressed in terms of energy per unit area or per volume of disturbed soil as
well as the rate of energy per depth of operation [5, 6].
Soil properties that contribute to tillage energy are moisture content, bulk density,
cone index, and soil texture [7, 8].
In fact, in the case of loosing hardpan layer of soil, it becomes obvious that a high
energy input is required to improved root development and increased draught
tolerance. A significant savings in tillage energy could be achieved through site
specific management of soil compaction [9]. Energy requirements of tillage tools are
important consideration in selecting tillage system.[7]
In agricultural cultivation, there is this problem of determining the energy values
or fuel consumption as it is to be used by machineries and other implements. It is of a
great important to farmers, to have the full knowledge of the energy required and fuel
consumption for any particular farming operation. This has been a renounced problem
for farmers. When a predetermined actual energy requirement and fuel consumption
are obtained, the farmers can easily choose the best conservation practices to manage
farm equipment and operations. This is to say, if agricultural industries or firms can
calculate the energy requirements in any farm practices, agricultural operation would
be easy and hence increase in productivity.
3. Draught Force Requirements of a Disc Plough at Various Tractor Forward Speeds in Loamy
Sand Soil, During Ploughing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 71 editor@iaeme.com
Thus objectives of the research is to determine the energy requirement and the
optimal forward speed for disc plough in tillage operation at various tractor forward
speeds. The effects of moisture content and bulk density on energy requirements
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Description of Study Area: The experiment was conducted between September,
2010 and January 2011 at National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI)
Experimental Farm, in Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State of Nigeria. Umudike is within
under the derived tropical humid ecological zone of Nigeria and is 122 m above sea
level and lies on latitude 05° 29°N and longitude 07° 33°E. It is approximately 64 km
south-east of Owerri and 128 km west of Port Harcourt capital of Rivers State of
Nigeria. The weather data during the period of the field operations in terms of rainfall,
relative humidity and sunshine for 2010 and January, 2011 were obtained from the
Agro-meteorological Department Umudike Station. Annual rainfall in the research
area is between 2500 mm to 300 mm per year. The monthly mean weather condition
for 2010 to January 2011, when the tillage operations were carried out is also given.
The instrument and equipment used are as follows, two tractors of the same model
and horse powers, dynamometer, measuring tape, disc plough, stop watch, core
sampler, polythene bag for soil sample collection and auger.
Experiential design: The experiential layout area is 90 m by 90 m and was designed
with three different blocks of 90 m by 27 m each. Each block was divided into 9 trips
of 90 m by 2 m wide with a space of 3 m between each strip.
Experimental procedure: Ploughing operations were carried out on each of the
blocks, 24 hours after each rainfall event. Three replications of ploughing operations
were conducted after every rainfall events. The total treatments were 9 × 20 rainfall
events. The sequence of tillage operation was “Rainfall event” ploughing on block 1,
strip 1, block 2, strip 1” and block 3, strip 1. Rainfall event 2: ploughing on block 1,
strip 2” block 2, strip 2 and block 3 strip 2. Rainfall event 3: ploughing on block 1,
strip 3, block 2, strip 3 and block 3, strip 3. This pattern was followed for the
remaining number of rainfall events up to the last day when minimum moisture
content was established.
Moisture content determination: Soil moisture was replenished only through
rainfall. The soil moisture content on each rainfall event was determined
gravimetrically (oven dry method). In order to define the relevant soil condition, soil
samples were collected from various soil depths before any tillage operation. The soil
samples were collected at depth of 0–50 mm, 50–150 mm, and 150–12 mm, using soil
auger at three replications per sample point. Different spots in the test plot were
randomly selected for the soil sample collections for soil moisture content level. The
tillage operation started only after each rainfall event.
100 (1)
Mws Mds
Mc
Mds
−
= ×
where, Mc = Moisture Content %, Mws = Mass of wet soil, Mds = Mass of dry soil
Determination of Bulk density: The bulk density was obtained using cylindrical
cores to collect some soil samples randomly. With Vanier Calliper the diameter and
length of cylindrical core were measured. The soil samples were collected at different
depths. To determine the bulk density of the soil equation 2 was used.
4. S. O. Nkakini Ndor. M. Vurasi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 72 editor@iaeme.com
3
/ (2)
Ms
Db g cm
Vb
=
where, Db = Bulk density (g/cm3
), Ms = Mass of oven dry soil sample (g), Vb =
Volume of core sample (cm3
)
Determination of Power: When the draught force is given in (Newton) and the speed
in (metre per second). The power is then calculated by using equation 3.
P = F × V (3)
Also note that Power can be known from the draught, the area and the force. That is,
Force = (Draught × Area) N
Determination of Energy: Power and energy are related as in equation 4
E = P × T (4)
where, E = Energy, P = Power , T = Time
Determination of draught: To determine draught (p) used in pulling the implement,
the equation 5 is applied.
P = P2 − P1 (4)
where, P = the draught (N), P1 = the force required to pull the implement in
transportation position, P2 = the force required to pull the implement during tillage
operation.
The differences between the force to pull the implement and transportation
position determine the required draught
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The moisture content was obtained before any tillage operation. Table 1, shows
results of moisture content levels db% and bulk density (g/cm3
) of the rainfall events.
The rainfall events of 15th
and 6th
days recorded the lowest and highest soil moisture
content levels of 1.53% and 24.14% respectively. The lowest and highest bulk
densities of 1.61 (g/cm3
) and 1.94 (g/cm3
) were obtained on 6th
and 11th
days of
rainfall events.
The drawbar-pull force was determined using trace-tractor techniques. This
reflects the force a tractor can generated over the primary forces resisting to
movement, consisting of rolling resistance, Table 2, represents the determined mean
drawbar-pull forces during ploughing operations at 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2.5 m/s
forward speeds. The average drawbar-pull force obtained during ploughing operation
at forward speed of 1.94 m/s shows the mean drawbar-pull force of 3890.496 N, the
highest drawbar-pull force of 4688.33 N and lowest drawbar-pull force of 3,008.33 N
on 15th
and 6th
days of rainfall events. At tractor forward speed of 2.22 m/s, the mean
drawbar-pull force was 4908.997 N. The lowest and highest drawbar-pull forces of
4221.66 N and 5708.33 N were obtained on 4th
and 15th
days of rainfall events.
Tractor forward speed of 2.5 m/s recorded mean drawbar-pull force of 5,958.99 N,
lowest and highest drawbar-pull forces of 5,068.33 N and 6,758.33 N on 6th
and 15th
days of rainfall events. This has shown that drawbar-pull force increased with
increase in ploughing speeds and decreased with increase of moisture content level.
5. Draught Force Requirements of a Disc Plough at Various Tractor Forward Speeds in Loamy
Sand Soil, During Ploughing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 73 editor@iaeme.com
This is in line with the findings of others, that said, increasing the speed of operation
of disc plough increase the draught of implement[10][11].
Table 1 Mean moisture content (db %) and bulk density (g/cm3
) for days of field operations
Determination of energy requirements: Energy requirements were calculated on
each day of field operation at three different tractor forward speeds. In Table 3, the
calculated total and means energy requirements for ploughing operation at the
forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.2 m/s and 2.5 m/s are shown to be 36,722.34 KJ,
1,836.12 KJ, 55,173.61 KJ, 2,758.58 KJ and 69,464.823 KJ, 3,473.241 KJ
respectively. The results showed that energy requirements increased with increase in
tractor forward speeds. This is in accordance with the findings of others which stated
that increasing the forward speeds of operation would increase the draught and energy
requirement of the implement[1].
Moisture content level plays a vital role during tillage operations. Its effects on
energy expended during tillage operations at different tractor forward speeds were
shown in Figures 1–3. At every tractor forward speed, there was a decrease in energy
expended with coefficient of determinations of R2
= 0.698, R2
= 0.336 and R2
=
0.545.The results displayed the highest coefficient of determination of R2
= 0.698
with tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s.
Days
Amount of rainfall,
mm
Soil moisture content
db% (0–200 mm)
depths
Bulk density (g/cm3
) (0–
200 mm) depths
1 50.7 15.50 1.80
2 66.9 16.04 1.70
3 48.2 15.44 1.86
4 15.3 17.71 1.84
5 42.2 14.42 1.84
6 149.3 24.14 1.61
7 11.6 13.92 1.90
8 3.8 11.58 1.78
9 93.7 17.66 1.86
10 90.6 17.62 1.88
11 30.1 14.83 1.94
12 23.1 14.44 1,92
13 23.3 14.48 1.93
14 1.3 6.31 1.75
15 0 1.53 1.67
16 0 2.24 1.78
17 0 2.01 1.76
18 2.1 6.86 1.88
19 0 2.70 1.77
20 4.6 11.94 1.79
6. S. O. Nkakini Ndor. M. Vurasi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 74 editor@iaeme.com
Table 2 Determined mean drawbar-pull forces during ploughing for each day of field
operation at 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2.5 m/s forward speeds
Days of
field
operation
Rainfall
amount on days
of field
experiments
Average
drawbar-pull at
1.94 m/s
Average drawbar-
pull at 2.22 m/s
Average
drawbar-pull at
2.5 m/s
1 50.7 3,580.00 4,586.66 5,636.66
2 66.7 3,406.66 4,420.00 5,470.00
3 48.2 3,725.00 4,745.00 5,795.00
4 95.3 3,201.66 4,221.66 5,271.66
5 42.2 3,776.66 4,816.66 5,866.66
6 149.3 3,008.32 4,018.33 5,068.33
7 11.6 4,005.00 5,015.00 6,065.00
8 3.8 4,050.00 5,060.00 6,110.00
9 93.7 3,253.33 4,273.33 5,323.33
10 90.6 3,316.66 4,336.66 5,386.66
11 30.1 3,801.66 4,861.66 5,911.66
12 23.1 3,940.00 4,960.00 6,010.00
13 23.3 3,930.00 4,950.00 6,000.00
14 1.3 4,083.33 5,103.33 6,153.33
15 0 4,688.33 5,708.33 6,758.33
16 0 4,643.33 5,663.33 6,713.33
17 0 4,616.66 5,636.66 6,686.66
18 2.1 4,063.33 5,083.33 6,133.33
19 0 4650.00, 5,670.00 6,720.00
20 4.6 4,030.00 5,050.00 6,100.00
Mean 3890.4965 4,908.997 5,958.997
Figures 4–6 showed the effects of bulk density on energy expended during tillage
operations at various tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2,5 m/s. Energy
expended increased with increase in bulk density at these speeds, with coefficient of
determinations R2
= 0.668, R2
= 0.504, R2
= 0.665. The results showed the highest
coefficient of determination R2
at tractor forward speed of 1.94 m/s
Figure 1 The effect of Moisture Content on Energy during tillage operation at 1.94 m/s
forward speed
y = -62.374x + 2681.2
R² = 0.6981
0.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
0 10 20 30
Energy(KJ)
Moisture Content db %
ENERGY VS MOISTURE CONTENT AT 1.94m/s
Series1
7. Draught Force Requirements of a Disc Plough at Various Tractor Forward Speeds in Loamy
Sand Soil, During Ploughing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 75 editor@iaeme.com
Table 3 Energy requirements of tillage operations at forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s
and 2.5 m/s.
Figure 2 The effect of moisture content on energy during tillage operation at 2.22 m/s
forward speed
y = -65.365x + 3547.5
R² = 0.3364
0.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
0 10 20 30
Energy(KJ)
Moistuer Content db %
ENERGY VS MOISTURE CONTENT AT 2.22m/s
Series1
Series2
Days of
field
operations
1.94 m/s 2.22 m/s 2.5 m/s
Time (s) Energy ( KJ) Time (s)
Energy
(KJ)
Time
(s)
Energy
(KJ)
1 185 1,284.862 182 1,853.194 151 2,127.839
2 187 1,235.87 184 1,805.482 175.5 2,399.963
3 180 1,300.77 177 1,864.500 169.5 2,455.631
4 265 1,645.97 162 1,518.278 257.5 3,393.632
5 175 1,282.18 172 1,839.194 166 2,434.664
6 283.5 1,654.55 280.5 3,747.674 273 3,459.135
7 240.5 1,868.61 237.5 2,646.159 231 3,502.538
8 290 2,278.5 287 3,223.928 281 4,292.275
9 269 1,697.26 260 2,466.566 260 3,460.165
10 262 1,685.79 259 2,493.493 253 3,407.062
11 275.5 2,053.25 272.5 2,941.061 266.5 3,938.643
12 239.5 1,830.64 235.5 2,593.137 230.5 3,463.263
13 240.5 1,833.62 236 2,593.404 231.5 3,472.500
14 289.5 2,293.32 286.5 3,245.871 280.5 4,315.023
15 289.5 2,633.11 286.5 3,630.669 280.5 4,739.278
16 289 2,603.83 286 3,595.762 280 4,699.331
17 289 2,588.38 286 3,578.828 280 4,680.662
18 290 2,286.03 287 3,238.793 281 4,308.664
19 290 2,616.09 287 3,612.584 282 4,737.600
20 242.5 1,895.913 239.5 2,685.035 238.5 3,637.125
Total 36,722.34 KJ
55,173.61
KJ
69,464.82 KJ
Means 1836.12 KJ 2,758.58 KJ 3,473.24 KJ
8. S. O. Nkakini Ndor. M. Vurasi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 76 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3 The effect of moisture content on energy during tillage operation at 2.5 m/s forward
speed.
Figure 4 The effect of bulk density on energy during tillage operation at 1.94 m/s forward
speed
Figure 5 The effect of bulk density on energy during tillage operation at 2.22 m/s forward
speed
y = -96.241x + 4807.7
R² = 0.5453
0.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
4,500.00
5,000.00
0 10 20 30
Energy(KJ0
Moisture Content db%
Energy Vs Miosture content at 2.5m/s
Series1
Energy Vs
Miosture content
Linear (Energy Vs
Miosture content)
y = 65.387x + 1241.9
R² = 0.668
0.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
0 10 20 30
Energy(KJ)
Bulk Density g/cm3
ENERGY Vs BULK DENSITY AT 1.94m/s
Series1
Energy Vs Bulk
Density
Linear (Energy Vs
Bulk Density)
y = 85.766x + 1858.1
R² = 0.5043
0.00
500.00
1,000.00
1,500.00
2,000.00
2,500.00
3,000.00
3,500.00
4,000.00
0 10 20 30
Energy(KJ)
Bulk Density g/cm3
ENERGY VS BULK DENSITY AT 2.22m/s
Series1
9. Draught Force Requirements of a Disc Plough at Various Tractor Forward Speeds in Loamy
Sand Soil, During Ploughing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 77 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 6 The effect of bulk density on energy during tillage operation at 2.5 m/s forward
speed.
Tables 4–6 show analyses of variance for effects of moisture content levels on
energy expended at various tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2.5 m/s.
The results indicated that there are significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between moisture
content levels and energy expended at the respective tractor forward speeds.
Table 4 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for effect of moisture content on energy during
tillage at 1.94 m/s tractor forward speed
Sources of
Variance
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups
3.72E+13 1 3.72E+13 332.0367 2.24E-20 4.098172
Within
Groups
4.26E+12 38 1.12E+11
TOTAL 4.14E+13 39
Table 5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for effect of moisture content on energy during
tillage at 2.22 m/s tractor forward speed
Sources of
Variance
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups
7.2E+13 1 7.4E+13 317.99 4.7E-20 4.02
Within
Groups
8.92E+12 38 2.35E+11
TOTAL 8.36E+13 39
Figure 7 depicts the trend of energy expended in the various tractor forward
speeds during ploughing operation. The energy expended increased with increase in
tractor forward speeds. The less energy expended was obtained with tractor forward
speed of 1.94 m/s.
y = 113.91x + 2450.2
R² = 0.6652
0.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
4,000.00
5,000.00
0 10 20 30
Energy(KJ)
Bulk Density g/cm3
ENERGY VS BULK DENSITY AT 2.5m/s
Series1
Linear
(Series1)
10. S. O. Nkakini Ndor. M. Vurasi
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 78 editor@iaeme.com
Table 6 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for effect of moisture content on energy during
tillage at 2.5 m/s tractor forward speed.
Sources of
Variance
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups
1.33E+14 1 1.33E+14 389.432 1.44E-21 4.09
Within
Groups
1.3E+13 38 3.41E+11
TOTAL 1.46E+14 39
Figure 7 The effect of tractor forward speeds on mean energy expended during tillage
operations
4. CONCLUSION
This study has determined the various total and means energy expended for three
different tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2.5 m/s respectively in
loamy sand soil of rainforest zone of Nigeria. The results have shown that energy
expended decreased with increasing moisture content level at various tractor forward
speeds. This is evident from the coefficient of determinations of R2
= 0.698, R2
=
0.336 and R2
= 0.545 at tractor forward speeds of 1.94 m/s, 2.22 m/s and 2.5 m/s. The
effect of bulk density, revealed increase in energy expended as the bulk densities
increase with corresponding increase in tractor forward speeds. The tillage operations,
ensured increase in energy expended with increase in tractor forward speeds. The
analysis of various parameters on effects of energy expended showed significant
difference (p ≤ 0.05) between, moisture content levels and energy expended at various
tractor forward speeds. In fact, R2
= 0.698 stands out for less energy expended. Thus,
1.94 m/s stands the best tractor forward speed for ploughing operations in terms of
energy consumption.
5. REFERENCES
[1] Grisso, R. D., Yasin, M. and Kocher M. F.. Tillage implements force
operating in silty clay loam. Transaction of the ASAE, 39(6), 1996.
[2] Ahn, P. M. and Hintze, B. No tillage, minimum tillage and their influence on
soil properties in: Organic matter management and tillage in humid and sub-
humid Africa. 1990
0.00
10,00,000.00
20,00,000.00
30,00,000.00
40,00,000.00
1 2 3
Energy(KJ)
Forward Speeds m/s
Forward Speeds at 1.94m/s,2.22m/s,2.5m/s
Series1
11. Draught Force Requirements of a Disc Plough at Various Tractor Forward Speeds in Loamy
Sand Soil, During Ploughing
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 79 editor@iaeme.com
[3] Nicholson R. H. and Bashford, L. L. Energy requirements for tillage from a
reference implement. ASAE Paper No. 84-1039. ASAE St. Joseph, MI, U. S.
A, 1984.
[4] Gill, W. R. and Vanden Barg, G. E. 2010. Soil dynamics in tillage and
traction. Agricultural hand book 316. Washington, D. C. USDA-Agric. Res.
Service.
[5] Darmora, D. P. and Pandey, K. P. Evaluation of performance of furrow
openers of combined seed and fertilizer drills. Soil and tillage Research,
1995.
[6] Chancellor, W. J. Soil Physical properties in Advances in soil Dynamics.
Hansen, P. D. ed. ASAE Monograph, 1994.
[7] Upadlyaya, S. K., Williams, T. H., Kemble, L. J. and Collins, N. E. Energy
requirement for chiselling in coastal plain soils. Transactions of the ASAE,
27, 1984, pp. 1643–1649.
[8] Panwar, J. S. and Siemens, J. C. Shear strength and energy of soil failure
related to density and moisture. Transactions of the ASAE, 15,1972, pp. 423–
427.
[9] Raper, R. L. Site specific tillage for site specific compaction: is there a need?
Proceeding of the international conference of dry and conservation zone
tillage, Beijing, China, 1999.
[10] Al-Janobi, A. A. and Al-Suhaibani, S. A. Draft of primary of tillage
implements in Sandy loan soil. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 14, 1998,
pp. 343–348.
[11] Kamel, A. R. and Onwualu, A. P. Energy conservation in tillage operations in
Nigeria. State of the Art and Research Needs. Proc. of the NSAE, 18, 1996,
pp. 45–50.