Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
In this presentation our agenda is
Brief introduction
Radiological Modalities
Radiological Features
Radiological Imaging Of Complications of lung cancer.
I followed Dahnert and try to describe all findings in lung cancer.
Hope it will prove an atlas in Lung cancer imaging.
PowerPoint presentation on the topic HRCT Chest. This presentation is divided into 5 different parts. 1)Introduction to HRCT chest 2)Technichal aspects of HRCT 3) Relevant anatomy for HRCT interpretation 4)Pattern of lung disease in HRCT 5)HRCT pattern in various ILD’s
In this presentation our agenda is
Brief introduction
Radiological Modalities
Radiological Features
Radiological Imaging Of Complications of lung cancer.
I followed Dahnert and try to describe all findings in lung cancer.
Hope it will prove an atlas in Lung cancer imaging.
PowerPoint presentation on the topic HRCT Chest. This presentation is divided into 5 different parts. 1)Introduction to HRCT chest 2)Technichal aspects of HRCT 3) Relevant anatomy for HRCT interpretation 4)Pattern of lung disease in HRCT 5)HRCT pattern in various ILD’s
From Dr Ng Kian Seng:"Please send this out to all those coming, it is just a revision of the fundamentals. I dont intend to go through this at the workshop.
I will go straight to the Systematic Reading of the Chest Radiographs. It will take only 10 minutes to run through this powerpoint, so please run through it before coming."
Oxygen Therapy is not Beneficial in COPD Patients with Moderate HypoxaemiaGamal Agmy
A Randomized Trial of Long-Term Oxygen for COPD with Moderate Desaturation
The Long-Term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group*
N Engl J Med. 2016 October 27; 375(17): 1617–1627
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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3. Objectives
① CT anatomy of mediastinum
② Pneumomediastinum
③ Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
④ Radiological description of mediastinal compartments
⑤ Differential diagnosis of mediastinal disease
⑥ Interventional supply
Gamal Agmy
13. Mediastinal
origin?
The main bulk of the lesion is present in the mediastinum
Lesion arising from a mediastinal structure
Obtuse angle of interface with the mediastinal border
Gamal Agmy
15. Figure 9a. Thymic sail sign in a 4-year-old patient who had inhaled gasoline fumes. (a) InitialFigure 12b. Double bronchial wall sign. (a) Radiograph obtained in a 35-year-old asthmatic patientFigure 11a. Tubular artery sign in a 28-year-old man who sustained blunt trauma. (a)
Gamal Agmy
23. Lymph
nodes
Nodes with necrotic center = inflammatory, metastatic
Bulky nodes = lymphoma
Calcifications seen in TB, sarcoid, silicosis
Calcification is rare in malignant nodes [chondro /
osteosarcoma]
General Rules
Gamal Agmy
24. •
Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging
adapted from the American Thoracic Society mapping scheme
Supraclavicular nodes
1. Low cervical, supraclavicular and sternal notch nodes
From the lower margin of the cricoid to the clavicles
and the upper border of the manubrium.
The midline of the trachea serves as border between 1R
and 1L.
Superior Mediastinal Nodes 2-4
2R.Upper Paratracheal
2R nodes extend to the left lateral border of the
trachea.
From upper border of manubrium to the intersection of
caudal margin of innominate (left brachiocephalic)
vein with the trachea.
2L.Upper Paratracheal
From the upper border of manubrium to the superior
border of aortic arch.
2L nodes are located to the left of the left lateral border
of the trachea.
Gamal Agmy
25. •
Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging
adapted from the American Thoracic Society mapping scheme
3A. Pre-vascular
These nodes are not adjacent to the trachea like the
nodes in station 2, but they are anterior to the
vessels.
3P.Pre-vertebral
Nodes not adjacent to the trachea like the nodes in
station 2, but behind the esophagus, which is
prevertebral.
4R. Lower Paratracheal
From the intersection of the caudal margin of
innominate (left brachiocephalic) vein with the
trachea to the lower border of the azygos vein.
4R nodes extend from the right to the left lateral
border of the trachea.
4L. Lower Paratracheal
From the upper margin of the aortic arch to the
upper rim of the left main pulmonary artery.
Gamal Agmy
26. •
Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging
adapted from the American Thoracic Society mapping scheme
Aortic Nodes 5-6
5. Subaortic
These nodes are located in the AP window lateral
to the ligamentum arteriosum.
These nodes are not located between the aorta and
the pulmonary trunk but lateral to these vessels.
6. Para-aortic
These are ascending aorta or phrenic nodes lying
anterior and lateral to the ascending aorta and the
aortic arch.
Inferior Mediastinal Nodes 7-9
7.Subcarinal Nodes below carina.
8. Paraesophageal
9. Pulmonary Ligament
Nodes lying within the pulmonary ligaments.
Gamal Agmy
27. Regional lymph node classification for lung cancer staging
adapted from the American Thoracic Society mapping scheme
Hilar, Lobar and (sub)segmental Nodes
10-14
These are all N1-nodes.
10. Hilar nodes
These include nodes adjacent to the main stem
bronchus and hilar vessels.
On the right they extend from the lower rim of
the azygos vein to the interlobar region.
On the left from the upper rim of the
pulmonary artery to the interlobar region.
Gamal Agmy
28. 1. Supraclavicular zone nodes
1. Supraclavicular zone nodes
These include low cervical,
supraclavicular and sternal
notch nodes.
Upper border: lower margin of
cricoid.
Lower border: clavicles and upper
border of manubrium.
The midline of the trachea
serves as border between 1R and
1L.
Gamal Agmy
29. 2R. Right Upper Paratracheal
2R nodes extend to the left lateral
border of the trachea.
Upper border: upper border of
manubrium.
Lower border: intersection of caudal
margin of innominate (left
brachiocephalic) vein with the
trachea.
2L. Left Upper Paratracheal
Upper border: upper border of
manubrium.
Lower border: superior border of
aortic arch.
On the left a station 2 node in front
of the trachea, i.e. a 2R-node.
There is also a small prevascular
node, i.e. a station 3A node
Gamal Agmy
30. 3. Prevascular and Prevertabral
nodes
Station 3 nodes are not adjacent to
the trachea like station 2 nodes.
They are either:
3A anterior to the vessels or
3B behind the esophagus, which lies
prevertebrally.
Station 3 nodes are not accessible
with mediastinoscopy.
3P nodes can be accessible with
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
3A and 3P nodes
Gamal Agmy
31. On the left a 3A node in the
prevascular space.
Notice also lower paratracheal nodes
on the right, i.e. 4R nodes.
Gamal Agmy
32. 4R. Right Lower Paratracheal
Upper border: intersection of caudal
margin of innominate (left
brachiocephalic) vein with the
trachea.
Lower border:lower border of azygos
vein.
4R nodes extend to the left lateral
border of the trachea.
Gamal Agmy
33. On the left we see 4R
paratracheal nodes.
In addition there is an aortic
node lateral to the aortic arch,
i.e. station 6 node.
Gamal Agmy
34. 4L. Left Lower Paratracheal
4L nodes are lower paratracheal nodes
that are located to the left of the left tracheal
border, between a horizontal line drawn
tangentially to the upper margin of the
aortic arch and a line extending across the
left main bronchus at the level of the
upper margin of the left upper lobe
bronchus.
These include paratracheal nodes that are
located medially to the ligamentum
arteriosum.
Station 5 (AP-window) nodes are located
laterally to the ligamentum arteriosum.
Gamal Agmy
35. On the left an image just above the level of the
pulmonary trunk demonstrating lower
paratracheal nodes on the left and on the right.
In addition there are also station 3 and 5 nodes
Gamal Agmy
36. On the left an image at the level of the lower trachea just above
the carina.
To the left of the trachea 4L nodes.
Notice that these 4L nodes are between the pulmonary trunk and
the aorta, but are not located in the AP-window, because they lie
medially to the ligamentum arteriosum.
The node lateral to the pulmonary trunk is a station 5 node.
Gamal Agmy
37. 5. Subaortic nodes
Subaortic or aorto-pulmonary window nodes are lateral to the ligamentum
arteriosum or the aorta or left pulmonary artery and proximal to the first
branch of the left pulmonary artery and lie within the mediastinal pleural
envelope.
6. Para-aortic nodes
Para-aortic (ascending aorta or phrenic) nodes are located anteriorly and
laterally to the ascending aorta and the aortic arch from the upper margin to
the lower margin of the aortic arch.
Gamal Agmy
38. 7. Subcarinal nodes
These nodes are located caudally to the carina of the trachea, but are not
associated with the lower lobe bronchi or arteries within the lung.
On the right they extend caudally to the lower border of the bronchus
intermedius.
On the left they extend caudally to the upper border of the lower lobe
bronchus.
On the left a station 7 subcarinal node to the right of the esophagus.
Gamal Agmy
39. 8 Paraesophageal nodes
These nodes are below the carinal nodes and extend caudally to
the diaphragm.
On the left an image below the carina.
To the right of the esophagus a station 8 node.
Gamal Agmy
40. On the left a PET image demonstrating FDG uptake in a station
8 node.
On the corresponding CT image the node is not enlarged (blue
arrow).
The probability that this is a lymph node metastasis is extremely
high since the specificity of PET in unenlarged nodes is higher
than in enlarged nodes.
Gamal Agmy
41. 9. Pulmonary ligament nodes
Pulmonary ligament nodes are lying within the pulmonary
ligament, including those in the posterior wall and lower part of
the inferior pulmonary vein.
The pulmonary ligament is the inferior extension of the
mediastinal pleural reflections that surround the hila.
Gamal Agmy
42. 10 Hilar nodes
Hilar nodes are proximal lobar nodes, distal to the mediastinal
pleural reflection and nodes adjacent to the intermediate
bronchus on the right.
Nodes in station 10 - 14 are all N1-nodes, since they are not
located in the mediastinum.
Gamal Agmy
43. 10 Hilar nodes
Hilar nodes are proximal lobar nodes, distal to the mediastinal
pleural reflection and nodes adjacent to the intermediate
bronchus on the right.
Nodes in station 10 - 14 are all N1-nodes, since they are not
located in the mediastinum.
Gamal Agmy
44. Axial CT of Lymph Nodes
Scroll through the images on the left.
1-Sternal notch nodes are just seen at this level and
above this level
2-Upper Paratracheal: below clavicles and on the
right above the intersection of caudal margin of
innominate (left brachiocephalic) vein with the
trachea and on the left above the aortic arch.
3-Pre-vascular and Retrotracheal : anterior to the
vessels (3A) or prevertebral (3P)
4-Lower Paratracheal : below upper margin of
aortic arch down to level of main bronchus
5-Subaortic (A-P window): nodes lateral to
ligamentum arteriosum or lateral to aorta or left
pulmonary artery
6-Para-aortic: nodes lying anterior and lateral to the
ascending aorta and the aortic arch beneath the
upper margin of the aortic arch
7-Subcarinal
8-Paraesophageal (below carina)
9-Pulmonary Ligament: nodes lying within the
pulmonary ligament.
10--14: nodes are all N1 nodes
•
Gamal Agmy
45. Conventional mediastinoscopy
The following nodal stations can be biopsied by cervical
mediastinoscopy: the left and right upper paratracheal nodes
(station 2L and 2R), left and right lower paratracheal nodes (station
4L and 4R) and the subcarinal nodes (station 7).
Station 1 nodes are located above the suprasternal notch and are
not routinely accessed by cervical mediastinoscopy.
•
•
Gamal Agmy
46. Extended mediastinoscopy
Left upper lobe tumors may metastasize to the subaortic lymph nodes (station 5)
and paraaortic nodes (station 6). These nodes can not be biopsied through routine
cervical mediastinoscopy. Extended mediastinoscopy is an alternative for the
anterior-second interspace mediastinotomy which is more commonly used for
exploration of mediastinal nodal stations.
This procedure is far less easy and therefore less routinely performed than
conventional mediastinoscopy.
Gamal Agmy
47. EUS-FNA
Endoscopic Ultrasound with Fine Needle Aspiration can be
performed of all the mediastinal nodes that that can be assessed
from the oesophagus. In addition the left adrenal gland and the left
liver lobe can be visualized.EUS particularly provides access to
nodes in the lower mediastinum (station 7,8 and 9)
Gamal Agmy
48. ② Radiological description of
mediastinal compartments
Whitten CR, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:657– 67
Sharzhad M, AJR 2014; 203:W128–W138
Occhipinti M, Diagn Interv Radiol 2015; 21: 293–306
49. ② Radiological description of
mediastinal compartments
Whitten CR, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:657– 67
Sharzhad M, AJR 2014; 203:W128–W138
Occhipinti M, Diagn Interv Radiol 2015; 21: 293–306
Gamal Agmy
50. ② Radiological description of
mediastinal compartments
Whitten CR, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:657– 67
Sharzhad M, AJR 2014; 203:W128–W138
Occhipinti M, Diagn Interv Radiol 2015; 21: 293–306
Gamal Agmy
51. ② Radiological description of
mediastinal compartments
Kim TJ, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:409 – 429
Young CA, RadioGraphics 2008; 28:1541–1553
Katabathina VS, RadioGraphics 2011; 31:1141–1160
Emergencies
• Acute aortic syndrome
• Acute mediastinitis
• Esophagus
• Tension pneumomediastinum
• Radiation therapy
Gamal Agmy
52. Objectives
① Imaging techniques
② Radiological description of mediastinal
compartments
③Differential diagnosis of mediastinal disease
④ Interventional supply
Gamal Agmy
53. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Differential based on CT density/MRI signal
Fat Water Muscle Calcification
Lipoma
Mediastinal
lipomatosis
Morgagni hernia
Thymolipoma
Teratoma
Thymic cyst
Lymphangioma
Abscess
Cystic teratoma
Pancreatic
pseudocyst
Thymic
hyperplasia or
malignancy
Lymphoma
Hernia
Germ cell tumor
Mediastinitis
Sarcoma
Teratoma
Treated
lymphoma
Goiter
Granulomatous
infection
Sarcoid/Silicosis
Sharzhad M, AJR 2014; 203:W128–W138
Gamal Agmy
54. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Fat attenuation: low likelihood of malignancy
Pineda V, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:19 –32
Molinari F, AJR 2011; 197:W795–W813
Morgagni HerniaLiposarcoma
Gamal Agmy
55. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Molinari F, AJR 2011; 197:W795–W813
Sharzhad M, AJR 2014; 203:W128–W138
Lipoma
Mediastinal
lipomatosis
Gamal Agmy
56. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Sharzhad M, AJR 2014; 203:W128–W138
Teratoma Goiter
Gamal Agmy
59. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Falkson CB, J Thorac Oncol 2009;4(7):911–919
Benveniste MFK, RadioGraphics 2011; 31:1847–1861
Thymoma: treatment based on Masaoka-Koga staging system
Stage Macro & Microscopic Features Treatment
I Complete encapsulation Surgery
IIa Microscopic invasion of capsula
Surgery + Optional RT
IIb Macroscopic invasion of capsula
III Invasion of adjacent organ
(pericardium, great vessels, or lung) Neoadjuvant ChT + Surgery
+ Optional RT
IVa Pleural or pericardial dissemination
IVb Lymphatic-hematogenous metastasis Palliative ChT
Gamal Agmy
64. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Lymphoma in children
Toma P, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:1335–1354
July 13 August 18
Gamal Agmy
65. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Cardiophrenic space
Jeung MY, RadioGraphics 2002; 22:S79 –S93
Pineda V, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:19 –32
Gamal Agmy
66. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Cardiophrenic space – Cystic
Jeung MY, RadioGraphics 2002; 22:S79 –S93
Pineda V, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:19 –32
Gamal Agmy
67. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Anterior
Cardiophrenic space: lymphnode
Pineda V, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:19 –32
Gamal Agmy
73. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Middle
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
mariosilvamed@gmail.com ERS 2015: Course of Thoracic Imaging – Barcelona 2015, October 22 – 24
74. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Middle
Lymph node enlargement: granulomatous diseases
Silva M, Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 2015 Aug;49(1):45-53
mariosilvamed@gmail.com ERS 2015: Course of Thoracic Imaging – Barcelona 2015, October 22 – 24
82. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Middle
Neuroendocrine tumor: Pheochromocytoma
Courtesy of Dr Francesco Molinari
Assumpcao-Morales M, IJCRI 2013;4(11):627–630
Goldstein RE, ANNALS OF SURGERY Vol. 229;6, 755–766
Gamal Agmy
83. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Posterior
Neurogenic tumors
Whitten CR, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:657– 67
Occhipinti M, Diagn Interv Radiol 2015; 21: 293–306
Gamal Agmy
84. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Posterior
Neurogenic tumors
Whitten CR, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:657– 67
Occhipinti M, Diagn Interv Radiol 2015; 21: 293–306
Courtesy of Dr Francesco Molinari
Gamal Agmy
85. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Posterior
Neurogenic tumors: Neurofibromatosis type II
Koontz NA, AJR 2013; 200:W646–W653
Courtesy of Dr Francesco Molinari
Gamal Agmy
86. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Posterior
Neurogenic tumors: paraganglioma
Whitten CR, RadioGraphics 2007; 27:657– 67
Occhipinti M, Diagn Interv Radiol 2015; 21: 293–306
Courtesy of Dr Francesco Molinari
Gamal Agmy
87. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Posterior
Paraspinal diseases
Courtesy of Dr Francesco Molinari
Spondilodiscitis
(Note: Pott syndrome)
Myeloma
Metastasis
Gamal Agmy
88. ③ Differential diagnosis of
mediastinal disease - Posterior
Esophageal neoplasm
Hong SJ, RadioGraphics 2014; 34:1722–1740
Gamal Agmy
97. • Mediastinal masses can be categorized at imaging according to location
among 3 mediastinal compartments
• Radiography has several limitation in identifying mediastinal disease,
notably in case of minor abnormalities
• CT with contrast agent and MRI allow for tissue characterization of any-
size mediastinal mass, along with specific description of adjacent
structures
• Multimodality approach and imaging guided sampling (CT, EUS, EBUS)
are suggested to achieve final diagnosis and plan therapeutic approach
Summary
Gamal Agmy